中国消费端食物浪费规模及其资源环境效应测算

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210608

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

食物浪费及其产生的资源环境问题与全球粮食安全密切相关,减少食物浪费逐渐被认为是保障粮食安全的Plan B。消费端是造成食物浪费的重要环节,消费者作为消费端食物浪费的主体,其在消费阶段产生的食物浪费是食物损耗与浪费的主要来源。本文采用直接称重法,在全国典型地区（北京、上海、四川、山东、河南和西藏）获取居民食物浪费的一手数据,首次在全国尺度上测算了消费端食物浪费总规模及其资源环境效应。结果显示：（1）2018年全国居民消费端食物浪费共3432万t,人均食物浪费量67.33 g/d,其中粮食浪费量占比最高（35.44%）,其次是蔬菜（34.83%）和肉类（15.38%）。（2）2018年全国居民消费端食物浪费所占用的生态足迹达6254万hm²,人均生态足迹为448 m²,按中国人均生态足迹1.5 hm²计算,相当于4169万人的生态位被挤占;水产类（39.28%）和肉类（34.22%）的生态足迹占比最大,分别为2456.23万hm²和2140.25万hm²。研究结果有助于推进我国消费端食物浪费的减量化,对于缓解食物浪费的环境影响和资源消耗压力、改善全球粮食安全等方面具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。

关键词: 食物浪费, 消费端, 生态足迹, 粮食安全

Abstract:

Food waste and its resulting resources and environmental problems are closely related to global food security, while reducing food waste is gradually considered as Plan B for it. As the main part of food waste at the consumption segment, food waste generated by consumer is the main source of food loss and waste. In this study, the direct weighing method was adopted to obtain first-hand data of food waste of residents in typical areas of China (Beijing, Shanghai, Sichuan, Shandong, Henan and Tibet), and for the first time, the total scale of food waste of residents' consumption and its resource and environmental effects were measured on a national scale. The results show that: (1) In 2018, a total of 34 million tons (67.33 g/d per capita) of food was wasted at the consumer segment in China. Grain waste accounted for the largest proportion (35.44%), followed by vegetables (34.83%) and meat (15.38%). (2) In 2018, food waste occupied 63 million hm² of ecological footprint in China, and the per capita ecological footprint was 448 m². Based on 1.5 hm² of ecological footprint per capita in China, the ecological niche of 42 million people was encroached. Aquatic products (39.28%) and meat (34.22%) accounted for the largest ecological footprint of food waste, amounting to 24.56 million hm² and 21.40 million hm², respectively. The research results are helpful to promote the reduction of food waste at the consumption segment, and have important reference value and significance for alleviating the environmental impact and resource consumption pressure of food waste and improving global food security.

Key words: food waste, consumer segment, ecological footprint, food security

王灵恩, 倪笑雯, 李云云, 成升魁. 中国消费端食物浪费规模及其资源环境效应测算[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(6): 1455-1468.

WANG Ling-en, NI Xiao-wen, LI Yun-yun, CHENG Sheng-kui. Measurement of the scale of food waste and its resources and environmental effects at the consumer segment in China[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(6): 1455-1468.

图/表 7

图1

表1

不同种类食物人均浪费量"

食物种类	在外就餐食物浪费量 $f w D$ /(g/d/人)	城市家庭食物浪费量 $f w U$ /(g/d/人)	农村家庭食物浪费量 $f w C$ /(g/d/人)	全年在外就餐天数占比 $γ$ /%
蔬菜	71.96	7.80	12.53	22.10
粮食	85.89	3.26	10.80
肉类	41.09	1.74	1.48
水产类	25.53	0.76	0.51
蛋类	4.64	0.39	0.47
水果	2.32	1.28	0.43
奶类	1.16	1.39	0.00
所有食物	232.59	16.61	26.23

