自然资源学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (3): 618-633.doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20210307
收稿日期:
2019-08-30
修回日期:
2020-02-23
出版日期:
2021-03-28
发布日期:
2021-05-28
作者简介:
李德山(1984- ),男,山西运城人,博士,副教授,研究方向为人口资源与环境。E-mail: 基金资助:
LI De-shan1(), ZHAO Ying-wen2, LI Lin-ying1
Received:
2019-08-30
Revised:
2020-02-23
Online:
2021-03-28
Published:
2021-05-28
摘要:
绿色环境效率反映经济发展与资源环境之间的平衡关系,合理评价资源型城市的环境效率对于促进经济高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。首先从异质性环境污染排放角度出发,选取了四种环境压力指标,采用非径向的Slacks Based Model(SBM)模型和Sequential Malmquist指数模型,对山西省2003—2016年11个地级市的环境效率和环境生产率的区域差异及其动态演进进行了深入分析,然后采用固定效应模型、差分广义矩估计模型和面板分位数回归模型分析了环境规制对山西环境生产率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)在维持现有技术水平不变的前提下,山西省整体的环境效率仍有25.31%的改进潜力;中部地区的环境效率值高于北部与南部地区,但是三大区域的环境效率值都呈下降趋势。(2)山西省环境生产率平均每年提高14.63%,其中技术效率对环境生产率的增长表现为负效应,而技术进步是环境生产率提高的主要来源。(3)环境规制与环境生产率之间并不存在正向或者负向的线性关系,而是存在显著的“U”型关系;不同分位点上环境规制对环境生产率变动的影响表现出明显的异质性。
李德山, 赵颖文, 李琳瑛. 煤炭资源型城市环境效率及其环境生产率变动分析──基于山西省11个地级市面板数据[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(3): 618-633.
LI De-shan, ZHAO Ying-wen, LI Lin-ying. Change of environmental efficiency and environmental productivity of coal cities: Based on panel data of 11 cities in Shanxi province[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(3): 618-633.
表1
主要指标的统计性描述"
变量 | 观测值 | 均值 | Std. Dev. | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
地区生产总值/万元 | 154 | 4637772.00 | 2741752.00 | 1093822.00 | 15300000.00 |
煤炭产量/万t | 154 | 6451.01 | 4158.22 | 28.00 | 22091.00 |
工业二氧化碳/t | 154 | 95439.75 | 28360.69 | 14328.00 | 183656.00 |
工业烟尘/t | 154 | 127149.10 | 483326.00 | 15163.00 | 5168812.00 |
工业废水/万t | 154 | 3601.03 | 2301.18 | 458.00 | 14365.00 |
PM2.5/(μg/m3) | 154 | 27.74 | 6.69 | 15.52 | 51.11 |
表2
2003—2016年山西省环境效率值"
地区/年份 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
大同 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9695 | 0.8631 | 1.0000 | 0.6240 | 0.6068 | 1.0000 | 0.5749 | 0.5322 | 0.5480 | 0.6380 | 0.6524 | 1.0000 | 0.7617 |
朔州 | 0.4696 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9474 |
忻州 | 0.7641 | 1.0000 | 0.4885 | 0.4995 | 0.4732 | 0.3566 | 0.3439 | 0.4858 | 0.3572 | 0.3797 | 0.3881 | 0.3852 | 0.3509 | 0.3520 | 0.4481 |
北部平均 | 0.7106 | 1.0000 | 0.7795 | 0.7554 | 0.7793 | 0.6060 | 0.5931 | 0.7861 | 0.5900 | 0.5869 | 0.5969 | 0.6264 | 0.6117 | 0.7061 | 0.6864 |
太原 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
