跨境水资源分配典型模式特征评述及中国主张思考

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210716

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

跨境河流治理的核心是跨境水资源分配问题。结合案例分析,从流域国利益关系视角概括出四种跨境水资源分配典型模式——“强权”模式、“传承”模式、“绅士”模式和“共享”模式,并从适用条件、磋商履约、运行效率和潜在问题等方面进行特征评述。对跨境河流水资源分配的中国主张提出如下建议：拒绝“强权”模式,依托“一带一路”走出“水霸权”话语困境;主张“共享”模式,倡导构建跨境水资源“命运共同体”;对水资源相对丰沛的跨境流域,主张创新特殊水情下的跨境水资源调控机制;对水资源相对稀缺的跨境流域,通过实施虚拟水贸易战略促进“共享”;排除外界干扰,主张建立独立、权威的跨境水资源协调机构。

关键词: 跨境水资源, 分配模式, 命运共同体

Abstract:

The core of transboundary river governance is the allocation of transboundary water resources. Based on the case study, four typical transboundary water resources allocation modes are summarized from the perspective of the interests relation among the riparian countries, including power mode, inheritance mode, gentleman mode and sharing mode. Then, the characteristics of the above modes are reviewed from the aspects of applicable conditions, negotiation and performance, operational efficiency and potential problems. The following suggestions are proposed for the allocation of water resources in transboundary rivers in China. First, we should reject the power mode and rely on the Belt and Road Initiative to get out of the hydro-hegemony discourse dilemma. Second, we should advocate the sharing mode and build the community of common destiny for transboundary water resources. Third, for transboundary river basins with relatively abundant water resources, it is advocated to innovate the regulation mechanism of transboundary water resources under special water conditions. Fourthly, it is of great significance to promote sharing by implementing virtual water trade strategy for transboundary river basins where water resources are relatively scarce. Finally, it is proposed to establish an independent and authoritative transboundary water resources coordination organization by eliminating external interference.

Key words: transboundary water resources, allocation modes, community of common destiny

吴凤平, 季英雯, 李芳, 许霞. 跨境水资源分配典型模式特征评述及中国主张思考[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(7): 1861-1872.

WU Feng-ping, JI Ying-wen, LI Fang, XU Xia. A review on the characteristics of typical modes of transboundary water resources allocation and China's proposition[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(7): 1861-1872.

图/表 2

表1

跨境水资源分配典型模式

序号	分配典型模式	所处地区	案例	地理属性	流域国家属性^[13]
1	“强权”模式	北美洲	科罗拉多河（美国、墨西哥）	干旱区	发达与发展中国家
		北美洲	格兰德河（美国、墨西哥）	半干旱区	发达与发展中国家
		亚洲	恒河（印度、孟加拉国）	湿润区	发展中与落后国家
			柯西河（印度、尼泊尔）	湿润区	发展中与落后国家
			甘达基河（印度、尼泊尔）	湿润区	发展中与落后国家
			马哈卡利河（印度、尼泊尔）	湿润区	发展中与落后国家
			根德格河（印度、尼泊尔）	湿润区	发展中与落后国家
			幼发拉底河（土耳其、叙利亚、伊拉克）	干旱半干旱区	发展中国家
			底格里斯河（土耳其、叙利亚、伊拉克）	干旱半干旱区	发展中国家
			约旦河（以色列、约旦）	干旱半干旱区	发达与发展中国家
		非洲	尼罗河（埃及、苏丹、埃塞俄比亚）	干旱区	发展中与落后国家
2	“传承”模式	欧洲	杜罗河（西班牙、葡萄牙）	湿润区	发达国家
			利马河（西班牙、葡萄牙）	湿润区	发达国家
			米尼奥河（西班牙、葡萄牙）	湿润区	发达国家
			特茹河（西班牙、葡萄牙）	湿润区	发达国家
			瓜迪亚纳河（西班牙、葡萄牙）	湿润区	发达国家
3	“绅士”模式	非洲	因科马蒂河（南非、斯威士兰、莫桑比克）	干旱半干旱区	发展中国家
3	“绅士”模式	亚洲	印度河（印度、巴基斯坦）	干旱半干旱区	发展中与落后国家
4	“共享”模式	北美洲	哥伦比亚河（美国、加拿大）	湿润区	发达国家
		南美洲	巴拉那河（巴西、巴拉圭、阿根廷）	湿润区	发展中国家
		南美洲	的的喀喀湖（玻利维亚、秘鲁）	湿润区	发展中国家
		欧洲	多瑙河（斯洛伐克、匈牙利）	湿润区	发达与发展中国家
		非洲	塞内加尔河（几内亚、马里、毛里塔尼亚、塞内加尔）	干旱半干旱区	落后国家
		非洲	奥兰治河（南非、莱索托）	干旱半干旱区	发展中与落后国家

