西藏自治区生态空间的分类与范围及人类活动影响

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20191012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态空间的划定是落实主体功能区制度,确定三种空间、三条红线的重要环节。目前生态空间概念界定尚未有共识、分类体系仍不统一。以西藏自治区为例,探索了生态脆弱区省级生态空间分类体系构建、空间范围识别及人类活动强度模拟的方法。结果表明：（1）按照生态系统类型西藏生态空间可分为林地、草地、湿地、未利用地等4个一级类,13个二级类和29个三级类。按照管制强度可分为I级严格管制区、II级限制开发区和III级动态管制区。（2）识别得到西藏生态空间面积约为105.45万km²,占西藏总面积的87.7%,与其国家重要生态安全屏障的功能定位一致。（3）模拟了西藏人类活动强度,生态空间内受人类胁迫水平整体较弱,约92%的区域人类活动强度指数低于0.0447。本研究可为高寒生态脆弱区省级生态空间划定及管理提供科技支撑。

关键词: 国土空间, 生态空间, 分类体系, 人类活动强度, InVEST模型

Abstract:

The delimitation of ecological space is an important basis for the scientific management of territorial space and the maintenance of regional ecological security. Since the beginning of the 21^st century, China has undergone an unprecedented rapid urbanization process, and the territorial spatial pattern has changed dramatically. However, during this period, a series of disorderly processes of territorial spatial development have resulted in the squeezing of ecological space and many severe regional ecological problems, such as land desertification, biodiversity reduction, ecosystem degradation, which restricts the realization of the goal of sustainable development. The definition of ecological space is mainly put forward by domestic scholars in recent years, and the corresponding concepts in other countries are ecoregion, ecological land space, and green space etc., and the classification system of ecological space is also not unified. Taking the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) as an example, we explored the classification system, spatial distribution, attribution of the patches, and human activities intensity of ecological space on provincial scale in the study. The results are as follows. (1) The classification system of ecological space can be composed by 3 hierarchal systems. According to various ecosystems and dominant functions, there are 4 land categories in the primary-class system, 13 sub-categories of land in the second-class system and 29 sub-categories of land in the third-class system. And according to the ecological governance intensity from the strictest regulation to the relatively relaxed regulation, ecological space can be divided into I-level, II-level and III-level areas. (2) Guided by the current spatial planning and governance system, the link between the classification system of ecological space and the existing land classification system such as the land cover and land use classification, ecosystem type was built; the spatial distribution of ecological space, and the attribution of the patches within the space was identified. Besides, the key ecosystem services functional area and the main ecological frangible area were also identified and included into the ecological space. The existing land classification system, the ecosystem services functional area and frangible ecosystem, and the various space can be integrated in GIS environment. The total ecological space of TAR is about 1054500 km², accounting for 87.7% of the total area. (3) Finally, human activities within the ecological space in Tibet were simulated in order to control the human activities intensity of ecological space and to maintain the ecological security.

Key words: land space, ecological space, classification system, human activity intensity, InVEST model

魏子谦, 徐增让, 毛世平. 西藏自治区生态空间的分类与范围及人类活动影响[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(10): 2163-2174.

WEI Zi-qian, XU Zeng-rang, MAO Shi-ping. Classification, scope and the impact of human activities of ecological space in Tibet Autonomous Region[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(10): 2163-2174.

图/表 13

表1

图1

表2

西藏自治区生态空间分类指标体系"

