差异化开展国土空间生态修复的思考

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210209

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来,由于气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,生态系统承受了越来越大的压力。在一定程度上,这些压力改变了生态系统的结构和过程,降低了生态系统服务功能,对区域可持续发展形成了威胁。国土空间生态修复是推进生态文明建设的重大举措,也是应对以上生态系统问题的重要手段,我国已将其上升到国家战略的高度。但是,目前国土空间生态修复的相关研究尚缺乏系统的梳理,相关的国土空间生态修复工作也缺乏系统总结,不利于生态修复工作的深入开展。因此,亟需系统梳理我国生态修复相关工作的演进脉络,阐述不同时期国土空间生态修复目标、手段、区域的差异化,剖析当前我国开展国土空间生态修复工作遇到的问题,进而提出相关应对策略,以期裨益于我国新时期的国土空间生态修复工作。研究表明：（1）我国的生态修复研究经历了萌芽、早期实践及新时期国土空间生态修复的演进过程。各个时期生态修复目标、手段和区域的差异化明显。（2）当前,我国国土空间生态修复的主要问题是,生态方面的历史欠账多、现实矛盾多,生态系统功能问题较为突出,生态修复部门职责相对分散、履职较为矛盾,生态修复投入机制相对单一。（3）未来,应该分别依据生态问题时间维度、空间维度、行政与市场维度的差异化,分别开展有针对性的国土空间生态修复工作。

关键词: 国土空间生态修复, 生态系统问题, 差异化, 对策

Abstract:

In recent years, due to the dual impact of climate change and human activities, ecosystems have been suffering increasing pressure. To a certain extent, this pressure has changed the structure and process of ecosystems, reduced ecosystem services, and threatened regional sustainable development. Land ecological restoration is a major measure to promote the construction of ecological civilization and an important means to deal with the above ecosystem problems. China has taken it as one of national strategies. However, there have been relatively few systematic reviews and summaries in the current research on the ecological restoration of land and space, which is not conducive to the in-depth development of ecological restoration. Therefore, this article systematically sorts out the evolutionary context of China's ecological restoration work, expounds the differences in the goals, methods, and regions of land and space ecological restoration in different periods, analyzes the current problems encountered in China's land ecological restoration work, and further proposes related countermeasures, which are expected to benefit China's ecological restoration work in the new era. The research shows that: (1) China's ecological restoration research has experienced an evolutionary process of budding, early practice and the new era periods. The ecological restoration goals, methods and regions differed significantly in each period. (2) At present, the main problems of China's territorial and spatial ecological restoration are that there are many historical debts in ecological aspects, many practical contradictions, problems of ecosystem functions are more prominent, the responsibilities of ecological restoration departments are relatively scattered, and the performance of duties is relatively contradictory and single. (3) In the future, targeted land ecological restoration work should be carried out based on the differences in the time dimension, space dimension, administration and market dimension of ecological problems.

Key words: land ecological restoration, ecosystem problems, differentiation, countermeasures

许闯胜, 刘伟, 宋伟, 李寒. 差异化开展国土空间生态修复的思考[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(2): 384-394.

XU Chuang-sheng, LIU Wei, SONG Wei, LI Han. Thoughts on differentially carrying out land ecological restoration[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(2): 384-394.

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时期	主要目标
2000年以前：生态修复萌芽阶段	单一数量修复目标
2000—2013年：早期生态修复实践阶段	环境综合治理
2013年至今：国土空间生态修复阶段	过程和功能修复

时期	主要手段
2000年以前：生态修复萌芽阶段	土地整治
2000—2013年：早期生态修复实践阶段	对单一要素实施物理、化学、生物等工程性修复
2013年至今：国土空间生态修复阶段	区域全要素的系统性修复

时期	开展区域
2000年以前：生态修复萌芽阶段	黄土高原等生态脆弱区（分散布局）
2000—2013年：早期生态修复实践阶段	小尺度的生态环境破坏严重的区域
2013年至今：国土空间生态修复阶段	全国范围内总体布局设计,涵盖不同生态类型与问题区域

部门	职责
自然资源部门	统一行使国土空间用途管制与生态保护修复职责
发改部门	协调生态环境保护与修复、承担生态文明建设和改革等工作
生态环境部门	指导协调和监督生态保护修复、组织协调生物多样性保护等工作
财政部门	提出生态保护修复方面的财政政策建议、拟定国有资源出让收支政策等
水利部门	指导河湖水生态保护与修复、河湖生态流量管理以及河湖水系连通、水土保持工作等
农业农村部门	负责水生野生动植物保护工作等
林草部门	森林、草原、湿地、荒漠保护修复和陆生野生动植物保护