自然资源学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 957-974.doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20190505
收稿日期:
2018-09-30
修回日期:
2019-02-21
出版日期:
2019-05-28
发布日期:
2019-05-28
作者简介:
作者简介:刘颖(1985- ),女,湖南郴州人,博士,讲师,研究方向为土地资源管理。E-mail:
基金资助:
Ying LIU1,2(), Zhi-biao NAN2(
)
Received:
2018-09-30
Revised:
2019-02-21
Online:
2019-05-28
Published:
2019-05-28
摘要:
本研究采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)分别就农地流转对农地、农业劳动力、非农劳动力和总劳动力资源利用效率的影响进行了分析。结果表明,农户的农地转入和转出行为都能有效提高总劳动力资源利用效率,而农地转出行为在一定程度上降低了农地资源利用效率。农地转入户的总劳动力和农业劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高2026.153元/人和4844.289元/人,两组农户间的农地资源利用效率差异不显著;农地转出户的总劳动力和非农劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高3315.577元/人和2581.883元/人,其农地资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户低466.488元/亩。因此,农地流转不一定会提高农地资源利用效率,但有利于促进农村劳动力专业化,从而提高农村总劳动力资源利用效率。
刘颖, 南志标. 农地流转对农地与劳动力资源利用效率的影响——基于甘肃省农户调查数据的实证研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(5): 957-974.
Ying LIU, Zhi-biao NAN. Impact of farmland transfer on farmland and labor use efficiency: An empirical study of survey data from Gansu province, China[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(5): 957-974.
表2
农户的农地和劳动力资源利用效率描述性统计"
农户类型 | 资源利用效率 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 样本数/户 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
转入农地 | 农地资源利用效率/(元/亩) | 1005.39 | 1152.77 | 66.60 | 8862.00 | 114 |
农业劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 15168.96 | 22919.80 | 241.50 | 116466.70 | 114 | |
非农劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 30512.25 | 15649.45 | 1000.00 | 118918.90 | 90 | |
总劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 19756.39 | 19075.70 | 905.00 | 114650.00 | 114 | |
转出农地 | 农地资源利用效率/(元/亩) | 943.03 | 1306.76 | 40.00 | 8670.00 | 113 |
农业劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 6418.46 | 9610.34 | 41.25 | 72439.04 | 139 | |
非农劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 37059.76 | 16826.78 | 8000.00 | 131000.00 | 176 | |
总劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 23280.52 | 15525.11 | 184.00 | 90890.56 | 200 | |
未参与流转 | 农地资源利用效率/(元/亩) | 1108.78 | 1463.57 | 40.00 | 11200.00 | 569 |
农业劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 8630.88 | 12538.71 | 84.00 | 107223.00 | 570 | |
非农劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 34124.66 | 16170.11 | 675.17 | 129066.70 | 454 | |
总劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人) | 16495.13 | 11911.13 | 93.33 | 104291.30 | 577 |
表3
Logit模型各变量描述性统计"
变量名称 | 变量定义 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
因变量 | |||||
转入农地 | 转入农地=1;未转入农地=0 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0 | 1 |
转出农地 | 转出农地=1;未转入农地=0 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0 | 1 |
自变量 | |||||
农户特征 | |||||
户主年龄 | 户主的实际年龄/岁 | 50.76 | 11.14 | 21 | 81 |
户主职业 | 户主参与农业生产=1;其他=0 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0 | 1 |
户主受教育年限 | 户主的实际受教育年限/年 | 6.14 | 3.81 | 0 | 16 |
户主健康状况 | 户主身体健康=1;其他=0 | 0.76 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 |
家庭特征 | |||||
