中国南海海洋国土开发与管控研究展望

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210904

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

南海是中国最大的边缘海,也是目前海洋国土管控问题最多的区域。首先从海洋国土的概念、内涵和属性分析入手,归纳海洋国土开发与管控的特殊性和复杂性;同时溯及南海国土资源的开发历程,确定当前存在的主要国土空间安全问题。以此为基础,梳理南海国土开发与管控的相关议题,将其分为资源—生态维度和人文—制度维度两大问题群,并结合当前研究动态,对相关议题进行评述和讨论。本文认为：南海国土开发与管控的核心议题主要集中在三个方面,即南海开发与管控的基础理论研究、南海区域开发及规划的应用政策研究以及南海国土开发与管控问题的多尺度实证研究。希冀本文对厘清中国海洋国土开发与管控的研究课题,进一步完善中国海洋国土管控机制起到积极的参考作用。

关键词: 海洋国土, 国土开发, 国土管控, 国土安全, 南海

Abstract:

The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal seas in China, and also the area with the most problems in marine territories governance. Due to the fluidity of the sea and the fuzziness of the boundary, marine territory control have many characteristics different from that of the land. Marine territory governance mainly includes islands, sea areas, resource exploration and fisheries management. The territorial control of the SCS is particularly complex and sensitive due to the sovereignty and territorial disputes between China and its neighbors. Firstly, this paper teases out the relevant concepts of maritime territory and summarizes the connotation of maritime territory regulation. Based on the above, this paper discusses the issues related to territorial control and governance of the SCS, and then divides them into two groups, one is resource-ecological dimension, and the other is humanistic-institutional dimension, and the research progress of related issues is discussed in combination with the current dynamics of marine territory governance in the SCS. This paper believes that the future studies of marine territory governance in this water should mainly focus on three aspects, namely, regional development in the SCS, sea relations in the SCS, and the multi-scalar territorial governance in the SCS. This paper will play a positive role in clarifying the research topics of China's marine territory governance and management, and further improving China's marine territory optimization mechanism.

Key words: maritime territory, territory development, territory regulation, territory security, South China Sea

刘玄宇, 刘云刚. 中国南海海洋国土开发与管控研究展望[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(9): 2205-2218.

LIU Xuan-yu, LIU Yun-gang. The development and regulation of marine territory in the South China Sea, China: Review and prospect[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(9): 2205-2218.

