中国与周边国家边境保护地跨境合作潜力分析

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20211018

自然资源学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (10): 2710-2722.doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20211018

• 其他研究论文 • 上一篇

中国与周边国家边境保护地跨境合作潜力分析

李杰¹^,²(), 付晶¹^,³, 郭鑫¹^,³, 张中浩¹^,³, 李巍岳¹^,³, 鲍燕妮¹, 马施彤⁴, 王玉仓¹, 高峻¹^,³()

1.上海师范大学环境与地理科学学院,上海 200234
2.美国普渡大学林业与自然资源系,西拉法叶 47907
3.上海师范大学城市发展研究院,上海 200234
4.上海师范大学生命科学学院,上海 200234

收稿日期:2020-10-17 修回日期:2021-06-09 出版日期:2021-10-28 发布日期:2021-12-28
通讯作者: 高峻（1962- ）,男,上海人,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为景观生态、国家公园与自然保护地规划。E-mail: gaojun@shnu.edu.cn
作者简介:李杰（1991- ）,男,江苏常州人,博士研究生,研究方向为景观生态、可持续发展与环境管理。E-mail: jerryli1201@163.com
基金资助:
中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA2002030103);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0401);世界自然基金会陆地生态功能区分类

The potential of cross-border cooperation in border protected areas between China and neighboring countries

LI Jie¹^,²(), FU Jing¹^,³, GUO Xin¹^,³, ZHANG Zhong-hao¹^,³, LI Wei-yue¹^,³, BAO Yan-ni¹, MA Shi-tong⁴, WANG Yu-cang¹, GAO Jun¹^,³()

1. School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
2. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, USA
3. Institute of Urban Studies, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
4. School of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China

Received:2020-10-17 Revised:2021-06-09 Online:2021-10-28 Published:2021-12-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于《全球跨界自然保护区名录》中涉及中国的16组名录中的10个国家87个保护地,分析其空间分布规律,应用德尔菲法和层次分析法,选取生态完整性、治理结构匹配、制度文化差异和空间距离交通4个层面的9个指标,建立中国与周边国家边境地区保护地跨境合作潜力指标体系,并进行验证。结果表明：黑龙江省与俄罗斯毗邻边境地区保护地分布最集中,喀喇昆仑山—喜马拉雅山脉地区生态系统完整性较好。通过评价结果遴选出中国（兴凯湖）—俄罗斯、中国（西双版纳）—老挝、中国（塔什库尔干）—巴基斯坦、中国（珠穆朗玛峰）—尼泊尔与印度、中国（长白山）—朝鲜与俄罗斯5组未来跨境合作潜力较高的地区,并针对跨境合作存在的难点提出建议措施。研究可为中国边境保护地跨境合作提供方法参考和借鉴依据。

关键词: 边境保护地, 跨境合作, 潜力指标体系, 跨境合作措施

Abstract:

This study uses the 16 groups (87 protected areas in 10 countries) of China involved in the Global List of Transboundary Nature Reserves published by UNEP-WCMC in 2007 as data sources. By analyzing the laws of its spatial distribution pattern, the evaluation system's overall framework is constructed from four aspects: ecological integrity, governance structure matching, institutional and cultural differences, spatial distance, and transportation. It is further decomposed into nine indicators to establish an indicator system of the potential for cross-border cooperation between border protected areas and Chinese nature reserves. Delphi and AHP are used to quantitatively and empirically analyze relevant indicators. The results show that the most concentrated distribution of protected areas in the border area is adjacent to Heilongjiang province and Russia. The Himalayas and Karakorum Mountains are areas with good ecosystem integrity that bear essential ecological functions and are protected by neighboring countries. Five regions with high potential for future cross-border cooperation were initially selected: China (Xingkai Lake)-Russia, China (Xishuangbanna)-Laos, China (Tashkurgan)-Pakistan, China (Qomolangma)-Nepal and India, China (Baitou Mountain)-DPRK and Russia. This study put forward the difficulties and recommended cross-border cooperation measures and can provide a method reference for cross-border cooperation of China's border protection areas.

Key words: border protected areas, cross-border cooperation, potential index system, cross-border cooperation measures

李杰, 付晶, 郭鑫, 张中浩, 李巍岳, 鲍燕妮, 马施彤, 王玉仓, 高峻. 中国与周边国家边境保护地跨境合作潜力分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(10): 2710-2722.

