中国传统民居建筑风貌地域分异特征与形成机理

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190906

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 保护传统村镇是新型城镇化的重要任务之一,而作为物质文化遗产和文化基因的民居建筑是传统村镇传统风貌的主体,缺失传统民居建筑的传统村镇就失去了文化遗产传承的载体。以全国代表性建筑景观特色型村镇为案例,分析传统村落建筑风貌地域分异特征,进而探究其地域分异的影响机理。研究发现：首先,中国传统民居建筑风貌主要分为12种类型,由此形成的建筑风貌区在空间分布上南北差异明显,北方建筑风貌区呈大小两个片区分布,而南方呈两条带状分布。其次,从聚落环境、空间布局、造型风格、建筑材料和细部装饰等五方面反映出中国传统民居建筑风貌的地域分异明显。第三,自然环境因素（包括地貌/水系、气候、植材/土石等）是形成传统民居建筑风貌地域分异的基石;宗法伦理、风水观念及民族文化等人文因素是地域分异的内动力;而人口迁移、战争防御和商贸经济等人文因素是地域分异的外推力。

关键词: 传统民居, 机理, 中国, 地域分异, 建筑风貌

Abstract: The protection of traditional villages and towns is one of the important tasks of new-type urbanization. However, the residential buildings that are tangible cultural heritage and cultural genes are the mainstay of traditional feature in traditional villages and towns, and the traditional villages and towns would have lost the carrier of the inheritance of cultural heritage, if their traditional residential buildings were missing. In this paper, we take the representative architectural landscape characteristic towns and villages as study cases to analyze their regional differentiation of architecture style, and explore the impact mechanism of their regional differentiation of architecture style. The study found that, firstly, there are 12 types of architecture style in Chinese traditional dwellings. The resulting architectural feature areas show that there are obvious differences in spatial distribution between north and south. The northern architectural feature area is divided into two sections with different sizes, and the southern architectural feature area has two "string of pearls" distribution. Secondly, there are obvious regional differentiations in the characteristic of Chinese traditional residential architecture in 5 aspects, namely, settlement environment, spatial layout, modeling style, building materials and detail decoration. Thirdly, from the impact mechanism of architecture style regional differentiation of Chinese traditional residential buildings, the natural environmental factors (including topography, landform, water system, climate, planting material, earth and stone) are the cornerstone of the formation of architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence. The cultural factors such as the patriarchal ethics, fengshui concept and ethnic culture are the internal impetus of the architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence. The cultural factors such as population migration, war defense and business economy are the extrapolation forces of architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence.

Key words: architecture style, mechanism, China, traditional residence, regional differentiation

汪德根, 吕庆月, 吴永发, 范子祺. 中国传统民居建筑风貌地域分异特征与形成机理[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(9): 1864-1885.

WANG De-gen, LYU Qing-yue, WU Yong-fa, FAN Zi-qi. The characteristic of regional differentiation and impact mechanism of architecture style of traditional residence[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(9): 1864-1885.