表1

图1

参考文献 32

[1]	盛愉, 周岗. 现代国际水法概论. 北京: 法律出版社, 1987: 61-52.
	[ SHENG Y, ZHOU G. Introduction to Modern International Law of Waters. Beijing: Law Press, 1987: 61-52.]
[2]	何大明, 冯彦. 国际河流跨境水资源合理利用与协调管理. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006: 53.
	[ HE D M, FENG Y. Rational Development and Coordinated Management of Water Resources in the International River. Beijing: Science Press, 2006: 53.]
[3]	BERBER F J. Rivers in International Law. New York: Oceana Publications, 1959: 12.
[4]	SADOFF C W, GREY D. Cooperation on international rivers a continuum for securing and sharing benefits. Water International, 2005, 30(4):1-8. doi: 10.1080/02508060508691829
[5]	何大明, 冯彦, 陈丽晖, 等. 跨境水资源的分配模式、原则和指标体系研究. 水科学进展, 2005, 16(2):255-262.
	[ HE D M, FENG Y, CHEN L H, et al. Study on models, principles and index system on transboundary water resources allocation. Advances in Water Science, 2005, 16(2):255-262.]
[6]	何艳梅. 国际河流水资源公平和合理利用的模式与新发展: 实证分析、比较与借鉴. 资源科学, 2012, 34(2):229-241.
	[ HE Y M. Modes and its development of the equitable and reasonable use of international river water resources. Resources Science, 2012, 34(2):229-241.]
[7]	张瑞金, 张欣, 刘博, 等. 跨界河流水量分配模式研究. 边界与海洋研究, 2018, 3(6):82-91.
	[ ZHANG R J, ZHANG X, LIU B, et al. Study on the water allocation pattern of transboundary rivers. Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies, 2018, 3(6):82-91.]
[8]	DINAR S. Assessing side-payment and cost-sharing patterns in international water agreements: The geographic and economic connection. Political Geography, 2006, 25(4):412-437. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.03.007
[9]	吴立钰, 张璇, 李冲, 等. 气候变化和人类活动对伊逊河流域径流变化的影响. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(7):1744-1756.
	[ WU L Y, ZHANG X, LI C, et al. Impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff variations in Yixun River Basin. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(7):1744-1756.]
[10]	石广明, 王金南, 董战峰, 等. 跨界流域污染防治: 基于合作博弈的视角. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(4):549-559.
	[ SHI G M, WANG J N, DONG Z F, et al. Pollution prevention for transboundary watershed: Perspective from cooperative game theory. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(4):549-559.]
[11]	SADOFF C W, GREY D. Beyond the river: The benefits of cooperation on international rivers. Water Policy, 2002, 4(5):389-403. doi: 10.1016/S1366-7017(02)00035-1
[12]	MCCRACKEN M, WOLF A T. Updating the register of international river basins of the world. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2019, 35(5):732-782. doi: 10.1080/07900627.2019.1572497
[13]	周海炜, 高云. 国际河流合作治理实践的比较分析. 国际论坛, 2014, 16(1):8-14.
	[ ZHOU H W, GAO Y. Comparative analysis of the cooperative governance practices of international rivers. International Forum, 2014, 16(1):8-14.]
[14]	袁亮, 沈菊琴, 何伟军, 等. 基于主体不平等的跨国界河流水资源分配的破产博弈研究. 河海大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2018, 20(2):65-69,91-92.
	[ YUAN L, SHEN J Q, HE W J, et al. Bankruptcy game of transboundary river water resources allocation based on subject inequality. Journal of Hohai University: Philosophy and Social Sciences, 2018, 20(2):65-69,91-92.]
[15]	周婷, 郑航. 科罗拉多河水权分配历程及其启示. 水科学进展, 2015, 26(6):893-901.
	[ ZHOU T, ZHENG H. Review of water right allocation in Colorado River and its enlightenment. Advances in Water Science, 2015, 26(6):893-901.]
[16]	陈海燕. 可利用水量变化影响国际河流分水的实例及其启示. 水利发展研究, 2006, 6(7):53-56.
	[ CHEN H Y. Examples and implications of the influence of changes in available water amount on water allocation in international rivers. Water Resources Development Research, 2006, 6(7):53-56.]
[17]	RAHMAN K S, ISLAM Z, NAVERA U K, et al. A critical review of the Ganges water sharing arrangement. Water Policy, 2019, 21(2):259-276. doi: 10.2166/wp.2019.164