表1

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

参考文献 48

[1]	韩俊. 中国食物生产能力与供求平衡战略研究. 北京: 首都经济贸易大学出版社, 2010.
	[ HAN J. Research on Food Production Capacity and Supply-Demand Balance Strategy in China. Beijing: Capital University of Economics and Business Press, 2010.]
[2]	高利伟. 中国主要粮食作物供应链损失和浪费特征及其减损潜力研究. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2019.
	[ GAO L W. Characteristics and reduction potentials of losses and waste of major grains of the food supply chain in China. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2019.]
[3]	王禹. 新形势下我国粮食安全保障研究. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2016.
	[ WANG Y. Study on China's food security in the new situation. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2016.]
[4]	刘立涛, 刘晓洁, 伦飞, 等. 全球气候变化下的中国粮食安全问题研究. 自然资源学报, 2018,33(6):927-939.
	[ LIU L T, LIU X J, LUN F, et al. Research on China's food security under global climate change background. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018,33(6):927-939.]
[5]	成升魁, 李云云, 刘晓洁, 等. 关于新时代我国粮食安全观的思考. 自然资源学报, 2018,33(6):911-926.
	[ CHENG S K, LI Y Y, LIU X J, et al. Thoughts on food security in China in the new period. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018,33(6):911-926.]
[6]	THYBERG K L, TONJES D J. Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2016,106:110-123. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.016
[7]	THYBERG K L, TONJES D J, GUREVITCH J. Quantification of food waste disposal in the United States: A meta-analysis. Environment Science & Technology, 2015,49:13946-13953. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03880
[8]	高利伟, 成升魁, 曹晓昌, 等. 食物损失和浪费研究综述及展望. 自然资源学报, 2015,30(3):523-536.
	[ GAO L W, CHENG S Q, CAO X C, et al. Review of food loss and waste research and its prospects. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015,30(3):523-536.]
[9]	GUSTAVSSON J, CEDERBERG C, SONESSON L, et al. Global food losses and food waste: Extent, causes and prevention. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy, 2011.
[10]	成升魁, 高利伟, 徐增让, 等. 对中国餐饮食物浪费及其资源环境效应的思考. 中国软科学, 2012, (7):106-114.
	[ CHENG S K, GAO L W, XU Z R, et al. Food waste in catering industry and its impacts on resources and environment in China. China Soft Science, 2012, (7):106-114.]
[11]	LIU J G, LUNDQVIST J, WEINBERG J, et al. Food losses and waste in China and their implication for water and land. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013,47(18):10137-10144. doi: 10.1021/es401426b
[12]	CICATIELLO C, FRANCO S, PANCINO B, et al. The dark side of retail food waste: Evidences from in-store data. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 2017,125:273-281.
[13]	XUE L, LIU G, PARFITT J, et al. Food, missing data? A critical review of global food losses and food waste data. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51:6618-6633. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00401
[14]	张盼盼, 白军飞, 刘晓洁, 等. 消费端食物浪费: 影响与行动. 自然资源学报, 2019,34(2):437-450.
	[ ZANG P P, BAI J F, LIU X J, et al. Food waste at the consumer segment: Impact and action. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019,34(2):437-450.]
[15]	United Nations. United Nations Sustainability Development Goals Home Page. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-consumption-production/, 2015-09-25/2020-07-22.
[16]	王禹. 中国食物浪费成因与对策建议. 农业展望, 2014,10(6):64-68.
	[ WANG Y. Causes and countermeasures of food waste in China. Agricultural Outlook, 2014,10(6):64-68.]
[17]	PARFITT J, BARTHEL M, MACNAUGHTON S. Food waste within food supply chains: Quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2010,365:3065-3081. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0126
[18]	LIPINSKI B, HANSON C, LOMAX J, et al. nstallment 2 of "creating a sustainable food future": Reducing food loss and waste. World Resources Institute, Washington DC, 2013, https://www.wri.org/publication/reducing-food-loss-and-waste.