阳泉 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.7977 | 0.8401 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.6190 | 0.7952 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9238 |
吕梁 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.7299 | 0.5752 | 0.5563 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.4856 | 0.4762 | 0.4292 | 0.3913 | 0.7147 |
晋中 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.8342 | 1.0000 | 0.6842 | 0.6679 | 0.5953 | 0.4852 | 0.4704 | 0.4092 | 0.5716 | 0.5318 | 0.7764 | 0.6850 |
中部平均 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9032 | 0.8849 | 0.7921 | 0.7807 | 0.7791 | 0.7881 | 0.8282 | 0.6677 | 0.7223 | 0.6912 | 0.7424 | 0.8201 |
长治 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.7739 | 0.7575 | 0.7986 | 0.7431 | 0.7047 | 0.6109 | 0.4897 | 0.4644 | 0.4714 | 0.5219 | 0.5319 | 0.5581 | 0.6516 |
临汾 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.8800 | 0.6036 | 0.5538 | 0.6667 | 0.5409 | 0.4095 | 0.4990 | 0.5645 | 0.5252 | 0.5933 | 0.6718 |
运城 | 0.6082 | 0.8281 | 0.5288 | 0.4231 | 0.4094 | 0.4186 | 0.4273 | 0.3852 | 0.4912 | 0.4563 | 0.4544 | 0.3802 | 0.3362 | 0.4296 | 0.4578 |
晋城 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9248 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.5578 | 0.5325 | 0.4937 | 0.4786 | 0.5364 | 0.5006 | 0.3312 | 0.6920 |
南部平均 | 0.8831 | 0.9540 | 0.7998 | 0.7524 | 0.7182 | 0.6582 | 0.6390 | 0.5439 | 0.5131 | 0.4549 | 0.4756 | 0.4951 | 0.4657 | 0.4659 | 0.6102 |
平均 | 0.8708 | 0.9830 | 0.8614 | 0.8050 | 0.7923 | 0.6884 | 0.6735 | 0.6854 | 0.6230 | 0.6063 | 0.5724 | 0.6056 | 0.5791 | 0.6182 | 0.7016 |
表3
2003—2016年山西省年环境生产率变动"
地区/年份 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
大同 | 1.3385 | 0.9882 | 0.8947 | 1.3046 | 1.0224 | 1.0150 | 1.8516 | 0.7760 | 1.1218 | 1.0409 | 1.1643 | 1.1722 | 2.0924 | 1.1698 |
朔州 | 3.1672 | 1.0116 | 1.1570 | 1.2872 | 1.2938 | 1.1311 | 1.2297 | 1.0711 | 1.3120 | 1.0191 | 1.0110 | 1.0821 | 1.3036 | 1.2465 |
忻州 | 1.8818 | 0.5011 | 1.0662 | 1.1100 | 0.9443 | 1.0231 | 1.6725 | 0.7855 | 1.2835 | 1.0225 | 1.0154 | 1.0396 | 1.2496 | 1.0714 |
北部平均 | 1.9981 | 0.7942 | 1.0335 | 1.2307 | 1.0770 | 1.0551 | 1.5616 | 0.8675 | 1.2362 | 1.0274 | 1.0612 | 1.0966 | 1.5049 | 1.1603 |
太原 | 1.3895 | 1.1063 | 1.1014 | 1.1175 | 1.2587 | 1.0367 | 1.1390 | 1.0321 | 1.0629 | 1.0568 | 1.0425 | 1.3223 | 1.4393 | 1.1544 |
阳泉 | 1.5602 | 1.0103 | 0.9865 | 1.2788 | 1.7479 | 1.0486 | 0.6732 | 1.3858 | 1.6253 | 1.0095 | 1.0050 | 1.0632 | 1.0239 | 1.1493 |