一级类	二级类	三级类	描述	是否具有普适性
林地（不包括用材林、经济林、薪炭林）	乔木林	针叶林	自然或半自然针叶乔木植被,高度>2 m,郁闭度>30%	是
		阔叶林	自然或半自然阔叶乔木植被,高度>2 m,郁闭度>30%	是
		混交林	针阔混交天然林和人工林,高度>2 m,郁闭度>30%	是
	灌木林	灌木林	高度约2 m,郁闭度>40%的多年生灌木型木本植物	是
	灌木林	矮半灌木林	高度<1 m,无明显主干的木本植物,地上部为1年生,地下部为多年生	是
	其他林地	未成林地	造林时间不超过三年的人工新造林地	是
		迹地	采伐之后还未重新种树的土地	是
		苗圃	培育苗木的园地	是
草地（不包括非生态脆弱区的高寒草甸、草甸草地及灌丛草地）	荒漠草原	荒漠草原	覆被度5%~20%,以丛生小禾草为主的旱生草原	否
	荒漠草原	草原荒漠	在荒漠的自然基础上经植树种草等人工改造的草原	否
	高山植被	高山稀疏植被	覆被度4%~20%,分布在海拔>3000 m的草本植被	否
	高山植被	高山垫状植被	生长在高寒地区呈半球状或莲座状凸起的垫状植物丛	否
	脆弱区牧草地	草甸草地	位于生态脆弱区内覆盖度>30%,以草本植物为主的各类草地	否
		高寒草甸	位于生态脆弱区内覆盖度在>20%,以高海拔寒生植物为主的草地	否
		灌丛草地	位于生态脆弱区内覆盖度<40%灌丛高度<2 m的草地	否
湿地（不包括养殖水面）	水域	河流	指河流常水位岸线之间的带状或线状水体	是
		湖泊	指天然积水区常水位岸线所围成的面状水体	是
		水库	指人工积水区常水位岸线所围成的面状水体	是
	沼泽	沼泽	地势平坦低洼,长期潮湿多积水且表层生长湿生草本植被的土地	是
	沼泽	滩涂	河流沿岸或湖泊周边的滩地,包括边滩、心滩等	是
	冰雪地	冰川及永久积雪	指表层常年被冰雪覆盖的土地	是
未利用地	荒漠	荒漠	植被覆盖度在5%以下,表面松散的壤质荒漠	是
		沙漠	植被覆盖度在5%以下的沙地、流动沙丘	是
		砾漠	植被覆盖度在5%以下以石砾为主的荒漠	是
	盐碱地	盐碱地	指表层裸露物以盐碱为主或生长有天然耐盐植物的土地	是
	盐碱地	盐渍地	在深1 m的地表土层内,易溶盐含量大于0.3%的土地	是
	裸地	裸地	地表为土质、植被覆盖度在5%以下的无植被地段	是
	裸地	裸岩	地表以岩石或石砾为主、植被覆盖度在5%以下的裸露石山、戈壁	是
	其他未利用地	其他未利用地	其他未利用地	是