参考文献

[1] 胡燕, 陈晟, 曹玮, 等. 传统村落的概念和文化内涵. 城市发展研究, 2014, 21(1): 10-13.
[HU Y, CHEN S, CAO W, et al.Concept and cultural connotation of traditional villages. Urban Development Studies, 2014, 21(1): 10-13.]
[2] 李焕珍. 湖南省传统村落的空心化问题研究. 长沙: 湖南师范大学, 2015.
[LI H Z.Study on the hollowing of traditional villages in Hunan province. Changsha: Hunan Normal University, 2015.]
[3] 秦杰. 新型城镇化背景下传统村落保护研究. 金华: 浙江师范大学, 2014.
[QIN J.Protection research on traditional village in the context of urbanization. Jinhua: Zhejiang Normal University, 2014.]
[4] 魏成. 路在何方:“空巢”古村落保护的困境与策略性方向. 南方建筑, 2009, (4): 21-24.
[WEI C.Where the way is: Dilemma and outlet of uninhabited ancient village's protection. South Architecture, 2009, (4): 21-24.]
[5] 杨大禹. 传统民居及其建筑文化基因的传承. 南方建筑, 2011, (6): 7-11.
[YANG D Y.Inheritance of traditional residence and its architectural memes. South Architecture, 2011, (6): 7-11.]
[6] 新华网. 十八届三中全会报告. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-11/12/c_118113455.htm.
[News Xinhua.The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee Report. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-11/12/c_118113455.htm.]
[7] 人民网. 中央城镇化工作会议在北京举行. http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1215/c1024-23842026.html.
[People's Daily. The working conference on central urbanization was held in Beijing. http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1215/c1024-23842026.html.]
[8] 光明网. 国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年). 国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年). http://epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2014-03/17/nw.D110000gmrb_20140317_1-05.htm.
[Guangming Online.National plan for new urbanization (2014-2020). National plan for new urbanization (2014-2020). http://epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2014-03/17/nw.D110000gmrb_20140317_1-05.htm.]
[9] 农业部. 国务院关于落实发展新理念加快农业现代化, 实现全面小康目标的若干意见. (2016-01/28) . http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/2016zyyhwj/2016zyyhwj/201601/t20160129_5002063.htm.
[Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC. The central committee of the communist party of China (CPC) central committee on the implementation of new ideas to speed up the modernization of agriculture and achieve the goal of a comprehensive well-off society. 2016-01/28 . http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/2016zyyhwj/2016zyyhwj/201601/t20160129_5002063.htm.]
[10] 康璟瑶, 章锦河, 胡欢, 等. 中国传统村落空间分布特征分析. 地理科学进展, 2016, 35(7): 839-850.
[KANG J Y, ZHANG J H, HU H, et al.Analysis on the spatial distribution characteristics of Chinese traditional villages. Progress in Geography, 2016, 35(7): 839-850.]
[11] 罗光杰, 李阳兵, 王世杰, 等. 自然保护区聚落空间格局与演变的梯度效应: 以贵州茂兰为例. 自然资源学报, 2012, 27(8): 1327-1338.
[LUO G J, LI Y B. WANG S J, et al.The gradient effect of spatial patterns and evolution of settlement in nature reserves: A case study in Maolan Guizhou. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(8): 1327-1338.]
[12] 刘沛林, 董双双. 中国古村落景观的空间意象研究. 地理研究, 1998, 17(1): 32-37.
[LIU P L, DONG S S.Study of landscape-image of Chinese ancient village. Geographical Research, 1998, 17(1): 32-37.]
[13] 吴晓勤, 陈安生, 万国庆. 世界文化遗产: 皖南古村落特色探讨. 建筑学报, 2001, (8): 59-61.
[WU X Q, CHEN A S, WAN G Q.World heritage: Characteristics of ancient villages in Southern Anhui. Architectural Journal, 2001, (8): 59-61.]
[14] 阮仪三, 邵甬, 林林. 江南水乡城镇的特色、价值及保护. 城市规划汇刊, 2002, 35(1): 1-4.
[RUAN Y S, SHAO Y, LIN L.The characteristics, values and the preservation planning of the towns in Jiangnan water region. Urban Planning Forum, 2002, 35(1): 1-4.]
[15] 胡道生. 古村落旅游开发的初步研究. 人文地理, 2002, 17(4): 47-50.
[HU D S.Study on the tourism development of the ancient villages in Anhui province. Human Geography, 2002, 17(4): 47-50.]
[16] 冯淑华, 方志远. 乡村聚落景观的旅游价值研究及开发模式探讨. 江西社会科学, 2004, 13(12): 230-234.
[FENG S H, FANG Z Y.Research on tourism value and development model of rural settlement landscape. Jiangxi Social Sciences, 2004, 13(12): 230-234.]
