晋西南黄土高原区植被覆盖度变化及其生态效应评估

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190814

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水土流失和生态退化是黄土高原区面临的严峻问题,已经严重制约了经济发展。基于TM和OLI数据,分别估算晋西南黄土高原区的植被覆盖度（FVC）和遥感生态指数（RSEI）,定量分析了晋西南黄土高原区的植被和生态恢复效果,并提出需要重点治理的区域。研究结果表明：（1）15年间晋西南黄土高原区的植被覆盖度和遥感生态指数都呈现增加的趋势,FVC指数从2002年的42.69%增加至2017年的47.67%,RSEI指数由2002年的45%增加至2017年的52.5%,反映出研究区生态质量有了明显提高;（2）除研究区内芝河流域、汾河谷地和沁河流域的生态质量出现严重退化外,研究区大部分区域的FVC指数和RSEI指数都呈改善趋势,因此需对芝河流域、汾河谷地和沁河流域加大生态治理力度;（3）除研究区汾河谷地外,其余地区植被覆盖度和遥感生态指数的变化趋势基本吻合,汾河谷地由于冬小麦大面积种植,植被覆盖度得到一定程度改善,但遥感生态指数并没有明显改善。

关键词: 晋西南黄土高原区, 植被覆盖度（FVC）, 遥感生态指数（RSEI）, 生态质量

Abstract:

Soil erosion and ecological degradation are serious problems for the Loess Plateau, which have seriously restricted economic development. Based on TM and OLI data, the FVC and RSEI in the Loess Plateau of Southwest Shanxi were estimated in this paper, and the effects of vegetation and ecological restoration were quantitatively analyzed. The results show that: (1) The index of FVC increased from 42.69% in 2002 to 47.67% in 2017, and the index of RSEI increased from 45% in 2002 to 52.5% in 2017, indicating a significant improvement of the ecological quality in the study area. (2) The ecological environment in most parts of the study area has been improved. Ecological degradation occurred in the Zhihe River Basin, Fenhe River Valley and Qinhe River Basin. (3) Due to the large-scale planting of winter wheat in the Fenhe River Valley, the index of FVC has been improved to some extent, but the index of RSEI has not been significantly improved. The variation trend of FVC and RSEI in other areas is basically consistent.

Key words: Southwestern Loess Plateau, fractional vegetation cover (FVC), remote sensing ecological index (RSEI), ecological quality

张文强, 孙从建, 李新功. 晋西南黄土高原区植被覆盖度变化及其生态效应评估[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(8): 1748-1758.

ZHANG Wen-qiang, SUN Cong-jian, LI Xin-gong. Vegetation cover change and ecological effect assessment in the Loess Plateau of Southwest Shanxi province based on remote sensing image[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(8): 1748-1758.

