农村居民点多维形态空间格局与耦合类型

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20191215

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农村居民点空间形态的系统认识与分类研究是乡村整治和科学实施乡村振兴的重要基础。以北京市平谷区为研究区域,从规模、结构和功能三个维度构建农村居民点形态识别指标,使用多因素综合评价法得到275个行政村的规模强度、结构合理度和功能协调度,借助ArcGIS和GeoDa依次对三者进行空间关联分析,进而基于三维特征划分出8种农村居民点耦合类型。结果表明：（1）平谷区农村居民点规模强度、结构合理度和功能协调度在空间上均存在空间集聚的正相关性,空间分布分别呈现“递进式”“圈层式”和“镶嵌式”格局。（2）平谷区农村居民点多维形态的地域差异性显著,全区62.8%的村庄表现为低强度,51.3%的村庄表现为结构不合理,61.4%的村庄表现为功能不协调。（3）平谷区以T1-S1-F2型（高强度—合理—不协调型）和T1-S2-F2型（高强度—不合理—不协调型）的农村居民点为主,两者共占农村居民点总量的60.1%,前者主要分布在距离城区较近的乡镇,后者主要分布在距离城区较远的北部、西南部和东部的山地丘陵区。（4）规模强度高、结构不合理、功能不协调的农村居民点类型是平谷区乡村协同发展的主要障碍,政策制度、技术工程、产业扶持等差别化治理模式是推进农村居民点可持续性利用和乡村振兴的关键。

关键词: 农村居民点, 形态, 类型识别, 多维, 北京市平谷区

Abstract:

Systematic understanding and classification of the spatial form of rural settlements is an important basis for rural renovation and scientific implementation of the strategy of Rural Revitalization at the present stage. In this paper, Pinggu district of Beijing is taken as the research area. According to the idea that rural residential areas are regarded as map patches, land use patterns and carriers, the identification indicators of rural residential types are constructed from three dimensions of intensity, structure and function. The intensity suitability, structure rationality and function coordination of each research unit are obtained by using multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method. With the help of ArcGIS and GeoDa, the intensity suitability, structure rationality and function coordination degree of each research unit are obtained. A spatial correlation analysis of the three is carried out, and eight coupling types of rural settlements are classified based on three-dimensional characteristics. It is concluded that: (1) There is a positive spatial correlation among intensity suitability, structural rationality and functional coordination in Pinggu district, i.e. there is a spatial agglomeration characteristic, and the spatial distribution of hotspot analysis of suitability, rationality and coordination degree presents progressive, circle and mosaic patterns respectively. (2) There are significant differences in spatial and regional characteristics in Pinggu district, Beijing, with 62.8% of the villages not suitable for intensity, 51.3% of the villages are unreasonable in structure and 61.4% of the villages are inconsistent in function. (3) The main types of rural settlements in the whole district are unsuitable-reasonable-uncoordinated and unsuitable-unreasonable-uncoordinated, which account for 53.6% of the total rural settlements. Unsuitable-reasonable-uncoordinated rural settlements are mainly distributed in townships close to urban areas and unsuitable-unreasonable-uncoordinated rural settlements are mainly located in the northern, southwestern and eastern hilly areas far from the urban area.

Key words: rural residential land, morphology, type recognition, multidimensional, Pinggu district in Beijing

曲衍波, 魏淑文, 刘敏, 展凌云, 李雅楠. 农村居民点多维形态空间格局与耦合类型[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(12): 2673-2686.

QU Yan-bo, WEI Shu-wen, LIU Min, ZHAN Ling-yun, LI Ya-nan. Spatial pattern and coupling types of multidimensional morphology of rural residential land[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(12): 2673-2686.

图/表 8

图1

表1

农村居民点形态识别指标"

目标	指标		量化方法	说明	正负	目标值
农村居民点规模（T）	人均农村居民点面积T1/ （m²·人^-1）		农村居民点面积与户籍人口之比	值越小,农村居民点越集聚,强度越低	+	140
	户均宅基地面积T2/ （m²·户^-1）		宅基地面积与户籍户数之比	值越小,农村居民点越集聚,强度越低	+	260
	斑块密度T3/ （块·km^-2）		农村居民点总面积与总斑块数之比	值越大,农村居民点越集聚,强度越低	-	18.5
	分维数T4		$FD = 21 n P 4 ln A$	值越大,居民点边界不规则,强度越高	+	2
	集聚度T5		$R = n × C S 2 × 10000$	值越大,空间越紧凑,强度越低	-	1
农村居民点结构（S）	住宅用地比例S1/%		住宅用地面积与总面积之比	值越小,农村居民点分布越集聚,结构越合理	-	55%~70%
	公共服务与管理用地比例S2/%		公共服务与管理面积与总面积之比	值越大,农村居民点用地结构越合理	+	15%~28%
	公园绿地面积比例S3/%		公园绿地面积与总面积之比	值越大,环境优美,农村居民点用地结构越合理	+	2%~4%
	闲置地面积比例S4/%		闲置地面积与总面积之比	值越小,空废化越低,农村居民点用地结构越合理	-	3%
农村居民点功能（F）	生活功能（FL）	农民人均收入FL1/元	近三年本村居民人均收入	反映农民生活水平,值越大,生活宜居性强	+	23600
		公共服务设施完善度FL2	卫生所、集市、室外娱乐广场、学校、图书室、银行等公共服务设施所拥有的项目数量	值越大,公共服务配套设施完善,生活宜居性强	+	1
		道路通达度FL3	$F = 100 - 100 (1 - r i) 100$	值越大,交通出行方便,生活宜居性强	+	1
	生产功能（FP）	村内就业人口比例FP1/%	常住人口在本村内就业人数/ 总人数	值越大,经济发达,生产功能强	+	67%
		非农产业用地面积比例FP2/%	二、三产业用地面积/农村居民点总面积	值越大,经济发达,生产功能强	+	42%
		集体经济收入FP3/万元	近三年本村集体经济平均收入	值越大,经济发达,生产功能强	+	36
	生态功能（FE）	生态用地面积比例FE1/%	生态用地面积/农村居民点总面积	值越大,生态环境优美	+	18%
		三废处理率FE2/%	垃圾无害化、污水处理和卫生公厕覆盖率	值越大,环境卫生良好	+	100%
		自然灾害易发程度FE3	村域自然灾害高度以上易发区面积比例	值越大,生活环境安全性低	-	0

表1

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表2

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