[17] 李倩, 吴小根, 汤澍. 古镇旅游开发及其商业化现象初探. 旅游学刊, 2006, 21(12): 52-57.
[LI Q, WU X G, TANG S.Preliminary study on tourism development and commercialization in ancient towns. Tourism Tribune, 2006, 21(12): 52-57.]
[18] 李凡, 金忠民. 旅游对皖南古村落影响的比较研究: 以西递、宏村和南屏为例. 人文地理, 2002, 17(5): 17-20.
[LI F, JIN Z M.Comparative study of the tourism impaction ancient villages in Southern Anhui: A case study of Xidi, Hongcun and Nanping. Human Geography, 2002, 17(5): 17-20.]
[19] 威廉·瑟厄波德. 张广瑞译. 全球旅游新论. 北京: 中国旅游出版社, 2001.
[WILLIAM F T.Translated by ZHANG G R. New Theory of Global Tourism. Beijing: China Travel & Tourism Press, 2001.]
[20] BURNS P M, SANCHO M M.Local perceptions of tourism planning: The case of Cuèllar Spain. Tourism Management, 2003, 24(3): 331-339.
[21] 王莉, 陆林, 卢松. 近年国外传统村镇旅游研究进展及启示. 地域研究与开发, 2007, 26(5): 79-84.
[WANG L, LU L, LU S.Review of overseas tourism research on traditional village and town resorts and its enlightenment. Areal Research and Development, 2007, 26(5): 79-84.]
[22] KNEAFSEY M.Rural cultural economy tourism and social relations. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001, 28(3): 762-783.
[23] MEDINA L K.Commoditizing culture tourism and Maya identity. Annals of Tourism Research, 2003, 30(2): 353-368.
[24] 梁雪. 对乡土建筑的重新认识与评价. 建筑师, 2005, (3): 105-107.
[LIANG X.Re-understanding and evaluation of rural architecture. Architect, 2005, (3): 105-107.]
[25] 汪之力. 中国传统民居概论(上). 建筑学报, 1994, (11): 52-59.
[WANG Z L.Introduction to traditional Chinese residences (top). Architectural Journal, 1994, (11): 52-59.]
[26] 金瓯卜. 对传统民居建筑研究的回顾和建议. 建筑学报, 1998, (4): 47-51.
[JIN O B.Review and suggestion on the research of traditional residential buildings. Architecture Journal, 1998, (4): 47-51.]
[27] 吴志宏. 中国乡土建筑研究的脉络、问题及展望. 昆明理工大学学报: 社科版, 2014, 37(1): 103-108.
[WU Z H.Overview on Chinese vernacular architectural research: Issues and reorientation. Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology: Social Science Edition, 2014, 37(1): 103-108.]
[28] 刘敦桢. 中国住宅概况. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1957.
[LIU D Z.Introduction to Chinese Residence. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 1957.]
[29] 沙润. 中国传统民居建筑文化的自然观及其渊源. 人文地理, 1997, 21(3): 29-33.
[SHA R.Natural view and origin of Chinese traditional residential architecture culture. Human Geography, 1997, 21(3): 29-33.]
[30] 单德启. 冲突与转化: 文化变迁·文化圈与徽州传统民居试析. 建筑学报, 1991, (1): 46-51.
[SHAN D Q.Conflict and transformation: Analysis of cultural change, cultural circle and Huizhou traditional folk houses. Architectural Journal, 1991, (1): 46-51.]
[31] 王其钧. 宗法、禁忌、习俗对民居型制的影响. 建筑学报, 1996, (10): 57-60.
[WANG Q J.Influence of patriarchal law, taboos and customs on the residential system. Architectural Journal, 1996, (10): 57-60.]
[32] 彭一刚. 传统村镇聚落景观分析. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1992.
[PENG Y G.Analysis of Traditional Village and Town Settlement Landscape. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 1992.]
[33] 李晓峰. 多维视野中的中国乡土建筑研究. 南京: 东南大学, 2004.
[LI X F.Research on Chinese vernacular architecture in multi-dimensional view. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2004.]
[34] 李智, 张小林, 李红波. 县域城乡聚落规模体系的演化特征及驱动机理. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(1): 140-152.
[LI Z, ZHANG X L, LI H B.Evolution characteristics and driving mechanism of urban-rural scale system at county level. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(1): 140-152.]
[35] 刘沛林, 刘春腊, 邓运员, 等. 中国传统聚落景观区划及景观基因识别要素研究. 地理学报, 2010, 65(12): 1496-1506.
[LIU P L, LIU C L, DENG Y Y, et al.Landscape division of traditional settlement and effect elements of landscape gene in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(12): 1496-1506.]
[36] 陈蔚, 萧依山. 西藏林芝地区传统民居建筑特征研究: 以工布地区碉房为例. 建筑学报, 2015, (s1): 134-139.