图/表 1

参考文献 62

[1]	贾宇. 南海问题的国际法理. 中国法学, 2012, (6):26-35.
	[ JIA Y. The international jurisprudence of the South China Sea issue. China Legal Science, 2012, (6):26-35.]
[2]	刘天宝, 杨芳芳, 韩增林, 等. 人海关系地域系统视角下海洋本体的解构与研究重点. 地理科学, 2019, 39(8):1321-1329. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.08.014
	[ LIU T B, YANG F, HAN Z L, et al. Deconstruction of marine ontology and important research issues in perspective of human-ocean regional system. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(8):1321-1329.]
[3]	张君珏, 苏奋振, 王雯玥. 南海资源环境地理研究综述. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(11):1443-1453. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.11.001
	[ ZHANG J J, SU F Z, WANG W Y. A review of geographical information research on resources and environment of the South China Sea Region. Progress in Geography, 2018, 37(11):1443-1453.]
[4]	BALLANCE L T, WHITTY T. Ecosystem-based management for the oceans. Restoration Ecology, 2010, 18(5):780-781. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00732.x
[5]	DANG V H. Marine Protected Areas Network in the South China Sea: Charting a Course for Future Cooperation. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014.
[6]	SMITH R W. Maritime delimitation in the South China Sea: Potentiality and challenges. Ocean Development & International Law, 2010, 41(3):214-236.
[7]	CHEN Y-H. South China Sea tension on fire: China's recent moves on building artificial islands in troubled waters and their implications on maritime law. Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal, 2015, 1:1-15
[8]	韩增林, 彭飞, 张耀光, 等. 海洋地缘政治研究进展与中国海洋地缘环境研究探索. 地理科学, 2015, 35(2):129-136. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2015.02.129
	[ HAN Z L, PENG F, ZHANG Y G, et al. Updated progress of marine geopolitics and research of the marine geo-setting in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(2):129-136.]
[9]	于国政, 周玲, 陈唯. 中国周边海洋地缘关系发展态势探析. 世界地理研究, 2015, 24(4):11-19.
	[ YU G Z, ZHOU L, CHEN W. Analysis on the development posture of China's peripheral marine geo-relationship. World Regional Studies, 2015, 24(4):11-19.]
[10]	张耀光. 中国的海疆与我国海洋地缘政治战略. 人文地理, 1996, 11(2):43-46.
	[ ZHANG Y G. Coastal areas and territorial seas and marine geopolitics strategies of China. Human Geography, 1996, 11(2):43-46.]
[11]	张莉. 海洋国土的特征及中国海上安全问题. 中国海洋大学学报, 2008, (4):15-17.
	[ ZHANG L. The characteristics of maritime territory and China's maritime security. Journal of Ocean University of China, 2008, (4):15-17.]
[12]	李军, 张平. 中国海洋国土空间开发格局现状, 问题与对策探讨. 中国发展, 2013, (4):12-19.
	[ LI J, ZHANG P. The situation, issues and strategy on the development pattern of China's maritime territory space. China Development, 2013, (4):12-19.]
[13]	刘俊珂. 海洋疆域及其相关概念的理论探讨. 昆明学院学报, 2016, 38(4):24-28.
	[ LIU J K. The theoretical analysis of the ocean territory and the related concepts. Journal of Kunming University, 2016, 38(4):24-28.]
[14]	CHIAU W Y. Planning for Taiwan's maritime territory: Visoons, limits and major issues. City and Planning, 2007, 34(3):241-272.
[15]	张耀光, 刘岩, 王艳. 中国海疆地理格局形成、演变的初步研究. 地理科学, 2003, 23(3):257-263.
	[ ZHANG Y G, LIU Y, WANG Y. The preliminary study on the formation and evolution of the geographical pattern of Chinese coastal areas and territorial seas. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(3):257-263.]
[16]	STOJANOVIC T, MCNAE H M, TETT P, et al. The "social" aspect of social-ecological systems: A critique of analytical frameworks and findings from a multisite study of coastal sustainability. Ecology and Society, 2016, 21(3):1-20.
[17]	MANSFIELD B. Neoliberalism in the oceans: "Rationalization" property rights, and the commons question. Geoforum, 2004, 35(3):313-326. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.05.002
[18]	韩增林, 刘桂春. 人海关系地域系统探讨. 地理科学, 2007, 27(6):761-767.
	[ HAN Z L, LIU G C. Evolution of China's regional system of man-sea relation and it's mechanism. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2007, 27(6):761-767.]
[19]	BARANGE M, CHEUNG W W L, MERINO G, et al. Modelling the potential impacts of climate change and human activities on the sustainability of marine resources. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2010, 2(5-6):326-333.
[20]	杜德斌, 范斐, 马亚华. 南海主权争端的战略态势及中国的应对方略. 世界地理研究, 2012, 21(2):1-17.
	[ DU D B, FAN W, MA Y H. Territorial disputes in the South China Sea and China's strategies. World Regional Studies, 2012, 21(2):1-17.]
[21]	International Hydrographic Organization. Limits of oceans and seas. International Hydrographic Organization, 1992.
[22]	杜德斌, 马亚华, 范斐, 等. 中国海上通道安全及保障思路研究. 世界地理研究, 2015, 24(2):1-10.
	[ DU D B, MA Y H, FAN F, et al. China's maritime transportation security and its measures of safeguard. World Regional Studies, 2015, 24(2):1-10.]