图/表 9

图1

表1

图2

表2

表3

表4

图3

表5

表6

参考文献 34

[1]	杨峰, 李建龙, 钱育蓉, 等. 天山北坡典型退化草地植被覆盖度监测模型构建与评价. 自然资源学报, 2012, 27(8): 1340-1348.
	[YANG F, LI J L, QIAN Y R, et al.Estimating vegetation coverage of typical degraded grassland in the northern Tianshan Mountains. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(8): 1340-1348.]
[2]	张学珍, 郑景云, 何凡能, 等. 1982-2006年中国东部秋季植被覆盖变化过程的区域差异. 自然资源学报, 2013, 28(1): 28-37.
	[ZHANG X Z, ZHENG J Y, HE F N, et al.Regional differences in the process of vegetation cover change in Eastern China from 1982 to 2006. Journal of Natural Resources, 2013, 28(1): 28-37.]
[3]	赵文慧, 陈妮, 闫瑞, 等. 近20年来北洛河流域植被覆盖度随地形因子变化特征探究. 水土保持研究, 2016, 23(4) : 10-14.
	[ZHAO W H, CHEN N, YAN R, et al.Study on variation of the vegetation coverage based on terrain factors in the Beiluo River Basin in the past 20 years. Research of Soil & Water Conservation, 2016, 23(4): 10-14.]
[4]	徐涵秋. 水土流失区生态变化的遥感评估. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(7): 91-97.
	[XU H Q.Assessment of ecological change in soil loss area using remote sensing technology. Transactions of the CSAE, 2013, 29(7): 91-97.]
[5]	徐涵秋. 区域生态环境变化的遥感评价指数. 中国环境科学, 2013, 33(5): 889-897.
	[XU H Q.A remote sensing index for assessment of regional ecological changes. China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(5): 889-897.]
[6]	徐志刚, 高鹏. 永定客家土楼世界遗产地土地覆盖与生态变化遥感评价. 国土资源遥感, 2018, 30(1): 102-108.
	[XU Z G, GAO P.Evaluation of land cover and ecological change of Yongding Hakka Tulou World Heritage Protection Area using remote sensing image. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2018, 30(1): 102-108.]
[7]	吴志杰, 王猛猛, 陈绍杰, 等. 基于遥感生态指数的永定矿区生态变化监测与评价. 生态科学, 2016, 35(5): 200-207.
	[WU Z J, WANG M M, CHEN S J, et al.Monitoring and evaluation of ecological environment's spatio-temporal variation in mine based on RSEI in Yongding mine. Ecological Science, 2016, 35(5): 200-207.]
[8]	张灿, 徐涵秋, 张好, 等. 南方红壤典型水土流失区植被覆盖度变化及其生态效应评估: 以福建省长汀县为例. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(6): 917-928.
	[ZHANG C, XU H Q, ZHANG H, et al.Fractional vegetation cover change and its ecological effect assessment in a typical reddish soil region of southeastern China: Changting county, Fujian province. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(6): 917-928.]
[9]	罗春, 刘辉, 戚陆越. 基于遥感指数的生态变化评估: 以常宁市为例. 国土资源遥感, 2014, 26(4): 145-150.
	[LUO C, LIU H, QI L Y.Ecological changes assessment based on remote sensing indices: A case study of Changning city. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2014, 26(4): 145-150.]
[10]	王士远, 张学霞, 朱彤, 等. 长白山自然保护区生态环境质量的遥感评价. 地理科学进展, 2016, 35(10): 1269-1278.
	[WANG S Y, ZHANG X X, ZHU T, et al.Assessment of ecological environment quality in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve based on remote sensing technology. Progress in Geography, 2016, 35(10): 1269-1278.]
[11]	张洪敏, 张艳芳, 田茂, 等. 基于主成分分析的生态变化遥感监测: 以宝鸡市城区为例. 国土资源遥感, 2018, 30(1): 203-209.
	[ZHANG H M, ZHANG Y F, TIAN M, et al.Dynamic monitoring of eco-environment quality changes based on PCA: A case study of urban area of Baoji city. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2018, 30(1): 203-209.]
[12]	张晓东, 刘湘南, 赵志鹏, 等. 农牧交错区生态环境质量遥感动态监测: 以宁夏盐池为例. 干旱区地理, 2017, 40(5): 1070-1078.
	[ZHANG X D, LIU X N, ZHAO Z P, et al.Dynamic monitoring of ecology and environment in the agro-pastral ecotone based on remote sensing: A case of Yanchi county in Ningxia Hui Autonomous region. Arid Land Geography, 2017, 40(5): 1070-1078.]
[13]	中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 国务院关于全国水土保持规划(2015-2030年)的批复. [2015-10-17]. .
	[The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Approval of State Council about Plan for National Water and Soil Conservation of 2015 to 2030. [2015-10-17]. .]
[14]	张兆明, 何国金. Landsat 5 TM数据辐射定标. 科技导报, 2008, 26(7): 54-58.
	[ZHANG Z M, HE G J.Radiometric calibration of Landsat 5 TM data. Science & Technology Review, 2008, 26(7): 54-58.]
[15]	张志杰, 张浩, 常玉光, 等. Landsat系列卫星光学遥感器辐射定标方法综述. 遥感学报, 2015, 19(5): 719-732.
	[ZHANG Z J, ZHANG H, CHANG Y G, et al.Review of radiometric calibration methods of Landsat series optical remote sensors. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2015, 19(5): 719-732.]
[16]	程红芳, 章文波, 陈锋. 植被覆盖度遥感估算方法研究进展. 国土资源遥感, 2008, 28(1): 13-18.
	[CHENG H F, ZHANG W B, CHEN F. Advances in researches on application of remote sensing method to estimating vegetation coverage. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources, 2008, 28(1): 13-18.]