表2

表3

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

参考文献 37

[1]	匡文慧. 新时代国土空间格局变化和美丽愿景规划实施的若干问题探讨. 资源科学, 2019, 41(1): 23-32.
	[KUANG W H.Issues regarding spatial pattern change of national land space and its overall implementation on beautiful vision in new era. Resources Science, 2019, 41(1): 23-32.]
[2]	高延利. 加强生态空间保护和用途管制研究. 中国土地, 2017, 12(5): 16-18.
	[GAO Y L.Strengthening the study of ecological space protection and use control. China Land, 2017, 12(5): 16-18.]
[3]	张红旗, 许尔琪, 朱会义. 中国“三生用地”分类及其空间格局. 资源科学, 2015, 37(7): 1332-1338.
	[ZHANG H Q, XU E Q, ZHU H Y.An ecological-living-industrial land classification system and its spatial distribution in China. Resources Science, 2015, 37(7): 1332-1338.]
[4]	中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅. 省级空间规划试点方案. 人民日报, 2017-01-09(02).
	[The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council. Provincial spatial planning pilot program. People's Daily, 2017-01-09(02).]
[5]	中共中央、国务院. 关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见. 人民日报, 2019-05-24(02).
	[The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council. Some opinions on the establishment of a territorial spatial planning system and supervision of its implementation. People's Daily, 2019-05-24.]
[6]	刘继来, 刘彦随, 李裕瑞. 中国“三生空间”分类评价与时空格局分析. 地理学报, 2017, 72(7): 1290-1304.
	[LIU J Y, LIU Y S, LI Y R.Classification evaluation and spatial-temporal analysis of "production-living-ecological" spaces in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(7): 1290-1304.]
[7]	ZONNEVELD I S.The land unit: A fundamental concept in landscape ecology, and its applications. Landscape Ecology, 1989, 3(2): 67-86.
[8]	ROWE J S.Soil, site and land classification. The Forestry Chronicle, 1962, 38(4): 420-432.
[9]	CAPOTORTI G, ANZELLOTTI I, ATTORRE F, et al.Ecological classification of land and ecosystem mapping. Towards the implementation of action 5 of the European biodiversity strategy to 2020 in Italy. Annali di Botanica, 2014, 4: 9-16.
[10]	BAILEY R G, ZOLTAI S C, WIKEN E B.Ecological regionalization in Canada and the United States. Geoforum, 1985, 16(3): 265-275.
[11]	BAILEY R G.Identifying ecoregion boundaries. Environmental Management, 2004, 34(s1): 14-26.
[12]	WANG J, HE T, LIN Y.Changes in ecological, agricultural, and urban land space in 1984-2012 in China: Land policies and regional social-economical drivers. Habitat International, 2018, 71: 1-13.
[13]	LOUCKS O.A forest classification for the maritime provinces. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 1962, 259(Part 2): 85-167.
[14]	CROWLEY J.Biogeography. Canadian Geographer, 1967, 11: 312-326.
[15]	DALE V H, BROWN S, HEAUBER R A, et al.Ecological principles and guidelines for managing the use of land. Ecological Applications, 2000, 10(3): 639-670.
[16]	XIE L, FLYNN A, TAN-MULLINS M, et al.The making and remaking of ecological space in China: The political ecology of Chongming Eco-Island. Political Geography, 2019, 69: 89-102.
[17]	许尔琪, 张红旗. 中国核心生态空间的现状、变化及其保护研究. 资源科学, 2015, 37(7): 1322-1331.
	[XU E Q, ZHANG H Q.Land use structure and change of important ecological space in China and protection research. Resources Science, 2015, 37(7): 1322-1331.]
[18]	张合兵, 于壮, 邵河顺. 基于多源数据的自然生态空间分类体系构建及其识别. 中国土地科学, 2018, 32(12): 24-33.
	[ZHANG H B, YU Z, SHAO H S.Construction of classification system and identification of ecological spatial based on multi-sources data. China Land Science, 2018, 32(12): 24-33.]
[19]	迟妍妍, 许开鹏, 王晶晶, 等. 京津冀地区生态空间识别研究. 生态学报, 2018, 38(23): 8555-8563.
	[CHI Y Y, XU K P, WANG J J, et al.Identifying regional ecological space in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(23): 8555-8563.]
[20]	樊杰. 中国主体功能区划方案. 地理学报, 2015, 70(2): 186-201.
	[FAN J.Draft of major function oriented zoning of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(2): 186-201.]
[21]	VITOUSEK P M, MOONEY H A, LUBCHENCO J, et al.Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science, 1997, 277(5325): 494-499.
[22]	ERB K H, KRAUSMANN F, GAUBE V, et al.Analyzing the global human appropriation of net primary production - processes, trajectories, implications. An introduction. Ecological Economy, 2009, 69(2): 250-259.
[23]	黄麟, 曹巍, 徐新良, 等. 西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程的宏观生态效应. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(3): 398-411.
	[HUANG L, CAO W, XU X L, et al.The ecological effects of ecological security barrier protection and construction project in Tibet Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(3): 398-411.]
[24]	郑华, 欧阳志云, 赵同谦, 等. 人类活动对生态系统服务功能的影响. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(1): 118-26.
	[ZHENG H, OUYANG Z Y, ZHAO T Q, et al.The impact of human activities on ecosystem services. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 18(1): 118-26.]
[25]	中国土地勘测规划院, 国土资源部地籍管理司. 土地利用现状分类. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017: 1-17.
	[Chinese Academy of Land Survey and Planning, Department of Cadastral Management, Ministry of Land and Resources. Classification of Land Use Status. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2017: 1-17.]
[26]	中国测绘科学研究院. 中国地理国情蓝皮书(2017版). 北京: 测绘出版社, 2018: 117-209.
	[Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping Sciences. Blue Book on China's Geographical Situation (2017). Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Publishing House, 2018: 117-209.]
[27]	中国科学院中国植被编辑委员会. 中国植被图集: 1∶1000000. 北京: 科学出版社, 2001: 198-231.
	[Vegetation Map Editorial Board of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Vegetation Map of China (1∶1000000). Beijing: Science Press, 2001: 198-231.]
[28]	熊善高, 秦昌波, 于雷, 等. 基于生态系统服务功能和生态敏感性的生态空间划定研究: 以南宁市为例. 生态学报, 2018, 38(22): 7899-7911.
	[XIONG S G, QIN C B, YU L, et al.Methods to identify the boundary of ecological space based on ecosystem service functions and ecological sensitivity: A case study of Nanning city. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(22): 7899-7911.]
[29]	张路, 肖燚, 郑华, 等. 2010年中国生态系统服务空间数据集. Science Data Bank, 2017.
	[ZHANG L, XIAO Y, ZHENG H, et al. Ecosystem services dataset of China (2010). Science Data Bank, 2017.]
[30]	于伯华, 吕昌河. 青藏高原高寒区生态脆弱性评价. 地理研究, 2011, 30(12): 2289-2295.
	[YU B H, LYU C H.Assessment of ecological vulnerability on the Tibetan Plateau. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(12): 2289-2295.]
[31]	冉有华, 李新, 卢玲. 基于多源数据融合方法的中国1 km土地覆盖分类制图. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(2): 192-203.
	[RAN Y H, LI X, LU L.China land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution based on a Multi: Source data fusion approach. Advances in Earth Science, 2009, 24(2): 192-203.]
[32]	欧阳志云, 张路, 吴炳方, 等. 基于遥感技术的全国生态系统分类体系. 生态学报, 2015, 35(2): 219-226.
	[OUYANG Z Y, ZHANG L, WU B F, et al.An ecosystem classification system based on remote sensor information in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(2): 219-226.]
[33]	张月朋, 常青, 郭旭东. 面向实践的生态用地内涵、多维度分类体系. 生态学报, 2016, 36(12): 3655-3665.
	[ZHANG Y P, CHANG Q, GUO X D.Management-oriented ecological land's conception and multi-dimensional classification system in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(12): 3655-3665.]
[34]	宫丽彦, 程磊磊, 卢琦. 荒地的概念、分类及其生态功能解析. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(12): 1969-1981.
	[GONG L Y, CHENG L L, LU Q.Analysis of the definition, classification and ecological function of wasteland. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(12): 1969-1981.]
[35]	WITTEMYER G, ELSEN P, BEAN W T, et al.Accelerated human population growth at protected area edges. Science, 2008, 321(5885): 123-126.
[36]	张洪云, 臧淑英, 张玉红, 等. 人类土地利用活动对自然保护区影响研究: 以黑龙江省为例. 环境科学与技术, 2015, 38(11): 271-276.
	[ZHANG H Y, ZANG S Y, ZHANG Y H, et al.Research on the impact of land use activities on nature reserves: Heilongjiang province as a case. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 38(11): 271-276.]
[37]	徐增让, 靳茗茗, 郑鑫, 等. 羌塘高原人与野生动物冲突的成因. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(7): 1521-1530.
	[XU Z R, JIN M M, ZHENG X, et al.Causes for human-wildlife conflict on Changtang Plateau in Tibet. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(7): 1521-1530.]