[23]	ZHANG H, BATEMAN S. Fishing militia, the securitization of fishery and the South China Sea dispute. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 2017, 39(2):288-314. doi: 10.1355/cs39-2b
[24]	庞卫东. 南海争端: 阶段、特点及成因. 史学月刊, 2019, (4):133-136.
	[ PANG W D. The South China Sea dispute: Stages, characteristics and causes. Journal of Historical Science, 2019, (4):133-136.]
[25]	刘莉. 地方性知识视域下西沙驻岛渔民的海洋实践. 云南师范大学学报, 2019, 51(6):1-8.
	[ LIU L. Marine practice of fishermen in the Xisha Islands from the perspective of local knowledge. Journal of Yunnan Normal University, 2019, 51(6):1-8.]
[26]	麻国庆. 文化、族群与社会: 环南中国海区域研究发凡. 民族研究, 2012, (2):34-43.
	[ MA G Q. Cultures, ethnic groups, and societies: Introduction to the studies on the South China Sea Regions. Ethno-National Studies, 2012, (2):34-43.]
[27]	刘永连, 刘旭. 近代华侨华人与我国南海资源开发. 南洋问题研究, 2019, (4):66-76.
	[ LIU L Y, LIU X. Overseas Chinese and the exploitation of the South China Sea resources in modern times. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2019, (4):66-76.]
[28]	刘百桥, 孟伟庆, 赵建华, 等. 中国大陆1990—2013年海岸线资源开发利用特征变化. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(12):2033-2044.
	[ LIU B Q, MENG W Q, ZHAO J H, et al. Variation of coastline resources utilization in China from 1990 to 2013. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(12):2033-2044.]
[29]	朱国强, 苏奋振, 张君珏. 南海周边国家近 20 年海岸线时空变化分析. 海洋通报, 2015, (5):481-490.
	[ ZHU G Q, SU F Z, ZHANG J J. Analysis on spatial-temporal changes of the coastline in the countries around the South China Sea in recent two decades. Marine Science Bulletin, 2015, (5):481-490.]
[30]	XIE Y H. A major breakthrough in deep-water natural gas exploration in a self-run oil/gas field in the Northern South China Sea and its enlightenment. Natural Gas Industry, 2014, 34(10):1-8.
[31]	吴敬武, 孙国忠, 鲁银涛, 等. 南海油气藏类型及分布规律. 海相油气地质, 2019, 24(3):29-38.
	[ WU J W, SUN G Z, LU Y T, et al. Types and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs in the South China Sea. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 2019, 24(3):29-38.]
[32]	张强, 吕福亮, 贺晓苏, 等. 南海近 5 年油气勘探进展与启示. 中国石油勘探, 2018, 23(1):54-61.
	[ ZHANG Q, LYU F L, HE X S, et al. Progress and enlightenment of oil and gas exploration in the South China Sea in recent five years. China Petroleum Exploration, 2018, 23(1):54-61.]
[33]	公衍芬, 杨文斌, 谭树东. 南海油气资源综述及开发战略设想. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2012, 32(5):137-147.
	[ GONG Y F, YANG W B, TAN S D. Oil and gas resources in the South China Sea and its development strategy: A review. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2012, 32(5):137-147.]
[34]	鞠海龙. 南海渔业资源衰减相关问题研究. 东南亚研究, 2012, (6):51-55.
	[ JU H L. Studies on the decrement of fishery resource in the South China Sea. Southeast Asian Studies, 2012, (6):51-55.]
[35]	张魁, 廖宝超, 许友伟, 等. 基于渔业统计数据的南海区渔业资源可捕量评估. 海洋学报, 2017, 39(8):25-33.
	[ ZHANG K, LIAO B C, XU Y W, et al. Assessment for allowable catch of fishery resources in the South China Sea based on statistical data. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2017, 39(8):25-33.]
[36]	陈作志, 林昭进, 邱永松. 基于AHP 的南海海域渔业资源可持续利用评价. 自然资源学报, 2010, 25(2):249-257.
	[ CHEN Z Z, LIU Z J, QIU Y S. Evaluation of sustainability of fisheries resources for South China Sea based on the AHP. Journal of Natural Resources, 2010, 25(2):249-257.]
[37]	ZHOU C, HE P, XU L, et al. The effects of mesoscale oceanographic structures and ambient conditions on the catch of albacore tuna in the South Pacific longline fishery. Fisheries Oceanography, 2020, 29(3):238-251. doi: 10.1111/fog.v29.3
[38]	MASRIKAT J A N. Standing stock of demersal fish assessment in southern part of South China Sea. Journal of Coastal Development, 2012, 15(3):276-281.
[39]	SAYANI H R, COBB K M, COHEN A L, et al. Effects of diagenesis on paleoclimate reconstructions from modern and young fossil corals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2011, 75(21):6361-6373. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.026
[40]	黄荣永, 余克服, 王英辉, 等. 珊瑚礁遥感研究进展. 遥感学报, 2019, 23(6):1091-1112.
	[ HUANG R Y, YU K F, WANG Y H, et al. Progress of the study on coral reef remote sensing. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2019, 23(6):1091-1112.]
[41]	JIANG W, YU K, FAN T, et al. Coral reef carbonate record of the Pliocene-Pleistocene climate transition from an atoll in the South China Sea. Marine Geology, 2019, 411:88-97. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2019.02.006
[42]	CHRIS T P, PAUL S K, SCOTT G S, et al. Implications of reef ecosystem change for the stability and maintenance of coral reef islands. Global Change Biology, 2011, 17(12):3679-3696. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02523.x