吕梁 | 1.3209 | 1.1517 | 1.2431 | 0.8085 | 1.0479 | 1.0255 | 2.0356 | 1.0290 | 2.1417 | 0.4856 | 0.9913 | 0.9740 | 1.1552 | 1.1124 |
晋中 | 1.3081 | 1.0877 | 0.8471 | 1.3741 | 1.0048 | 1.0602 | 1.0415 | 0.8781 | 1.1261 | 0.8728 | 1.4244 | 1.0913 | 2.0361 | 1.1321 |
中部平均 | 1.3912 | 1.0878 | 1.0342 | 1.1225 | 1.2337 | 1.0427 | 1.1291 | 1.0662 | 1.4287 | 0.8200 | 1.1029 | 1.1056 | 1.3645 | 1.1369 |
长治 | 1.3610 | 0.8078 | 1.0398 | 1.2409 | 1.2880 | 0.9917 | 1.0284 | 0.8646 | 1.1367 | 1.0237 | 1.1443 | 1.1952 | 1.7013 | 1.1200 |
临汾 | 1.3104 | 1.2680 | 1.2273 | 0.9425 | 1.1342 | 0.9298 | 1.5774 | 0.8488 | 0.8760 | 1.2548 | 1.1449 | 1.1826 | 1.8833 | 1.1689 |
运城 | 1.7468 | 1.1481 | 0.9504 | 1.1001 | 1.2791 | 1.0814 | 1.0412 | 1.2757 | 1.0399 | 1.041 | 0.8435 | 1.1572 | 1.8372 | 1.1674 |
晋城 | 1.4772 | 1.0142 | 1.0314 | 0.9679 | 1.4759 | 1.1832 | 0.8589 | 1.1444 | 1.4607 | 1.0055 | 1.1231 | 1.1410 | 0.9640 | 1.1256 |
南部平均 | 1.4647 | 1.0450 | 1.0576 | 1.0564 | 1.2887 | 1.0422 | 1.0975 | 1.0174 | 1.1090 | 1.0768 | 1.0555 | 1.1688 | 1.5434 | 1.1453 |
平均 | 1.5646 | 0.9839 | 1.0424 | 1.1259 | 1.2078 | 1.0459 | 1.2209 | 0.9909 | 1.2525 | 0.9629 | 1.0741 | 1.1257 | 1.4657 | 1.1463 |
表4
主要变量的统计性描述"
变量 | 观测值 | 均值 | Std. Dev. | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MI | 143 | 1.184 | 0.332 | 0.486 | 3.167 |
ER | 143 | 1.090 | 1.567 | 0.017 | 8.197 |
agdp | 143 | 17174.45 | 8170.548 | 4199.384 | 45410.11 |
endow | 143 | 0.17 | 0.177 | 0 | 0.516 |
emstr | 143 | 55.023 | 16.179 | 27.24 | 91.26 |
trans | 143 | 43.932 | 28.919 | 6.904 | 142.042 |
fdi | 143 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.001 | 0.154 |
gov | 143 | 0.389 | 0.753 | 0.08 | 4.035 |
pd | 143 | 282.09 | 132.426 | 24.42 | 531.02 |
fin | 143 | 0.179 | 0.349 | 0.007 | 2.043 |
indus | 143 | 54.739 | 8.53 | 36.12 | 73.71 |
表5
基本回归结果"
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER | 0.129** | -0.236** | -0.218* | -0.209** | -0.273 |
(2.035) | (-2.599) | (-2.021) | (-2.312) | (-1.382) | |
ER2 | — | 0.0430*** | 0.0423*** | 0.0350*** | 0.0415*** |
— | (6.537) | (6.087) | (4.869) | (3.253) | |
lnagdp | -0.433 | -0.215 | -1.153 | 1.645 | 2.444 |
(-1.221) | (-0.625) | (-0.749) | (1.617) | (0.652) | |
lnagdp2 | — | — | 0.0500 | -0.105* | -0.136 |
— | — | (0.599) | (-1.837) | (-0.855) | |
endow | 1.170* | 1.423** | 1.423*** | 1.095** | 1.208 |
(1.911) | (3.126) | (3.227) | (2.446) | (1.631) | |
emstr | 0.00811* | 0.00881*** | 0.00917*** | 0.00671** | 0.0139* |
(1.877) | (4.884) | (4.216) | (3.121) | (2.022) | |