数据名称	数据来源
土地利用现状分类（GB/T 21010-2017）^[25]	2017年由国土资源部组织修订的国家标准《土地利用现状分类》（GB/T 21010-2017）
地理国情普查数据^[26]	《中国地理国情蓝皮书（2017版）》北京测绘出版社
1985-2005年1∶250000土地利用/覆被数据	1980年、2005年1∶250000土地覆被数据由地球系统科学数据共享平台（www.geodata.cn）提供
中国植被图集^[27]	《1∶1000000中国植被图集》北京科学出版社
中国生态系统服务空间数据集^[29]	2010年中国生态系统服务空间数据集, Science Data Bank, DOI: 10.11922/sciencedb.458.
西藏生态脆弱性分布数据^[30]	西藏自治区人民政府. 藏政发[2014]108号《西藏自治区主体功能区规划》
西藏政区	国家基础地理信息测绘数据,网址http://www.ngcc.cn/
西藏道路	公路数据来自Open street map,https://www.openstreetmap.org/
人口、GDP、载蓄量数据	2017年西藏统计年鉴

生态空间分区	包含范围	管制要求
I级生态空间	生态保护红线区域	原则上按照禁止开发区要求进行管理,实施强制性的生态保护措施
II级生态空间	重要生态系统功能区或生态脆弱区	原则上按照限制开发区的要求管理,允许符合区域产业和项目准入条件的项目进驻
III级生态空间	其他生态空间	执行更宽松的管理要求,制定准入条件,允许更多种类的开发利用