国外大尺度生态廊道保护进展与秦岭国家公园建设

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20211003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大型山脉在其走向上往往是生物扩散和分布的天然廊道。然而,由于人类干扰引起的生境碎片化,山地廊道的连通性已大为降低。20世纪以来,人们普遍意识到当前或过去的自然保护措施往往规模太小,无法维持许多物种的长期生存及其所依赖的生态过程。因而,山地廊道的连通性保护日益受到关注,大尺度生态廊道被认为是长远意义上保护气候变化下生物多样性的最优策略。综述连通性保护和生态廊道的概念、发展历程及国外大尺度生态廊道建设实践的经验,并从连通性保护的角度对秦岭国家公园建设提出一些建议,强调大尺度的连通性保护和生态廊道建设对于国家公园自然生态系统的长远保护具有重要意义。

关键词: 大尺度生态廊道, 连通性保护, 自然保护地, 国家公园, 秦岭

Abstract:

Mountain ranges are often natural corridors for wildlife's dispersal and distribution in their trendings. However, due to the habitat fragmentation caused by human activities, the connectivity of mountain corridor has been greatly reduced. Since the 20th century, it is generally recognized that current and previous conservation efforts are often not implemented at scales large enough for long-term persistence of many species and the ecological processes they depend on. Therefore, connectivity conservation of mountains has received increasing attention, and large-scale ecological corridors have been considered to be the best strategy for protecting the long-term biodiversity under climate change. This article reviews the concepts and development history of ecological corridor, the experiences of large-scale ecological corridor practices abroad, and proposes some suggestions for the coming Qinling National Park from the perspective of connectivity conservation. This study points out that large-scale connectivity conservation and ecological corridors are of great significance for the long-term protection of the natural ecosystem of national parks.

Key words: large-scale ecological corridor, connectivity conservation, protected areas, national parks, Qinling Mountains

余付勤, 张百平, 王晶, 张兴航, 姚永慧. 国外大尺度生态廊道保护进展与秦岭国家公园建设[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(10): 2478-2490.

YU Fu-qin, ZHANG Bai-ping, WANG Jing, ZHANG Xing-hang, YAO Yong-hui. Suggestions for the Qinling National Park Construction based on experiences of international large-scale ecological corridors[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(10): 2478-2490.

图/表 5

图1

表1

国际大尺度生态廊道基本信息

序号	廊道名称	国家	面积/km²	开始年份
1	黄石—育空保护倡议Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative	美国/加拿大	1300000	1993
2	南阿巴拉契亚生态区Southern Appalachian Ecoregion	美国	283280	1996
3	北阿巴拉契亚/阿卡迪亚地区连接倡议Northern Appalachian/Acadian Region Connectivity Initiative	美国/加拿大	335345	2001
4	中美洲生物廊道Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC)	墨西哥、危地马拉、伯利兹、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加、巴拿马	124000	1997
5	维尔卡班巴—安博罗保护走廊Vilicambia-Amboro Conservation Corridor	玻利维亚、秘鲁	300000	2003
6	塞拉·多·埃斯皮尼亚苏生物圈保护区Serra do Espinhaço Biosphere Reserve	巴西	30765.58	2005
7	大东部山脉Great Eastern Ranges (GER)	澳大利亚		2007
8	生境141 Habitat 141/Outback to Ocean	澳大利亚	180000	2008
9	南澳大利亚自然连接South Australian Nature Links, SANL	澳大利亚		2002
10	冈瓦纳连接Gondwana Link	澳大利亚		2003
11	北领地生态连接Territory Eco-link (TEL)	澳大利亚	134800	2009
12	重新连接北境Reconnecting Natural Northland	新西兰	17000	2012
13	蒂瓦希波纳穆—新西兰西南部世界遗产区Te Wahipounamu South West New Zealand World Heritage Area	新西兰	26000	1990
14	大山区走廊Cantabrian Mountains-Pyrenees-Massif Central-Western Alps Great Mountain Corridor	西班牙、法国和意大利	206000	2003
15	阿尔卑斯生态网络与自然保护区ALPARC-Alpine Ecological Network and Protected Areas	法国、意大利、瑞士、德国、奥地利、斯洛文尼亚、利肯斯坦和摩纳哥公国	190600	1995
16	欧洲绿带European Green Belt	*24个国家	1250000	2003
17	特莱弧形廊道Terai Arc Landscape (TAL)	印度、尼泊尔	51002	2001
18	圣喜马拉雅景观Sacred Himalaya Landscape	印度、尼泊尔、不丹	39021	1999
19	不丹生物保护综合体Bhutan Biological Conservation Complex (B2C2)	不丹	14800	2004
20	冈仁波齐圣地Kailash Sacred Landscape	中国、印度和尼泊尔	31252	1999
21	塞卢斯—尼亚萨野生动物保护走廊Selous and Niassa Wildlife Protection Corridor	莫桑比克和坦桑尼亚	150000	2001
22	马拉维—赞比亚跨界保护区Malawi- Zambia TFCA**	马拉维和赞比亚	32278	2015
23	卡万戈—赞比西跨界保护区Kavango Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA	安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、纳米比亚、赞比亚和津巴布韦	519912	2011
24	伊奥娜—骷髅海岸跨界保护区Iona - Skeleton Coast TFCA	安哥拉和纳米比亚	47698	2016
25	马洛蒂—德拉肯斯堡跨界保护区Maloti- Drakensberg TFCA	莱索托和南非	14740	2001
26	埃—埃斯·理乍得斯维德跨境国家公园Ai /Ais-Richtersveld Transfrontier Park	南非和纳米比亚	5920	2003
27	三江源国家公园Three-River-Source National Park	中国	123100	2017
28	祁连山国家公园Qilian Mountain National Park	中国	50200	2017
29	大熊猫国家公园Giant Panda National Park	中国	27134	2017
30	湖北神农架国家公园Shennongjia National Park	中国	1170	2017
31	东北虎豹国家公园Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park	中国	14600	2017
32	海南热带雨林国家公园Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park	中国	4400	2019

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图3

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类型	级别	数量/个	面积/km²
自然保护区	国家级	56	24000.60
	省级	67	18167.85
	市级	10	1888.65
	县级	12	2911.30
森林公园	国家级	73	11089.21
森林公园	省级	83	1876.91
地质公园	世界级/国家级	5/23	—
风景名胜区	国家级	13	3544.06
风景名胜区	省级	28	1872.19
国家湿地公园	国家级	33	1019.69
水利风景区	国家级	37	—
合计		435	66370.44