煤炭资源型城市环境效率及其环境生产率变动分析──基于山西省11个地级市面板数据

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210307

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

绿色环境效率反映经济发展与资源环境之间的平衡关系,合理评价资源型城市的环境效率对于促进经济高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。首先从异质性环境污染排放角度出发,选取了四种环境压力指标,采用非径向的Slacks Based Model（SBM）模型和Sequential Malmquist指数模型,对山西省2003—2016年11个地级市的环境效率和环境生产率的区域差异及其动态演进进行了深入分析,然后采用固定效应模型、差分广义矩估计模型和面板分位数回归模型分析了环境规制对山西环境生产率的影响。研究结果表明：（1）在维持现有技术水平不变的前提下,山西省整体的环境效率仍有25.31%的改进潜力;中部地区的环境效率值高于北部与南部地区,但是三大区域的环境效率值都呈下降趋势。（2）山西省环境生产率平均每年提高14.63%,其中技术效率对环境生产率的增长表现为负效应,而技术进步是环境生产率提高的主要来源。（3）环境规制与环境生产率之间并不存在正向或者负向的线性关系,而是存在显著的“U”型关系;不同分位点上环境规制对环境生产率变动的影响表现出明显的异质性。

关键词: 煤炭资源型城市, 环境压力, 环境生产率, SBM模型, Sequential Malmquist指数

Abstract:

Green environmental efficiency reflects the balance between economic development and resources environment. It is of great practical significance to evaluate the environmental efficiency of resource-based cities comprehensively for promoting high-quality economic development. From the perspective of heterogeneous environmental pollution emissions, this paper selects four environmental pressure indicators, and uses non-radial SBM model and Sequential Malmquist index model to conduct an in-depth analysis of the regional differences and dynamic evolution of environmental efficiency and environmental productivity of 11 cities in Shanxi Province during 2003-2016. Then it adopts the fixed effect model, differential generalized moment estimation model and panel quantile regression model to analyze the impact of environmental regulation on environmental productivity in Shanxi. The results show that: (1) Under the premise of maintaining the existing technology level, the overall environmental efficiency of the study area still has 25.31% potential for improvement; the environmental efficiency value of the central part is higher than that of the northern and southern parts, but the environmental efficiency values of the three regions are declining. (2) The average annual growth rate of environmental productivity is 14.63%. The increase of technical efficiency to environmental productivity shows a "negative effect", and technological progress is the main source of the increase of environmental productivity. (3) There is no linear relationship between environmental regulation and environmental productivity, but there is a significant "U" type relationship. In different quantiles, the impact of environmental regulation on environmental productivity shows significant heterogeneity.

Key words: coal resource-based city, environmental pressure, environmental productivity, SBM model, Sequential Malmquist index

李德山, 赵颖文, 李琳瑛. 煤炭资源型城市环境效率及其环境生产率变动分析──基于山西省11个地级市面板数据[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(3): 618-633.

LI De-shan, ZHAO Ying-wen, LI Lin-ying. Change of environmental efficiency and environmental productivity of coal cities: Based on panel data of 11 cities in Shanxi province[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(3): 618-633.

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变量	观测值	均值	Std. Dev.	最小值	最大值
地区生产总值/万元	154	4637772.00	2741752.00	1093822.00	15300000.00
煤炭产量/万t	154	6451.01	4158.22	28.00	22091.00
工业二氧化碳/t	154	95439.75	28360.69	14328.00	183656.00
工业烟尘/t	154	127149.10	483326.00	15163.00	5168812.00
工业废水/万t	154	3601.03	2301.18	458.00	14365.00
PM_2.5/(μg/m³)	154	27.74	6.69	15.52	51.11

