廊道与源地协调的国土空间生态安全格局构建

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20191019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

构建生态联系紧密且生态干扰更小的生态安全格局,是平衡国土空间规划中生态保护与经济社会发展的重要手段。在国土空间中,为形成廊道与源地的协调与保护兼顾的生态安全格局,以环洞庭湖区域33个县（区）为例,针对核心生态源地与自然廊道、经济社会源地与人工廊道分别形成的生态格局、城镇格局,揭示两者之间生态关键点及生态干扰点的分布特征,并差异化应对。结果表明：（1）为促进生态要素的空间联系,1537条生态廊道应纳入生态安全格局中,908处生态关键点需要保护,而0.48%的经济社会源地面积应退让给自然廊道。（2）受干扰的核心生态源地面积占比和自然廊道长度占比分别为1.36%、12.95%,8800处生态干扰点可采取缓冲、预警等主要应对策略,以协同发展自然—人工系统。（3）为满足生态保护用地应持续增加的需求,非核心生态源地内,面积分别为203.22 km²、125.67 km²、35.59 km²的一、二、三级自然廊道可分批作为生态安全格局未来发展的储备用地。研究结果可为协调国土空间规划体系中生态用地与城镇建设用地提供参考。

关键词: 国土空间, 生态安全格局, 生态廊道与源地保护, 生态战略点, 环洞庭湖区域

Abstract:

Constructing an ecological security pattern with closer ecological connections and less ecological disturbance is an important way to make contributions to the balance between ecological protection and economic development in national territorial planning. This paper aims to establish an ecological security pattern, which should take into account the coordination and protection of sources and corridors in the ecological system in an integrated manner. Taking 33 counties (districts) around Dongting Lake as examples, it puts forward the ecological pattern formed by the ecological essential source areas and natural corridors, and the urbanization pattern formed by economic society source areas and artificial corridors. Then, we reveal the spatial characteristics of the ecological positive points and ecological disturbing points between the ecological pattern and urbanization pattern, and offer artificial and natural countermeasures for the problems in particular areas of the ecological environment. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) There should be 1537 identified ecological corridors in the ecological security pattern and 908 key points urged to be protected, which takes up 0.48% of economic society areas for returning to the ecological core source area, so as to promote the spatial relationship between ecological elements; (2) There are 8800 ecological disturbing points, 1.36% of ecological essential source areas and 12.95% of the length of natural corridors are in disturbance. In order to collaboratively develop the natural and artificial systems, the interference areas should be managed by means of creating buffers, establishing an early-warning system, and so on; (3) Natural corridors of the first to third levels in non-essential patches can be measured as 203.22 km², 125.67 km² and 35.59 km², respectively, which can be defined as protected area of future ecological security pattern separately to meet a continuous increasing demand for ecological protection land. The results can provide a reference for the coordination of ecological land and urban construction land in the national territorial planning system.

Key words: national territorial space, ecological security pattern, ecological corridors and sources protection, ecological strategy point, Dongting Lake

韩宗伟, 焦胜, 胡亮, 杨宇民, 蔡青, 黎贝, 周敏. 廊道与源地协调的国土空间生态安全格局构建[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(10): 2244-2256.

HAN Zong-wei, JIAO sheng, HU Liang, YANG Yu-min, CAI Qing, LI Bei, ZHOU Min. Construction of ecological security pattern based on coordination between corridors and sources in national territorial space[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(10): 2244-2256.

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数据类型	数据产品	来源	空间分辨率
湖南省环洞庭湖区核心生态源地	湖南省生态保护红线区空间数据（2018年）	湖南省自然资源厅	1∶25万
硬化的道路（乡道级别以上）	湖南省道路矢量数据（2015年）	国家地球系统科学数据共享服务平台	1∶25万
DEM	ASTER GDEM V2 版	地理空间数据云	30 m
土壤数据和土地覆被	中国土壤数据集（v1.1）	黑河计划数据管理中心	1∶100万
河网水系（三级河流以上）	中国河网水系矢量数据	地理空间数据云	1∶25万
城镇建设用地边界（乡镇级别以上）	Google 遥感影像（2017年）	作者目视解译提取	10 m

阻力因子	阻力系数	阻力因子	阻力系数
林地	10	沙地、裸地	450
水域	30	设施农用地	600
园地	100	农村道路	700
草地	200	公路	1000
耕地	300	村庄	1500
滩涂、沼泽	400	城镇	3500

因子	阻力分级					指标权重
因子	5	4	3	2	1	指标权重
高程/m	30~70	70~120	120~165	165~210	210以上	0.15
坡度/°	0~5	5~10	10~15	15~25	25以上	0.22
坡向	南	东南、西南	东、西	东北、西北	北	0.1
土壤类型	河潮土	—	水稻土	—	红壤土	0.23
覆被类型	城镇建设用地	农田	裸地	草地、湿地	林地	0.3

廊道类型及等级	生物迁徙廊道				潜在雨水廊道				综合交通廊道
廊道类型及等级	一级	二级	三级	汇总	一级	二级	三级	汇总	一级	二级	三级	汇总
面积/km²	329.89	187.95	23.85	541.69	13.79	15.99	21.1	50.88	542.72	1263.3	497.99	2304.01
长度/km	1649.45	2088.32	794.98	4532.75	1149.33	1776.54	3013.72	5939.59	3618.13	10527.51	12449.73	26595.38

廊道等级		核心生态源地				经济社会源地
廊道等级		有交点斑块数占比/%	廊道长度占比/%	廊道面积占比/%	平均最近邻距离/km	有交点斑块数占比/%	廊道长度占比/%	廊道面积占比/%	平均最近邻距离/km
生物迁徙廊道	一级	2.56	1.00	14.97	11.07	0.29	0.97	0.20	18.34
	二级	2.73	0.55	18.43	8.69	0.45	1.65	0.15	13.98
	三级	1.23	0.04	4.20	27.12	0.26	0.97	0.03	21.58
	总体	6.52	1.60	37.61	5.88	1.00	3.59	0.38	10.11
潜在雨水廊道	一级	1.03	0.03	6.64	19.44	0.31	1.45	0.02	17.55
	二级	1.40	0.02	5.76	8.82	0.69	3.09	0.04	7.28
	三级	2.79	0.03	8.75	5.22	1.17	4.82	0.04	4.61
	总体	5.22	0.08	21.16	4.68	2.17	9.36	0.10	3.77
综合交通廊道	一级	1.46	0.14	0.48	17.79	1.40	4.59	4.08	14.54
	二级	6.18	1.02	4.33	2.68	6.34	11.95	8.50	1.79
	三级	3.49	0.19	2.48	2.84	5.05	21.99	5.21	1.74
	总体	11.14	1.36	7.29	1.72	12.79	38.53	17.80	0.91