[17]	江洪, 王钦敏, 汪小钦. 福建省长汀县植被覆盖度遥感动态监测研究. 自然资源学报, 2006, 21(1): 126-132, 166.
	[JIANG H, WANG Q M, WANG X Q.Dynamic monitoring of vegetation fraction by remote sensing in Changing county of Fujian province. Journal of Natural Resources, 2006, 21(1): 126-132, 166.]
[18]	郑朝菊, 曾源, 赵玉金, 等. 近15 年中国西南地区植被覆盖度动态变化. 国土资源遥感, 2017, 29(3): 128-136.
	[ZHENG Z J, ZENG Y, ZHAO Y J, et al.Monitoring and dynamic analysis of fractional vegetation cover in Southwestern China over the past 15 years based on MODIS data. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2017, 29(3): 128-136.]
[19]	李艺梦, 祁元, 马明国. 基于Landsat8影像的额济纳荒漠绿洲植被覆盖度估算方法对比研究. 遥感技术与应用, 2016, 31(3): 590-598.
	[LI Y M, QI Y, MA M G.The contrast research of estimating vegetation fraction coverage in the Ejina Oasis based on Landsat 8 Images. Remote Sensing Technology & Application, 2016, 31(3): 590-598.]
[20]	侯志华, 马义娟, 葛虹. 基于RS的汾河流域植被覆盖变化研究. 干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(2): 162-166.
	[HOU Z H, MA Y J, GE H.The vegetation cover change in Fen River Basin. Journal of Arid Land Resources & Environment, 2013, 27(2): 162-166.]
[21]	李苗苗, 吴炳方, 颜长珍, 等. 密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算. 资源科学, 2004, 26(4): 153-159.
	[LI M M, WU B F, YAN C Z, et al.Estimation of vegetation fraction in the upper basin of Miyun reservoir by remote sensing. Resources Science, 2004, 26(4): 153-159.]
[22]	贾坤, 姚云军, 魏香琴, 等. 植被覆盖度遥感估算研究进展. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(7): 774-782.
	[JIA K, YAO Y J, WEI X Q, et al.A review on fractional vegetation cover estimation using remote sensing. Advances in Earth Science, 2013, 28(7): 774-782.]
[23]	唐世浩, 朱启疆, 周宇宇, 等. 一种简单的估算植被覆盖度和恢复背景信息的方法. 中国图象图形学报, 2003, 8(11): 1304-1308.
	[TANG S H, ZHU Q J, ZHOU Y Y, et al.A simple method to estimate crown cover fraction and rebuild the background information. Journal of Image & Graphics, 2003, 8(11): 1304-1308.]
[24]	古丽·加帕尔, 陈曦, 包安明. 干旱区荒漠稀疏植被覆盖度提取及尺度扩展效应. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20(12): 2925-2934.
	[GULI J P, CHEN X, BAO A M.Coverage extraction and up-scaling of sparse desert vegetation in arid area. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 20(12): 2925-2934.]
[25]	徐涵秋. 城市遥感生态指数的创建及其应用. 生态学报, 2013, 33(24): 7853-7862.
	[XU H Q.A remote sensing urban ecological index and its application. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(24): 7853-7862.]
[26]	RIKIMARU A, ROY P S, MIYATAKE S.Tropical forest cover density mapping. Tropical Ecology, 2002, 43: 39-47.
[27]	徐涵秋, 张铁军, 黄绍霖. Landsat-7 ETM+与ASTER建筑指数的定量比较. 地理研究, 2013, 32(7): 1336-1344.
	[XU H Q, ZHANG T J, HUANG S L.Quantitative comparison of Landsat 7 and ASTER multispectral measurements for the NDBI and IBI. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(7): 1336-1344.]
[28]	杨安妮, 许亚辉, 苏红军. 结合建筑指数的城市建筑用地提取与变化检测分析. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2014, 37(8): 30-34.
	[YANG A N, XU Y H, SU H J.Urban built-up land extraction and change detection analysis using built-up indexes. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2014, 37(8): 30-34.]
[29]	徐涵秋. 一种基于指数的新型遥感建筑用地指数及其生态环境意义. 遥感技术与应用, 2007, 22(3): 301-308.
	[XU H Q.A new index-based built-up index (IBI) and its eco-environmental significance. Remote Sensing Technology & Application, 2007, 22(3): 301-308.]
[30]	祝善友, 张桂欣, 尹球, 等. 地表温度热红外遥感反演的研究现状及其发展趋势. 遥感技术与应用, 2006, 21(5): 420-425.
	[ZHU S Y, ZHANG G X, YIN Q, et al.Actualities and development trends of the study on land surface temperature retrieving from thermal infrared remote sensing. Remote Sensing Technology & Application, 2006, 21(5): 420-425.]
[31]	SOBRINO J A, JIMÉNEZ-MUÑOZ J C, PAOLINI L. Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, 90(4): 434-440.
[32]	李波, 黄敬峰, 吴次芳. 基于热红外遥感数据和光谱混合分解模型的城市不透水面估算. 自然资源学报, 2012, 27(9): 1590-1600.
	[LI B, HUANG J F, WU C F.Estimating urban impervious surface based on thermal infrared remote sensing data and a spectral mixture analysis model. Journal of natural resources, 2012, 27(9): 1590-1600.]
[33]	米晓楠, 杨超, 李峰, 等. 晋南区冬小麦种植分布卫星遥感反演及时空变化分析. 山西农业科学, 2018, 46(3): 378-382.
	[MI X N, YANG C, LI F, et al.Analysis of temporal and spatial variations in winter wheat growing regions in Jinnan region using remote sensing. Shanxi Agricultural Science, 2018, 46(3): 378-382.]
[34]	吴乾慧, 张勃, 马彬, 等. 气候变暖对黄土高原冬小麦种植区的影响. 生态环境学报, 2017, (3): 429-436.
	[WU Q H, ZHANG B, MA B, et al.Impact of climate warming on winter wheat planting in the Loess Plateau. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 26(3): 429-436.]