地区/年份	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	平均
大同	1.0000	1.0000	0.9695	0.8631	1.0000	0.6240	0.6068	1.0000	0.5749	0.5322	0.5480	0.6380	0.6524	1.0000	0.7617
朔州	0.4696	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.9474
忻州	0.7641	1.0000	0.4885	0.4995	0.4732	0.3566	0.3439	0.4858	0.3572	0.3797	0.3881	0.3852	0.3509	0.3520	0.4481
北部平均	0.7106	1.0000	0.7795	0.7554	0.7793	0.6060	0.5931	0.7861	0.5900	0.5869	0.5969	0.6264	0.6117	0.7061	0.6864
太原	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000
阳泉	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.7977	0.8401	1.0000	1.0000	0.6190	0.7952	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.9238
吕梁	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.7299	0.5752	0.5563	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.4856	0.4762	0.4292	0.3913	0.7147
晋中	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.8342	1.0000	0.6842	0.6679	0.5953	0.4852	0.4704	0.4092	0.5716	0.5318	0.7764	0.6850
中部平均	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.9032	0.8849	0.7921	0.7807	0.7791	0.7881	0.8282	0.6677	0.7223	0.6912	0.7424	0.8201
长治	1.0000	1.0000	0.7739	0.7575	0.7986	0.7431	0.7047	0.6109	0.4897	0.4644	0.4714	0.5219	0.5319	0.5581	0.6516
临汾	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.8800	0.6036	0.5538	0.6667	0.5409	0.4095	0.4990	0.5645	0.5252	0.5933	0.6718
运城	0.6082	0.8281	0.5288	0.4231	0.4094	0.4186	0.4273	0.3852	0.4912	0.4563	0.4544	0.3802	0.3362	0.4296	0.4578
晋城	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0.9248	1.0000	1.0000	0.5578	0.5325	0.4937	0.4786	0.5364	0.5006	0.3312	0.6920
南部平均	0.8831	0.9540	0.7998	0.7524	0.7182	0.6582	0.6390	0.5439	0.5131	0.4549	0.4756	0.4951	0.4657	0.4659	0.6102
平均	0.8708	0.9830	0.8614	0.8050	0.7923	0.6884	0.6735	0.6854	0.6230	0.6063	0.5724	0.6056	0.5791	0.6182	0.7016

地区/年份	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	平均
大同	1.3385	0.9882	0.8947	1.3046	1.0224	1.0150	1.8516	0.7760	1.1218	1.0409	1.1643	1.1722	2.0924	1.1698
朔州	3.1672	1.0116	1.1570	1.2872	1.2938	1.1311	1.2297	1.0711	1.3120	1.0191	1.0110	1.0821	1.3036	1.2465
忻州	1.8818	0.5011	1.0662	1.1100	0.9443	1.0231	1.6725	0.7855	1.2835	1.0225	1.0154	1.0396	1.2496	1.0714
北部平均	1.9981	0.7942	1.0335	1.2307	1.0770	1.0551	1.5616	0.8675	1.2362	1.0274	1.0612	1.0966	1.5049	1.1603
太原	1.3895	1.1063	1.1014	1.1175	1.2587	1.0367	1.1390	1.0321	1.0629	1.0568	1.0425	1.3223	1.4393	1.1544
阳泉	1.5602	1.0103	0.9865	1.2788	1.7479	1.0486	0.6732	1.3858	1.6253	1.0095	1.0050	1.0632	1.0239	1.1493
吕梁	1.3209	1.1517	1.2431	0.8085	1.0479	1.0255	2.0356	1.0290	2.1417	0.4856	0.9913	0.9740	1.1552	1.1124
晋中	1.3081	1.0877	0.8471	1.3741	1.0048	1.0602	1.0415	0.8781	1.1261	0.8728	1.4244	1.0913	2.0361	1.1321
中部平均	1.3912	1.0878	1.0342	1.1225	1.2337	1.0427	1.1291	1.0662	1.4287	0.8200	1.1029	1.1056	1.3645	1.1369
长治	1.3610	0.8078	1.0398	1.2409	1.2880	0.9917	1.0284	0.8646	1.1367	1.0237	1.1443	1.1952	1.7013	1.1200
临汾	1.3104	1.2680	1.2273	0.9425	1.1342	0.9298	1.5774	0.8488	0.8760	1.2548	1.1449	1.1826	1.8833	1.1689
运城	1.7468	1.1481	0.9504	1.1001	1.2791	1.0814	1.0412	1.2757	1.0399	1.041	0.8435	1.1572	1.8372	1.1674
晋城	1.4772	1.0142	1.0314	0.9679	1.4759	1.1832	0.8589	1.1444	1.4607	1.0055	1.1231	1.1410	0.9640	1.1256
南部平均	1.4647	1.0450	1.0576	1.0564	1.2887	1.0422	1.0975	1.0174	1.1090	1.0768	1.0555	1.1688	1.5434	1.1453
平均	1.5646	0.9839	1.0424	1.1259	1.2078	1.0459	1.2209	0.9909	1.2525	0.9629	1.0741	1.1257	1.4657	1.1463