trans | 0.00182 | 0.00133 | 0.00154 | 0.00331*** | 0.00385*** |
(1.144) | (1.369) | (1.450) | (3.526) | (3.152) | |
fdi | -0.360 | -0.500 | -0.605 | -1.013 | -3.656 |
(-0.318) | (-0.432) | (-0.493) | (-0.881) | (-1.241) | |
gov | -0.494*** | -0.692*** | -0.690*** | -0.717*** | -0.859*** |
(-3.129) | (-8.321) | (-8.388) | (-9.352) | (-3.880) | |
lnpd | -2.353** | -1.738*** | -1.842*** | -0.926 | -1.059 |
(-2.012) | (-3.945) | (-4.124) | (-1.304) | (-0.997) | |
lnfin | 0.252 | 0.187 | 0.175 | 0.249 | 0.343 |
(1.179) | (0.938) | (0.832) | (1.140) | (0.773) | |
indus | -0.0120** | -0.0114* | -0.0106* | -0.00556 | -0.0199 |
(-2.185) | (-2.057) | (-1.954) | (-0.709) | (-1.102) | |
L.lnMI | — | — | — | -0.263*** | -0.197** |
— | — | — | (-3.699) | (-2.302) | |
城市效应 | — | — | — | 控制 | 控制 |
时间效应 | — | — | — | 控制 | 控制 |
观测值 | 143 | 143 | 143 | 132 | 121 |
表6
面板分位数模型回归结果"
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER | 0.132*** | -0.0642*** | -0.0333 | -0.172*** | -0.0400 |
(203.8) | (-12.51) | (-0.793) | (-4.139) | (-0.873) | |
ER2 | 0.00163*** | 0.0132*** | 0.00766* | 0.0342*** | 0.0312*** |
(26.99) | (19.06) | (1.733) | (7.104) | (5.241) | |
lnagdp | 0.312*** | 0.655*** | -3.145*** | -6.130*** | -3.007*** |
(148.8) | (5.223) | (-5.725) | (-5.067) | (-4.625) | |
lnagdp2 | -0.0243*** | -0.0334*** | 0.163*** | 0.315*** | 0.156*** |
(-232.1) | (-4.995) | (6.236) | (4.893) | (4.736) | |
endow | -0.226*** | -0.0123 | 0.319*** | 0.527*** | 0.646*** |
(-127.1) | (-0.644) | (3.345) | (4.761) | (8.241) | |
emstr | 0.00108*** | 0.00156*** | 0.00356*** | 0.00607*** | 0.00689*** |
(125.4) | (3.994) | (5.121) | (4.358) | (4.386) | |
trans | -0.000249*** | 4.95e-05 | 0.000644 | -0.000525* | -0.00166** |
(-28.18) | (0.686) | (1.022) | (-1.834) | (-2.094) | |
fdi | -0.474*** | -0.119 | -1.106*** | -0.390 | -0.657*** |
(-198.3) | (-1.484) | (-3.909) | (-1.057) | (-3.425) | |
gov | -0.671*** | -0.123*** | -0.120*** | -0.322*** | -0.622*** |
(-2,899) | (-10.73) | (-10.81) | (-12.12) | (-19.82) | |
lnpd | -0.281*** | -0.0668*** | -0.0430* | -0.0816*** | -0.236*** |
(-383.9) | (-8.127) | (-1.668) | (-3.187) | (-10.43) | |
lnfin | 0.0851*** | 0.0264*** | 0.0393* | 0.0259 | -0.0545** |
(372.4) | (5.316) | (1.883) | (1.510) | (-2.207) | |
indus | -0.00428*** | -0.00253*** | 0.00384*** | 0.00463*** | -0.0103*** |
(-175.1) | (-8.926) | (2.520) | (2.595) | (-5.591) | |
观测值 | 143 | 143 | 143 | 143 | 143 |
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