劳动力比例 | 家庭劳动力占家庭总人口比例 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 |
家庭人均收入 | 家庭人均年收入/103元 | 11.65 | 9.88 | 0.18 | 101.16 |
非农收入比例 | 非农收入占家庭总收入比例 | 0.69 | 0.32 | 0 | 1 |
农地特征 | |||||
人均承包地面积 | 家庭人均承包耕地面积/亩 | 2.59 | 2.14 | 0.06 | 16.50 |
灌溉条件 | 农户所在村可灌溉农地面积所占比例 | 0.36 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 |
农地所在地形 | 农户所在村处于平原地区的农地面积所占比例 | 0.72 | 0.29 | 0 | 1 |
地块面积 | 农户所在村农地的平均地块面积/亩 | 1.75 | 0.88 | 0.58 | 3.95 |
其他变量 | |||||
农地调整次数 | 自家庭联产承包责任制以来村内农地调整次数 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 0 | 3 |
农地流转政策认知 | 农户知道国家在推动农地流转=1;其他=0 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
区域变量 | |||||
西峰区 | 农户所在区县为西峰区=1;其他=0 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0 | 1 |
榆中县 | 农户所在区县为榆中县=1;其他=0 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0 | 1 |
民乐县 | 农户所在区县为民乐县=1;其他=0 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0 | 1 |
古浪县 | 农户所在区县为古浪县=1;其他=0 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0 | 1 |
灵台县 | 农户所在区县为灵台县=1;其他=0 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0 | 1 |
静宁县 | 农户所在区县为静宁县=1;其他=0 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0 | 1 |
会宁县 | 农户所在区县为会宁县=1;其他=0 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0 | 1 |
岷县 | 农户所在区县为岷县=1;其他=0 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0 | 1 |
表4
对农户农地转入和转出行为倾向得分的估计"
变量 | 转入农地 | 转出农地 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
回归系数 | 稳健性标准误 | 回归系数 | 稳健性标准误 | ||
常数项 | -11.882*** | 3.770 | -0.046 | 2.062 | |
户主年龄 | 0.403*** | 0.147 | 0.112 | 0.077 | |
户主年龄的平方 | -0.004*** | 0.002 | -0.001 | 0.001 | |
户主职业 | 0.579 | 0.460 | -1.749*** | 0.261 | |
户主受教育年限 | -0.050 | 0.350 | -0.047 | 0.033 | |
户主健康状况 | 0.004 | 0.322 | -0.502* | 0.279 | |
劳动力比例 | 0.166 | 0.546 | -0.486 | 0.502 | |
家庭人均收入 | 0.014* | 0.010 | 0.019* | 0.010 | |
非农收入比例 | -1.022*** | 0.374 | 0.815*** | 0.146 | |
人均承包地面积 | -0.026 | 0.072 | 0.136** | 0.053 | |
灌溉条件 | 1.172* | 0.627 | 0.720 | 0.640 | |
农地所在地形 | 2.121** | 1.050 | -1.151 | 0.981 | |
地块面积 | 0.310 | 0.503 | -1.110** | 0.442 | |
农地调整次数 | -0.556*** | 0.179 | -1.121*** | 0.172 | |
农地流转政策 | 1.170*** | 0.304 | 1.395*** | 0.254 | |
西峰区 | -2.960* | 1.661 | 2.863** | 1.419 | |
榆中县 | -0.241 | 0.588 | 0.084 | 0.592 | |
民乐县 | -0.163 | 0.833 | -0.628 | 0.869 | |
古浪县 | 0.063 | 0.993 | -0.145 | 1.147 | |
灵台县 | 0.340 | 0.724 | -0.790* | 1.054 | |
静宁县 | 0.277 | 0.678 | 1.155** | 0.662 | |
会宁县 | 0.386 | 0.660 | -1.602 | 0.738 | |
观察值个数 | 691 | 786 | |||
Wald χ2 | 78.44 | 208.42 | |||
Prob. > χ2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||
Pseudo R2 | 0.171 | 0.337 | |||
Log pseudolikelihood | -256.598 | -301.945 |
表5
农地资源利用效率匹配分析平行假设检验结果"
变量 | 转入农地 | 转出农地 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U M | 干预组 平均值 | 对照组 平均值 | 标准化 偏差/% | 干预组 平均值 | 对照组 平均值 | 标准化 偏差/% | ||
户主年龄 | U | 48.920 | 50.467 | -15.1 | 50.628 | 50.467 | 1.4 | |
M | 49.036 | 49.840 | -7.9 | 50.284 | 50.933 | -5.7 | ||
户主年龄的平方 | U | 2475.900 | 2672.400 | -18.9* | 2699.100 | 2672.400 | 2.3 | |
M | 2487.600 | 2569.700 | -7.9 | 2662.800 | 2717.100 | -4.6 | ||
户主职业 | U | 0.956 | 0.886 | 26.0** | 0.814 | 0.886 | -20.2** | |