变量	观测值	均值	Std. Dev.	最小值	最大值
MI	143	1.184	0.332	0.486	3.167
ER	143	1.090	1.567	0.017	8.197
agdp	143	17174.45	8170.548	4199.384	45410.11
endow	143	0.17	0.177	0	0.516
emstr	143	55.023	16.179	27.24	91.26
trans	143	43.932	28.919	6.904	142.042
fdi	143	0.036	0.035	0.001	0.154
gov	143	0.389	0.753	0.08	4.035
pd	143	282.09	132.426	24.42	531.02
fin	143	0.179	0.349	0.007	2.043
indus	143	54.739	8.53	36.12	73.71

变量	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
ER	0.129^**	-0.236^**	-0.218^*	-0.209^**	-0.273
	(2.035)	(-2.599)	(-2.021)	(-2.312)	(-1.382)
ER2	—	0.0430^***	0.0423^***	0.0350^***	0.0415^***
	—	(6.537)	(6.087)	(4.869)	(3.253)
lnagdp	-0.433	-0.215	-1.153	1.645	2.444
	(-1.221)	(-0.625)	(-0.749)	(1.617)	(0.652)
lnagdp2	—	—	0.0500	-0.105^*	-0.136
	—	—	(0.599)	(-1.837)	(-0.855)
endow	1.170^*	1.423^**	1.423^***	1.095^**	1.208
	(1.911)	(3.126)	(3.227)	(2.446)	(1.631)
emstr	0.00811^*	0.00881^***	0.00917^***	0.00671^**	0.0139^*
	(1.877)	(4.884)	(4.216)	(3.121)	(2.022)
trans	0.00182	0.00133	0.00154	0.00331^***	0.00385^***
	(1.144)	(1.369)	(1.450)	(3.526)	(3.152)
fdi	-0.360	-0.500	-0.605	-1.013	-3.656
	(-0.318)	(-0.432)	(-0.493)	(-0.881)	(-1.241)
gov	-0.494^***	-0.692^***	-0.690^***	-0.717^***	-0.859^***
	(-3.129)	(-8.321)	(-8.388)	(-9.352)	(-3.880)
lnpd	-2.353^**	-1.738^***	-1.842^***	-0.926	-1.059
	(-2.012)	(-3.945)	(-4.124)	(-1.304)	(-0.997)
lnfin	0.252	0.187	0.175	0.249	0.343
	(1.179)	(0.938)	(0.832)	(1.140)	(0.773)
indus	-0.0120^**	-0.0114^*	-0.0106^*	-0.00556	-0.0199
	(-2.185)	(-2.057)	(-1.954)	(-0.709)	(-1.102)
L.lnMI	—	—	—	-0.263^***	-0.197^**
	—	—	—	(-3.699)	(-2.302)
城市效应	—	—	—	控制	控制
时间效应	—	—	—	控制	控制
观测值	143	143	143	132	121