[18]	THOMAS K A. The Ganges water treaty: 20 years of cooperation, on India's terms. Water Policy, 2017, 19(4):724-740. doi: 10.2166/wp.2017.109
[19]	李昕蕾. 冲突抑或合作: 跨国河流水治理的路径和机制. 外交评论: 外交学院学报, 2016, 33(1):126-152.
	[ LI X L. Conflict or cooperation: The paths and mechanisms of transnational river water management. Foreign Affairs Review, 2016, 33(1):126-152.]
[20]	贾金生, 郑璀莹, 袁玉兰, 等译. 国际共享河流开发利用的原则与实践. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2009: 31, 59.
	[ Translated by JIA J S, ZHENG C Y, YUAN Y L, et al. Principles and Practices of International Shared River Development and Utilization. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 2009: 31, 59.]
[21]	SLINGER J H, HILDERS M, JUIZO D. The practice of transboundary decision-making on the Incomati River: Elucidating underlying factors and their implications for institutional design. Ecology and Society, 2010, 15(1):1.
[22]	张林若, 陈霁巍, 谷丽雅, 等. 水外交框架在解决跨界水争端中的应用. 边界与海洋研究, 2018, 3(5):115-128.
	[ ZHANG L R, CHEN J W, GU L Y, et al. The role of water diplomacy framework in resolving transboundary water conflicts. Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies, 2018, 3(5):115-128.]
[23]	NGUYEN Q L. The development of the Senegal River Basin: An example in international co-operation. Natural Resources Forum, 1982, 6(4):307-319. doi: 10.1111/narf.1982.6.issue-4
[24]	张长春, 樊彦芳. 跨界水资源利益共享研究. 边界与海洋研究, 2018, 3(6):92-102.
	[ ZHANG C C, FAN Y F. Study on the transboundary water resources benefit sharing. Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies, 2018, 3(6):92-102.]
[25]	胡文俊, 简迎辉, 杨建基, 等. 国际河流管理合作模式的分类及演进规律探讨. 自然资源学报, 2013, 28(12):2034-2043.
	[ HU W J, JIAN Y H, YANG J J, et al. Exploring the classification and evolving principles of the cooperation models in international river management. Journal of Natural Resources, 2013, 28(12):2034-2043.]
[26]	李志斐. 跨国界河流问题与中国周边关系. 学术探索, 2011,(11):27-33.
	[ LI Z F. The issue of cross-border rivers and the relationship between China and the circumjacent counties. Academic Exploration, 2011,(11):27-33.]
[27]	吴凤平, 谭东升. 构建“水安全命运共同体”: 从博弈到共享的跨境水资源分配. 经济与管理评论, 2018, 34(6):143-150.
	[ WU F P, TAN D S. Building Water Security Community of Destiny: Cross-border water resources allocation from gambling to sharing. Review of Economy and Management, 2018, 34(6):143-150.]
[28]	许长新, 孙洋洋. 基于“一带一路”战略视角的中国周边水外交. 世界经济与政治论坛, 2016, 36(5):110-121.
	[ XU C X, SUN Y Y. Water diplomacy around China from the perspective of “the Belt and Road” strategy. Forum of World Economics & Politics, 2016, 36(5):110-121.]
[29]	匡洋, 李浩, 夏军, 等. 气候变化对跨境水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架. 气候变化研究进展, 2018, 14(1):67-76.
	[ KUANG Y, LI H, XIA J, et al. Impacts of climate change on transboundary water resources and adaptation management framework. Climate Change Research, 2018, 14(1):67-76.]
[30]	田贵良, 王希为. 农产品贸易驱动下中国与湄公河沿岸国家的虚拟水流动关系研究. 华北水利水电大学学报: 自然科学版, 2018, 39(2):16-23.
	[ TIAN G L, WANG X W. Study on the virtual water trade pattern of China and the Mekong countries under the driving of agricultural trade. Journal of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power: Natural Science Edition, 2018, 39(2):16-23.]
[31]	任俊霖, 彭梓倩, 孙博文, 等. 澜湄水资源合作机制. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(2):250-260.
	[ REN J L, PENG Z Q, SUN B W, et al. Research on the water resources cooperation of Lancang-Mekong Cooperation. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(2):250-260.]
[32]	胡德胜, 孙睿恒, 许胜晴. 国际水法对长江流域立法的启示和意义. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(2):425-437.
	[ HU D S, SUN R H, XU S Q. Enlightenment from international water law and its values to the legislation on the Yangtze River Basin. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(2):425-437.]