[19]	刘彦平, 吕烨, 骆再晨. 我国城市居民食物浪费问题研究. 江苏科技信息, 2020,37(6):67-72.
	[ LIU Y P, LYU Y, LUO Z C. Research on food waste of Chinese urban householders. Jiangsu Science and Technology Information, 2020,37(6):67-72.]
[20]	LIU G. Food losses and food waste in China: A first estimate. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz5sq5173lq-en.
[21]	HLPE. Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems: A report by the high level panel of experts on food security and nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Rome, 2014, http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3901e.pdf.
[22]	张丹, 成升魁, 高利伟, 等. 城市餐饮业食物浪费的生态足迹: 以北京市为例. 资源科学, 2016,38(1):10-18.
	[ ZHANG D, CHENG S K, GAO L W, et al. Ecological footprint of catering industry food waste in Beijing. Resources Science, 2016,38(1):10-18.]
[23]	王灵恩, 成升魁, 钟林生, 等. 旅游城市餐饮业食物消费及其资源环境成本定量核算: 以拉萨市为例. 自然资源学报, 2016,31(2):215-227.
	[ WANG L E, CHENG S K, ZHONG L S, et al. Quantitative analysis of catering food consumption and its resources and environmental cost in tourist city: A case study in Lhasa. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016,31(2):215-227.]
[24]	陈冬冬, 高旺盛. 近30年来中国农村居民食物消费的生态足迹分析. 中国农业科学, 2010,43(8):1738-1747.
	[ CHEN D D, GAO W S. Ecological footprint analysis of food consumption of Chinese rural households in the latest 30 years. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010,43(8):1738-1747.]
[25]	李云云, 王灵恩, 成升魁. 高原旅游城市旅游者食物消费特征及其影响因素: 以拉萨市为例. 资源科学, 2019,41(3):494-508.
	[ LI Y Y, WANG L E, CHENG S K. Tourists' food consumption characteristics and influencing factors in tourism cities on the plateau: An empirical study of Lhasa. Resources Science, 2019,41(3):494-508.]
[26]	LEBERSORGER S, SCHNEIDER F. Discussion on the methodology for determining food waste in household waste composition studies. Waste Management, 2011,31:1924-1933. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.05.023
[27]	STANCU V, HAUGAARD P, LÄHTEENMÄKI L. Determinants of consumer food waste behavior: Two routes to food waste. Appetite, 2016,96:7-17. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.025
[28]	李艳平, 何宇纳, 翟凤英, 等. 称重法、回顾法和食物频率法评估人群食物摄入量的比较. 中华预防医学杂志, 2006,4:273-280.
	[ LI Y P, HE Y N, ZHAI F Y, et al. Comparison of assessment of food intakes by using 3 dietary survey method. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2006,4:273-280.]
[29]	DELLEY M, BRUNNER T. Household food waste quantification: Comparison of two methods. British Food Journal, 2018,120(7):1504-1515. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-09-2017-0486
[30]	WRI. Food loss and waste accounting and reporting standard. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304082494_Food_Loss_and_Waste_Accounting_and_Reporting_Standard. World Resources Institute, 2016.
[31]	国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴2019. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2019.
	[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Statistical Yearbook 2019. Beijing: China Statistical Press, 2019.]
[32]	SCHOTT A B S, CÁNOVAS A. Current practice, challenges and potential methodological improvements in environmental evaluations of food waste prevention: A discussion paper. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2015,101:132-142. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.004
[33]	FAO. Definitional Framework of Food Loss. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2014.
[34]	LI Y Y, WANG L E, CHENG S K. Spatiotemporal variability in urban HORECA food consumption and its ecological footprint in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,687:1232-1244. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.148
[35]	WANG L E, LIU G, LIU X J, et al. The weight of unfinished plate: A survey based characterization of restaurant food waste in Chinese cities. Waste Management, 2017,66:3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.007