[CHEN W, XIAO Y S.Research on the characteristics of the traditional residential buildings in Linzhi district of Tibet: Case study of the blockhouse in Gongbu area. Architectural Journal, 2015, (s1): 134-139.]
[37] 陆邵明, 朱佳维, 杜力. 基于形态语言的地域民居建筑差异性分析: 以云南怒江流域怒族传统民居为例. 建筑学报, 2016, (s1): 6-12.
[LU S M, ZHU W J, DU L.Analysis of the difference in regional residential architectures based on form language: Taking the traditional residential architectures of Nu nationality in Nu River as examples. Architectural Journal, 2016, (s1): 6-12.]
[38] 孟祥武, 王军, 叶明晖, 等.多元文化交错区传统民居建筑研究思辨. 建筑学报, 2016, (2): 70-73.
[MENG X W, WANG J, YE M H, et al.Speculative study on traditional dwellings in multicultural crisscross area. Architectural Journal, 2016, (2): 70-73.]
[39] 孟祥武, 骆婧. 北茶马古道沿线陇南传统民居类型化研究. 建筑学报, 2016, (s2): 38-41.
[MENG X W, LUO J.A typology of traditional dwellings in Longnan city along the North of tea-horse road. Architectural Journal, 2016, (s2): 38-41.]
[40] 孙杰. 传统民居与现代绿色建筑体系. 建筑学报, 2001, (3): 61-62.
[SUN J.Traditional residence and modern green building system. Architectural Journal, 2001, (3): 61-62.]
[41] 柏文峰. 云南民居结构更新与天然建材可持续利用. 北京: 清华大学, 2009: 101.
[BAI W F.Renewal of residential structure and sustainable utilization of natural building materials in Yunnan. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2009: 101.]
[42] 张嫩江, 宋祥, 王军. 青海东部地区庄廓民居营造技术的更新研究. 建筑学报, 2018, (s1): 115-120.
[ZHANG N J, SONG X, WANG J.Study on the renovation of the construction technology of the Zhuangkuo dwelling house in the eastern of Qinghai. Architectural Journal, 2018, (s1): 115-120.]
[43] 王冬. 乡土建筑的自我建造及其相关思考. 新建筑, 2008, (4): 12-19.
[WANG D.Self-help building about vernacular architecture and relative thinking. New Architecture, 2008, (4): 12-19.]
[44] 许从宝, 刘征宇, 韩雪, 等. 回归乡村营建的自在: 徽州传统民居自主营建过程及特征研究. 华中建筑, 2019, 37(1): 132-136.
[XU C B, LIU Z Y, HAN X, et al.Return to the casualness of rural construction: The process and characteristics of the self-building of Huizhou traditional residence. Huazhong Architecture, 2019, 37(1): 132-136.]
[45] 黄翼. 历史文化村镇保护的类型探析. 中国园林, 2016, 32(6): 15-19.
[HUANG Y.Study on types of historic township protection. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2016, 32(6): 15-19.]
[46] 孙鸽, 郭朝珍. 基于SVG的WebGIS空间分析系统的研究与实现. 小型微型计算机系统, 2012, 33(8): 1770-1773.
[SUN G, GUO C Z.Research and realization about spatial analysis in the SVG-based Web GIS. Journal of Chinese Computer Systems, 2012, 33(8): 1770-1773.]
[47] 何红艳, 郭志华, 肖文发. 降水空间插值技术的研究进展. 生态学杂志, 2005, 24(10): 1187-1191.
[HE H Y, GUO Z H, XIAO W F.Review on spatial interpolation techniques of rainfall. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(10): 1187-1191.]
[48] 刘西. “新乡土主义”在建筑风貌研究中的应用探讨. 规划师, 2009, 25(12): 43-46.
[LIU X.Applying new vernacular in architectural feature research. Planners, 2009, 25(12): 43-46.]
[49] 凯文·林奇著, 项秉仁译. 城市的印象. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1990.
[KEVIN L (a), XIANG B R (eds). The Image of the City. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 1990.]
[50] 刘沛林. 古村落文化景观的基因表达与景观识别. 衡阳师范学院学报: 社科版, 2003, (4): 1-8.
[LIU P L.The gene expression and the sight identification of the ancient villages' cultural landscape. Journal of Hengyang Normal University: Social Science, 2003, (4): 1-8.]
[51] 郝秀春. 北方地区合院式传统民居比较研究. 郑州: 郑州大学, 2006.
[HAO X C.Comparative study on traditional residential houses in the northern region. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2006.]
[52] 郭谦. 湘赣民系民居与文化研究. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[GUO Q.Study of residential and culture of Xiangan clan. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2005.]
[53] 王绍森, 郭文乐. 闽南民居建筑精神空间形态演变视野下的地域性研究. 建筑与文化, 2015, (9): 121-122.
[WANG S S, GUO W L.Regional researching on the form of building spiritual space of Minnan residence. Architecture & Culture, 2015, (9): 121-122.]
[54] 黄镇梁. 江西民居中的开合式天井述评. 建筑学报, 1999, (7): 57-59.