[43]	HU A, JIAO N, ZHANG C L. Community structure and function of planktonic crenarchaeota: Changes with depth in the South China Sea. Microbial Ecology, 2011, 62(6):549-563. doi: 10.1007/s00248-011-9866-z
[44]	王丽荣, 于红兵, 李翠田, 等. 海洋生态系统修复研究进展. 应用海洋学学报, 2018, 37(3):435-446.
	[ WANG L R, YU H B, LI C T, et al. Progress in marine ecosystem restoration. Journal of Applied Oceanography, 2018, 37(3):435-446.]
[45]	左秀玲, 苏奋振, 张宇, 等. 全球气候变化下南海诸岛保护优先区识别分析. 地理学报, 2020, 75(3):647-661. doi: 10.11821/dlxb202003015
	[ ZUO X L, SU F Z, ZHANG Y, et al. Identifying priority conservation areas for South China Sea Islands under the global climate change. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(3):647-661.]
[46]	赵焕庭, 王丽荣, 袁家义. 南海诸岛珊瑚礁可持续发展. 热带地理, 2016, 36(1):55-65.
	[ ZHAO H T, WANG L R, YUAN J Y. Sustainable development of the coral reefs in the South China Sea Islands. Tropical Geography, 2016, 36(1):55-65.]
[47]	XIA P, MENG X, LI Z, et al. Late Holocene mangrove development and response to sea level change in the Northwestern South China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2019, 38(11):111-120.
[48]	CHEN L Z, WANG W Q, ZHANG Y H, et al. Recent progresses in mangrove conservation, restoration and research in China. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 2(2):45-54. doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtp009
[49]	李森, 范航清, 邱广龙, 等. 海草床恢复研究进展. 生态学报, 2010, 30(9):2443-2453.
	[ LI S, FAN H Q, QIU G L, et al. Review on research of seagrass beds restoration. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2010, 30(9):2443-2453.]
[50]	黄杰, 王权明, 黄小露, 等. 国土空间规划体系改革背景下海洋空间规划的发展. 海洋开发与管理, 2019, 36(5):14-18.
	[ HUANG J, WANG Q M, HUANG X L, et al. Development of marine space planning under the background of the reform of land space planning system. Ocean Development and Management, 2019, 36(5):14-18.]
[51]	JAY S. Built at sea: Marine management and the construction of marine spatial planning. The Town Planning Review, 2010, 81(2):173-191. doi: 10.3828/tpr.2009.33
[52]	狄乾斌, 韩旭. 国土空间规划视角下海洋空间规划研究综述与展望. 中国海洋大学学报, 2019, (5):59-68.
	[ DI Q B, HAN X. Review and prospects of marine spatial planning research in China from the perspective of territorial spatial planning. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2019, (5):59-68.]
[53]	汪业成, 刘永学, 李满春, 等. 基于场强模型的南沙岛礁战略地位评价. 地理研究, 2013, 32(12):2292-2301. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201312023
	[ WANG Y C, LIU Y X, LI M C, et al. The strategic position of Spratly Islands: An evaluation based on the field spread model. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(12):2292-2301.]
[54]	游长江, 侯佩旭, 邓灿芳, 等. 西沙群岛海岛旅游资源综合评价. 热带地理, 2015, 35(6):926-933.
	[ YOU C J, HOU P X, DENG C F, et al. Comprehensive evaluation on tourism resources in the Xisha Islands. Tropical Geography, 2015, 35(6):926-933.]
[55]	石伟, 苏奋振, 周成虎, 等. 南沙岛礁及周边港口可达性评价模型研究. 地理学报, 2014, 69(10):1510-1520. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201410010
	[ SHI W, SU F Z, ZHOU C H, et al. Research on accessibility model of Nansha Islands and surrounding seaports. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(10):1510-1520.]
[56]	DUPONT A, BAKER C G. East Asia's maritime disputes: Fishing in troubled waters. The Washington Quarterly, 2014, 37(1):79-98. doi: 10.1080/0163660X.2014.893174
[57]	PENG P, YU Y, LU F, et al. Modelling the competitiveness of the ports along the Maritime Silk Road with big data. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2018, 118:852-867. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2018.10.041
[58]	王成, 王茂军, 王艺. 中国嵌入“21 世纪海上丝绸之路” 航运网络的关键节点识别. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(11):1485-1498. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.11.005
	[ WANG C, WANG M J, WANG Y. Identification of Chinese key nodes in the shipping network of the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". Progress in Geography, 2018, 37(11):1485-1498.]
[59]	WU S, ZOU K. Non-traditional security issues and the South China Sea: Shaping a new framework for cooperation. Routledge, 2016.
[60]	SUN R X, YANG X, LI Q, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine organisms from Mischief Reef in the South China Sea: Implications for sources and human exposure. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019, 149(4):40-53.
[61]	ISMAIL N, ZAKARIA MP, ADBULLAH A H, et al. Characterization of hopanes in sediment collected from South China Sea: Identification of oil pollution sources. Journal of Tropical Marine Ecosystem, 2013, 3:9-26.
[62]	王利兵. 作为网络的南海: 南海渔民跨海流动的历史考察. 云南师范大学学报, 2018, (4):36-46.
	[ WANG L B. The South China Sea as a network: A historical study of the sea-crossing flow of the Chinese fishermen in the South China Sea. Journal of Yunan Normal University, 2018, (4):36-46.]