植被覆盖度等级	分级标准/%	各级别所占比例/%			相邻年份变化幅度/%
植被覆盖度等级	分级标准/%	2002年	2009年	2017年	2002-2009年	2009-2017年
低覆盖度	0~20	10.86	7.89	12.07	-2.97	4.18
较低覆盖度	20~40	33.94	33.68	34.57	-0.26	0.89
中覆盖度	40~60	38.97	37.77	26.26	-1.2	-11.51
较高覆盖度	60~80	12.77	14.51	11.39	1.74	-3.12
高覆盖度	80~100	3.45	6.14	15.71	2.69	9.57
植被覆盖度均值		42.69	45.61	47.67	2.92	2.06
森林植被覆盖度		57.28	53.28	51.59	-4	-1.69

年份		第一主成分PC1	第二主成分PC2	第三主成分PC3	第四主成分PC4
2002	LST	0.421	0.886	-0.037	0.192
	NDSI	0.556	-0.388	0.36	0.641
	WET	-0.468	0.045	-0.51	0.72
	NDVI	-0.543	0.251	0.78	0.184
	特征值	0.2377	0.0042	0.0028	0.0006
	特征值贡献率/%	96.9	1.71	1.14	0.25
2009	LST	-0.426	-0.287	0.783	-0.352
	NDSI	-0.543	0.099	-0.544	-0.633
	WET	0.674	-0.434	-0.059	-0.595
	NDVI	0.264	0.849	0.297	-0.349
	特征值	0.1973	0.0046	0.004	0.0026
	特征值贡献率/%	94.63	2.21	1.92	1.24
2017	LST	0.582	0.793	0.08	0.162
	NDSI	0.674	-0.594	0.135	0.418
	WET	-0.379	0.126	-0.268	0.877
	NDVI	-0.251	0.053	0.951	0.174
	特征值	0.133	0.0063	0.0044	0.0009
	特征值贡献率/%	91.98	4.36	3.04	0.62

年份	热度LST	干度NDSI	湿度WET	绿度NDVI	遥感生态指数RSEI
2002	0.515	0.605	0.583	0.502	0.487
2009	0.589	0.624	0.711	0.513	0.502
2017	0.535	0.632	0.842	0.53	0.525

遥感生态指数等级	分级标准	各级别所占比例			相邻年份变化幅度
遥感生态指数等级	分级标准	2002年	2009年	2017年	2002-2009年	2009-2017年
差	0~20	23.08	20.1	12.55	-2.98	-7.55
较差	20~40	26.18	17.34	22.51	-8.84	5.17
中等	40~60	19.82	21	27.15	1.18	6.15
良好	60~80	14.04	23.57	19.46	9.53	-4.11
优秀	80~100	16.87	17.99	18.33	1.12	0.34

	分级标准	植被覆盖度各级所占比例		遥感生态指数各级所占比例
	分级标准	2002-2009年	2009-2017年	2002-2009年	2009-2017年
严重退化区	<-20	11.09	15.17	11.26	12.26
轻微退化区	-20~-5	25.06	25.07	23.22	21.74
稳定区	-5~5	21.89	20.75	20.14	25.22
轻微改善区	5~20	24.71	19.78	21.08	23.94
显著改善区	>20	17.25	19.23	24.30	16.84