[HUANG Z L.Review of open-fit patio in Jiangxi residential Area. Architectural Journal. 1999, (7): 57-59.]
[55] 唐孝祥. 近代岭南建筑文化初探. 华南理工大学学报: 社科版, 2002, 4(1): 60-64.
[TANG X X.Preliminary exploration of modern Lingnan architectural culture. Journal of South China University of Technology: Social Science Edition, 2002, 4(1): 60-64.]
[56] 汪之力, 张祖刚. 中国传统民居建筑. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1994.
[WANG Z L, ZHANG Z G.Chinese traditional residential buildings. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 1994.]
[57] 李金龙. 中国古建筑屋顶析. 戏剧艺术, 1996, (3): 112-117.
[LI J L.Roof analysis of ancient Chinese architecture. Theater Art, 1996, (3): 112-117.]
[58] 王修水. 江南民居解读. 浙江建筑, 2006, 23(6): 1-14.
[WANG X S.Interpretation of Jiangnan folk buildings. Zhejiang Architecture, 2006, 23(6): 1-14.]
[59] 谭良斌. 传统民居建筑环境发展演变机理研究. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2004.
[TAN L B.Research on environmental evolution in traditional dwelling houses. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2004.]
[60] 武阳阳. 江南水乡传统聚落核心空间景观特征的研究. 无锡: 江南大学, 2013.
[WU Y Y.Jiangnan traditional settelements core space landscape characteristics of the study. Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2013.]
[61] 刘通, 王向荣. 以农业景观为主体的太湖流域水网平原区域景观研究. 风景园林, 2015, (8): 23-28.
[LIU T, WANG X R.Focusing on agricultural landscape: Study on the regional landscape of river network plain in Taihu Basin. Landscape Architecture, 2015, (8): 23-28.]
[62] 黄成林. 徽文化景观初步研究. 地理研究, 2000, 19(3): 257-263.
[HUANG C L.Preliminary studies on cultural landscape of Huizhou. Geographical Research, 2000, 19(3): 257-263.]
[63] 沙润. 中国传统民居建筑文化的自然地理背景. 地理科学, 1998, 18(1): 63-69.
[SHA R.Research on the physical geographical background of traditional Chinese residential architecture. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1998, 18(1): 63-69.]
[64] 田银城. 传统民居庭院类型的气候适应性初探. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2013.
[TIAN Y C.Research on the climatic adaptability of traditional residential courtyards type. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2013.]
[65] 肖冠兰. 中国西南干栏建筑体系研究. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2015.
[XIAO G L.The research of pile dwelling in Southwest China. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2015.]
[66] 黄成林. 试论徽州地理环境对徽商和徽州建筑的影响. 人文地理, 1993, 12(4): 57-63.
[HUANG C L.Influence of the geographical environment in Huizhou prefecture upon the Huizhou merchants and the architectural style on Huizhou local dwellings. Human Geography, 1993, 12(4): 57-63.]
[67] 唐孝祥. 试析中国传统民居建筑的文化精神. 城市建筑, 2004, (2): 12-16.
[TANG X X.Analyses on the cultural spirits of traditional Chinese vernacular architecture. Urbanism and Architecture, 2004, (2): 12-16.]
[68] 胡蓉. 客家民居聚落环境意义之探析. 赣南师范学院学报, 2011, 4(4): 42-46.
[HU R.Analysis on the environmental meaning of Hakka residential settlements. Journal of Gannan Normal University, 2011, 4(4): 42-46.]
[69] 刘沛林. 风水:中国人的环境观. 上海: 上海三联书店, 1995.
[LIU P L.Geomancy: The Environment View of Chinese. Shanghai: Shanghai Joint Publishing Press, 1995.]
[70] 余英. 中国东南系建筑区系类型研究. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2001.
[YU Y.Study of Vernacular Architecture in Southeast China. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2001.]
[71] 王绚, 侯鑫. 传统防御性聚落分类研究. 建筑师, 2006, (2): 75-79.
[WANG X, HOU X.Research on traditional defensive settlement. Architect, 2006, (2): 75-79.]
[72] 郑东军, 张玉坤. 河南地区传统聚落与堡寨建筑. 建筑师, 2005, (3): 27-40.
[ZHENG D J, ZHANG Y K.Traditional settlement and fortress building in Henan province. Architect, 2005, (3): 27-40.]
[73] 王绚, 黄为隽, 侯鑫. 山西传统堡寨聚落研究. 建筑学报, 2003, (8): 59-61.
[WANG X, HUANG W J, HOU X.Study on the settlement of traditional Fortress in Shanxi province. Architectural Journal, 2003, (8): 59-61.]
[74] 黄成林. 试论徽商对徽文化的影响. 人文地理, 1995, 10(4): 36-39.
[HUANG C L.Influence of the Huizhou traders upon the Huizhou culture. Human Geography, 1995, 10(4): 36-39.]