改革开放以来中国粮食生产空间重构

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210606

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

粮食生产空间重构不仅事关我国粮食安全,而且深刻影响着区域经济发展与生态保护。从数量、生产潜力和空间格局三个维度出发,采用GAEZ模型、景观格局指数与重心迁移模型探讨了1980—2018年中国粮食生产空间重构。研究表明：（1）就数量来看,南减北增,总量基本持衡,但其内部转换频繁。粮食生产空间转出面积约达6458万hm²,其中退耕还林还草与建设用地扩张占到90%左右;粮食生产空间转入面积为6680万hm²,毁林垦草占到75%。（2）从生产潜力上看,其总量整体呈下降趋势,同时表现出由东向西降低的梯度差异。生产潜力总量减少主要是由退耕还林还草与城市扩张所导致,使得中低潜力、中潜力与中高潜力等级的粮食生产空间减少。而增加的主要原因是毁林垦草,使得中潜力与中高潜力等级的粮食生产空间大量增加。（3）由于人类活动的加剧,空间格局发生了显著变化。粮食生产空间的规模逐渐变小,形状趋于复杂,相隔距离逐渐变远。同时,粮食生产空间的数量重心整体向南运动,但迁移距离不大。而生产潜力重心不断向东北移动,迁移幅度相对较大。研究结果丰富了土地系统研究体系,为保障粮食安全及实现粮食生产空间的可持续集约化发展提供依据。

关键词: 粮食生产空间, 生产潜力, 空间格局

Abstract:

Grain production space reconstruction not only concerns China's food security, but also has a profound impact on regional economic development and ecological protection. From three dimensions of quantity, production potential and spatial pattern, the paper employs GAEZ (Global Agro-Ecological Zones) model, landscape pattern index and gravity center model to discuss the grain production space reconstruction of China from 1980 to 2018. Studies have shown that: (1) In terms of quantity, grain production space gradually decreases from south to north, and the total area remains almost unchanged, but it has frequent internal conversion. The grain production space has been transformed into other land use types, amounting to about 64.58 million hm², of which the Grain for Green and construction land expansion account for roughly 90%. The other land use types have been converted into grain production space, reaching 66.8 million hm², of which deforestation and grassland reclamation account for 75%. (2) From production potential, the total amount showed decreasing trends in the past 40 years, while the spatial distribution presents a pattern of "high in the east and low in the west", showing an obvious gradient difference from east to west. The decrease of total production potential of grain production space was mainly caused by the Grain for Green and construction land expansion, resulting in the decrease of grain production space with medium-low, medium and medium-high potential levels; However, its total increase was mainly attributed to the deforestation and grassland reclamation, leading to an increase of grain production space with medium and medium-high potential levels. (3) Due to the aggravation of human activities, the landscape pattern of China's grain production space has undergone significant changes since the 1980s. Its scale gradually decreased, the shape tended to be complex, and the distance gradually became far. Meanwhile, the quantity gravity center has moved southward, but not too far. The gravity center of its production potential has been moving to the northeast, with a distance of 82.74 km. This paper enriches the research setup of land system, and provides the basis for guaranteeing food security and realizing food production space's sustainable and intensive use.

Key words: grain production space, production potential, spatial pattern

张秋梦, 杨方社, 李飞. 改革开放以来中国粮食生产空间重构[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(6): 1426-1438.

ZHANG Qiu-meng, YANG Fang-she, LI Fei. The grain production space reconstruction in China since the reform and opening up[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(6): 1426-1438.

图/表 10

图1

图2

图3

表1

1980—2018年中国粮食生产空间转换的区域差异"

	1980—2018年			1980—2000年			2000—2018年
	毁林垦草	退耕还林还草	建设用地扩张	毁林垦草	退耕还林还草	建设用地扩张	毁林垦草	退耕还林还草	建设用地扩张
黑龙江	36965	11665	6657	32274	14070	5674	25317	18017	7251
吉林	16909	10927	5267	6694	2058	1067	13548	12161	5270
辽宁	14795	14172	6949	11803	8981	4390	15587	17785	6985
内蒙古	50852	32465	5715	46022	35587	4301	44865	36617	5363
甘肃	25166	26349	2601	26497	27111	1703	24515	26399	2628
宁夏	6294	5232	1128	1974	191	65	5338	5943	1185
新疆	34353	8102	3296	12351	8016	1051	28055	6610	3170
青海	3641	2924	379	467	19	38	3343	3044	376
西藏	5975	2812	80	2686	2733	40	6233	3101	62
四川	27917	27844	4393	30318	30067	1975	31107	31422	3969
广西	21792	21415	3305	1537	2078	617	21686	21783	2993
贵州	23239	22900	943	29213	28987	199	29186	29196	836
云南	33278	33747	2480	1392	1489	327	33376	33732	2270
重庆	13151	12762	1507	12337	12380	338	11788	11338	1430
陕西	25703	28871	3423	29754	29581	2088	28291	317173	3232
山西	17372	17628	5117	21137	20700	2773	20378	21120	5132
河南	5542	5763	16144	7558	7228	13351	7065	7193	16291
湖北	12007	12478	5816	16508	16526	3388	16153	16723	5287
湖南	28446	29093	2596	27466	27763	1361	28601	28900	2449
江西	17030	16787	3117	20026	20032	1512	18283	18033	2896
安徽	6205	6344	11853	7541	7584	8867	6306	6471	11312
北京	636	1168	2040	771	907	1276	639	1012	1552
天津	178	255	1529	201	233	950	197	249	1605
河北	12034	13125	15300	13816	13758	9725	9643	10653	13066
山东	9717	5933	19158	9493	9369	13200	8296	4486	17148
江苏	1477	1244	15100	1689	1607	9620	1466	1294	14261
上海	36	85	2127	69	70	958	52	83	1621
浙江	6047	7445	5359	8256	9678	2150	7813	8015	4810
福建	11046	10900	2217	13256	13222	1023	12868	12858	1941
广东	14479	14860	6394	14831	15248	3406	15549	15698	5131
海南	2593	2657	546	3624	3686	340	3308	3327	524
台湾	573	584	717	27	32	177	555	555	594

表1

表2

图4

图5

表3

图6

图7

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耕地生产潜力/(kg/hm²）	耕地分类
<2000	低潜力
2000~4000	中低潜力
4000~6000	中潜力
6000~8000	中高潜力
>8000	高潜力

	1980—2018年			1980—2000年			2000—2018年
	退耕还林还草	建设用地扩张	毁林垦草	退耕还林还草	建设用地扩张	毁林垦草	退耕还林还草	建设用地扩张	毁林垦草
低潜力	15.56	4.04	52.59	14.85	1.75	24.51	12.61	3.74	39.39
中低潜力	38.7	8.03	66.56	43.14	3.84	52.88	28.94	7.9	47.3
中潜力	64.45	25.43	154.72	85.73	20.48	141.27	79.43	25.77	109.06
中高潜力	94.54	44.89	336.1	130.41	38.08	301.19	143.32	46.66	224.5
高潜力	7.93	8.88	23.54	10.33	7.54	29.51	11.17	9.09	13.69