LI Jie, FU Jing, GUO Xin, ZHANG Zhong-hao, LI Wei-yue, BAO Yan-ni, MA Shi-tong, WANG Yu-cang, GAO Jun. The potential of cross-border cooperation in border protected areas between China and neighboring countries[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(10): 2710-2722.

图/表 7

表1

表2

表3

表4

指标层等级分值表

	5	4	3	2	1	0
C1	0.45≤ X1<0.52	0.38≤ X1<0.45	0.31≤ X1<0.38	0.24≤ X1<0.31	0.17≤ X1<0.24	0.10≤ X1<0.17
C2	0.83<X2 ≤1	0.66<X2≤ 0.83	0.49<X2≤ 0.66	0.32<X2≤ 0.49	0.15<X2≤ 0.32	0≤ X2≤ 0.15
C3	0≤ X3<0.15	0.15≤ X3<0.3	0.3≤ X3<0.45	0.45≤ X3<0.6	0.6≤ X3<0.75	0.75≤X3<0.9
C4	两处或以上陆路口岸,全年开放	一处陆路口岸,全年开放	水运口岸,全年开放	陆路口岸,季节性开放	水运口岸,季节性开放	未建设口岸
C5	分布有跨境民族,地方语言相互通用	分布有跨境民族,地方语言具有相似性	分布有跨境民族,但地方语言不互通	没有跨境民族分布,但地方语言相互通用	没有跨境民族分布,地方语言具有相似性	没有跨境民族分布,地方语言不互通
C6	全面开展全球外交,具有全球范围的影响力和控制力	积极开展全球外交,具有较大的全球影响力	着力开展全球外交,具有一定的全球影响力	主要开展局部地区外交,几乎不具备全球影响力	主要开展局部地区外交,不具备全球影响力,并处于被动劣势地位	没有任何外交
C7	两国外交关系历来相对友好,对话、合作频繁,两国联系密切,有共同的国际组织支撑	两国外交关系较为友好,对话、合作频繁,两国联系较为密切,无共同的国际组织支撑	两国外交关系一般,对话、合作较少,两国联系较少,无共同的国际组织支撑	两国外交关系波动较为明显,联系较为密切但存在较大风险,无共同的国际组织支撑	两国外交关系较为恶劣,时常存在边界纠纷,两国合作前景暗淡	两国外交关系非常恶劣,存在较为重大的边界纠纷
C8	国外保护地与中国保护地接壤	—	—	—	—	国外保护地与中国保护地不接壤
C9	连接道路等级为高速公路	连接道路等级为主干道	连接道路等级为一级道路（通常连接较大的城镇）	连接道路等级为二级道路（通常连接城镇）	连接道路等级为三级道路（通常连接小城镇和村庄）	连接道路等级为未分类（通常连接村庄）

表4

表5

图1

表6

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保护地类型	中国	尼泊尔	巴基斯坦	印度	蒙古	俄罗斯	缅甸	哈萨克斯坦	朝鲜	越南	老挝	合计
严格自然保护区（Ia）						7						7
荒野地保护区（Ib）					2							2
国家公园（Ⅱ）		3	1	2	1					1		8
自然纪念物保护区（Ⅲ）					1	12	1					14
生境和物种管理保护区（Ⅳ）				1		2		1	1	2		7
陆地和海洋景观保护区（V）	32									1	2	35
资源管理保护区（Ⅵ）		3				1						4
东盟遗产公园（ASEAN Heritage Parks）										1		1
教科文组织人与生物圈计划保护区（MAB-BR）						1						1
国际重要湿地（RAMSAR）						3						3
世界遗产公约（WHC）	1					1						2
未分类（Unset）			2				1					3
合计	33	6	3	3	4	27	2	1	1	5	2	87

目标层A	准则层B	权重	指标层C	权重
边境保护地与中国自然保护区跨境合作潜力A	生态完整性B1	0.24	濒危物种分布余弦相似度C1	0.13
	生态完整性B1	0.24	生态功能区分布余弦相似度C2	0.11
	治理结构匹配B2	0.30	保护级别变异系数C3	0.09
	治理结构匹配B2	0.30	边境口岸管理方式C4	0.21
	制度文化差异B3	0.28	跨境民族及语言C5	0.05
			国际外交稳定程度C6	0.08
			与中国外交关系C7	0.15
	空间距离交通B4	0.18	保护地接壤情况C8	0.08
	空间距离交通B4	0.18	道路交通通达能力C9	0.10