[36]	中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会. 国家发展改革委关于支持郑州建设国家中心城市的复函. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/ztzl/xxczhjs/ghzc/201701/t20170125_972047.html, 2017-01-22/2020-07-20.
	[ National Development and Reform Commission, PRC. Reply of the national development and reform commission on supporting Zhengzhou in building itself into a national central city. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/ztzl/xxczhjs/ghzc/201701/t20170125_972047.html, 2017-01-22/2020-07-20.]
[37]	郑州市统计局. 2019年郑州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报. http://tjj.zhengzhou.gov.cn/tjgb/3112732.jhtml, 2020-04-03/2020-07-20.
	[ Statistical bureau of Zhengzhou. National economic and social development statistical bulletin of Zhengzhou in 2019. http://tjj.zhengzhou.gov.cn/tjgb/3112732.jhtml, 2020-04-03/2020-07-20.]
[38]	李云云, 王灵恩, 刘晓洁, 等. 基于入户跟踪调研的山东省农村居民家庭食物消费结构与特征研究. 自然资源学报, 2018,33(6):978-991.
	[ LI Y Y, WANG L E, LIU X J, et al. Structure and characteristics of food consumption of rural households in Shandong province based on household tracking survey. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018,33(6):978-991.]
[39]	环球网. 英媒: 从山东看中国农村变化. https://world.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJqX01, 2011-04-27/2020-07-20.
	[ Global Times. Reuters: A look at rural China's rural changes from Shandong province. https://world.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJqX01, 2011-04-27/2020-07-20.]
[40]	ZHANG P P, ZHANG D, CHENG S K. The effect of consumer perception on food waste behavior of urban households in China. Sustainability, 2020,12(14):1-14. doi: 10.3390/su12010001
[41]	SONG G B, LI M J, SEMAKULA H M, et al. Food consumption and waste and the embedded carbon, water and ecological footprints of households in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,529:191-197. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.068
[42]	农业农村部国际合作司. 2018年我国农产品进出口情况. http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/nybrl/rlxx/201902/t20190201_6171079.htm, 2019-02-01/2020-07-20.
	[ International Cooperation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC. China's import and export of agricultural products in 2018. http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/nybrl/rlxx/201902/t20190201_6171079.htm, 2019-02-01/2020-07-20.]
[43]	陈成忠, 葛绪广, 孙琳, 等. 物种急剧丧失·生态严重超载·跨越“地球边界”·区域公平失衡·“一个地球”生活: 《地球生命力报告2014》解读. 生态学报, 2016,36(9):2779-2785.
	[ CHEN C Z, GE X G, SUN L, et al. Rapid loss of species·Severe ecological overload·Crossing the "Earth boundary"·Regional equity imbalance·"One Earth" Life: An interpretation of the Living Planet Report 2014. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(9):2779-2785.]
[44]	LI Y Y, WANG L E, LIU G, et al. Rural household food waste characteristics and driving factors in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2020,164:105209. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105209
[45]	李丰, 蒋文斌, 朱瑶瑶, 等. 中国农村食物浪费与成因分析: 基于全国25个省(市)的记账式调查. 粮食科技与经济, 2017,42(4):24-28.
	[ LI F, JIANG W B, ZHU Y Y, et al. Food waste and its causes in rural China: Based on an accounting survey of 25 provinces (municipalities) in China. Grain Science and Technology and Economy, 2017,42(4):24-28.]
[46]	张盼盼, 王灵恩, 白军飞, 等. 旅游城市餐饮消费者食物浪费行为研究. 资源科学, 2018,40(6):1186-1195.
	[ ZHANG P P, WANG L E, BAI J F, et al. The food waste behavior of catering consumers from a tourism perspective. Resources Science, 2018,40(6):1186-1195.]
[47]	PEARSON D, MINEHAN M, WAKEFIELD-RANN R. Food waste in Australian households: Why does it occur. The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies, 2013,3:118-132.
[48]	何瑞英, 赵金凌, 李锐, 等. 基于中国样本的食物浪费研究综述. 食品安全导刊, 2020,3:52-57.
	[ HE R Y, ZHAO J L, LI R, et al. A review of food waste studies based on samples from China. China Food Safety Magazine, 2020,3:52-57.]

食物种类	生态足迹系数
蔬菜	2.10
粮食	9.66
猪肉	24.58
牛肉	112.63
羊肉	76.00
禽肉	24.50
水产类	78.25
蛋类	14.41
奶类	23.00
水果	4.05