数据内容	数据来源	下载网址
保护地基础数据	世界保护区数据库	https://www.protectedplanet.net/
	联合国环境署—世界保护监测中心全球跨界自然保护区名录	http://www.tbpa.net/page.php?ndx=78
	联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心	https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
	中国生态环境部	http://www.mee.gov.cn/
	印度政府环境、森林和气候变化部自治机构	https://wii.gov.in
	尼泊尔国家森林与环境部	http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/
濒危物种分布	国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录	https://www.iucnredlist.org/search
生态功能区分布	世界自然基金会陆地生态功能区分类	https://www.worldwildlife.org/biome-categories/terrestrial-ecoregions
道路分布	OpenStreetMap 道路数据	https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Map_Features#Highway
外交关系	中华人民共和国外交部	https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/

组别	总得分	总名次	生态完整性				治理结构匹配				制度文化差异					空间距离交通
组别	总得分	总名次	C1	C2	得分	名次	C3	C4	得分	名次	C5	C6	C7	得分	名次	C8	C9	得分	名次
1	1.820	16	1.00	2.00	0.350	12	3.00	0.00	0.270	14	3.00	3.33	4.33	1.066	7	1.67	0.00	0.134	16
2	2.625	10	0.00	3.00	0.330	13	0.00	4.00	0.840	6	4.00	3.50	4.50	1.155	5	0.00	3.00	0.300	10
3	1.910	14	1.00	0.00	0.130	16	2.00	0.00	0.180	16	3.00	5.00	5.00	1.300	1	0.00	3.00	0.300	10
4	2.960	6	1.00	5.00	0.680	4	3.00	1.00	0.480	10	3.00	5.00	5.00	1.300	1	0.00	5.00	0.500	7
5	3.680	1	0.00	5.00	0.550	7	1.00	4.00	0.930	5	3.00	5.00	5.00	1.300	1	5.00	5.00	0.900	1
6	3.115	5	0.00	3.00	0.330	13	3.00	5.00	1.320	1	5.00	3.00	4.50	1.165	4	0.00	3.00	0.300	10
7	2.730	9	2.00	5.00	0.810	1	1.00	2.00	0.510	9	5.00	2.00	4.00	1.010	8	5.00	0.00	0.400	8
8	2.850	8	2.00	0.00	0.260	15	4.00	2.00	0.780	7	5.00	2.00	4.00	1.010	8	5.00	4.00	0.800	3
9	3.330	3	2.00	4.00	0.700	2	3.00	2.00	0.690	8	3.00	3.00	5.00	1.140	6	5.00	4.00	0.800	3
10	3.205	4	2.00	1.00	0.370	11	2.00	5.00	1.230	3	4.00	3.50	3.50	1.005	10	2.50	4.00	0.600	6
11	2.885	7	4.00	0.00	0.520	10	4.00	4.00	1.200	4	3.00	3.00	2.50	0.765	11	0.00	4.00	0.400	8
12	3.500	2	0.00	5.00	0.550	7	5.00	4.00	1.290	2	3.00	2.00	3.00	0.760	12	5.00	5.00	0.900	1
13	1.870	15	0.00	5.00	0.550	7	4.00	0.00	0.360	13	3.00	2.00	3.00	0.760	12	0.00	2.00	0.200	15
14	2.030	13	2.00	4.00	0.700	2	3.00	0.00	0.270	14	3.00	2.00	3.00	0.760	12	0.00	3.00	0.300	10
15	2.590	11	1.00	5.00	0.680	4	5.00	0.00	0.450	11	3.00	2.00	3.00	0.760	12	5.00	3.00	0.700	5
16	2.190	12	1.00	5.00	0.680	4	5.00	0.00	0.450	11	3.00	2.00	3.00	0.760	12	0.00	3.00	0.300	10

中国与周边国家边境保护地跨境合作潜力分析

The potential of cross-border cooperation in border protected areas between China and neighboring countries

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