M | 0.955 | 0.955 | 0 | 0.826 | 0.821 | 1.3 | ||
受教育年限 | U | 6.566 | 6.074 | 13.2 | 6.204 | 6.074 | 3.3 | |
M | 6.577 | 6.525 | 1.4 | 6.257 | 6.044 | 5.4 | ||
户主健康状况 | U | 0.823 | 0.760 | 15.6 | 0.717 | 0.760 | -9.7 | |
M | 0.820 | 0.842 | -5.5 | 0.725 | 0.716 | 2.1 | ||
劳动力比例 | U | 0.672 | 0.659 | 6.1 | 0.673 | 0.659 | 6.0 | |
M | 0.675 | 0.670 | 2.4 | 0.672 | 0.667 | 2.2 | ||
家庭人均收入 | U | 12.403 | 10.752 | 15.6* | 13.291 | 10.752 | 25.0*** | |
M | 11.479 | 10.887 | 5.0 | 12.763 | 12.963 | -2.0 | ||
非农收入比例 | U | 0.618 | 0.662 | -13.7 | 0.725 | 0.663 | 19.9* | |
M | 0.629 | 0.622 | 2.3 | 0.721 | 0.720 | 0.3 | ||
人均承包地面积 | U | 2.800 | 2.369 | 21.6** | 2.929 | 2.369 | 24.7*** | |
M | 2.705 | 2.872 | -8.3 | 2.772 | 2.834 | -2.7 | ||
灌溉条件 | U | 0.416 | 0.308 | 24.8** | 0.265 | 0.308 | -10.9 | |
M | 0.409 | 0.451 | -9.5 | 0.265 | 0.247 | 4.6 | ||
农地所在地形 | U | 0.731 | 0.691 | 13.9 | 0.763 | 0.691 | 26.0** | |
M | 0.728 | 0.721 | 2.4 | 0.763 | 0.779 | -5.6 | ||
地块面积 | U | 1.637 | 1.779 | -17.8 | 2.078 | 1.779 | 32.0*** | |
M | 1.638 | 1.679 | -5.2 | 2.086 | 2.063 | 2.4 | ||
农地调整次数 | U | 0.858 | 1.390 | -59.6*** | 0.619 | 1.390 | -90.8*** | |
M | 0.898 | 0.912 | -1.6 | 0.642 | 0.626 | 1.9 | ||
农地流转政策 | U | 0.735 | 0.425 | 66.0*** | 0.398 | 0.425 | -5.3 | |
M | 0.722 | 0.731 | -2.0 | 0.404 | 0.404 | 0 | ||
西峰区 | U | 0.062 | 0.175 | -35.6*** | 0.301 | 0.175 | 29.7*** | |
M | 0.064 | 0.063 | 0.2 | 0.303 | 0.289 | 3.2 | ||
榆中县 | U | 0.071 | 0.160 | -28.0** | 0.142 | 0.160 | -5.0 | |
M | 0.073 | 0.076 | -1.0 | 0.147 | 0.151 | -1.3 | ||
民乐县 | U | 0.177 | 0.082 | 28.3*** | 0.097 | 0.082 | 5.2 | |
M | 0.173 | 0.172 | 0.1 | 0.092 | 0.071 | 7.1 | ||
古浪县 | U | 0.035 | 0.039 | -1.7 | 0 | 0.039 | -28.3** | |
M | 0.036 | 0.029 | 3.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
灵台县 | U | 0.062 | 0.037 | 11.6 | 0.018 | 0.037 | -11.7 | |
M | 0.055 | 0.050 | 1.9 | 0.018 | 0.023 | 12.8 | ||
静宁县 | U | 0.248 | 0.125 | 32.0*** | 0.336 | 0.125 | 51.8*** | |
M | 0.245 | 0.270 | -6.5 | 0.330 | 0.358 | -6.7 | ||
会宁县 | U | 0.221 | 0.172 | 12.4 | 0.044 | 0.172 | -41.9*** | |
M | 0.227 | 0.215 | 3.0 | 0.046 | 0.030 | 5.2 | ||
岷县 | U | 0.124 | 0.211 | -23.3** | 0.062 | 0.211 | -44.3*** | |
M | 0.127 | 0.124 | 1.0 | 0.064 | 0.078 | -4.1 | ||
干预组样本数 | 114 | 113 | ||||||
对照组样本数 | 569 | 569 | ||||||
总样本数 | 683 | 682 |
表6
农业劳动力资源利用效率匹配分析平行假设检验结果"
变量 | 转入农地 | 转出农地 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U M | 干预组 平均值 | 对照组 平均值 | 标准化 偏差/% | 干预组 平均值 | 对照组 平均值 | 标准化 偏差/% | ||
户主年龄 | U | 48.920 | 50.464 | -15.1 | 51.496 | 50.464 | 9.0 | |
M | 49.018 | 49.683 | -6.5 | 51.031 | 51.9260 | -7.8 | ||
户主年龄的平方 | U | 2475.900 | 2672.000 | -18.9* | 2787.600 | 2672.000 | 9.8 | |
M | 2485.100 | 2556.000 | -6.8 | 2739.800 | 2835.100 | -8.1 | ||
户主职业 | U | 0.956 | 0.884 | 26.5** | 0.763 | 0.884 | -32.3*** | |
M | 0.955 | 0.953 | 0.8 | 0.789 | 0.822 | -8.8 | ||
受教育年限 | U | 6.566 | 6.084 | 12.9 | 6.115 | 6.084 | 0.8 | |
M | 6.563 | 6.567 | -0.1 | 6.227 | 6.289 | -1.6 | ||
户主健康状况 | U | 0.823 | 0.760 | 15.5 | 0.691 | 0.760 | -15.6* | |
M | 0.821 | 0.808 | 3.3 | 0.719 | 0.691 | 6.1 | ||
劳动力比例 | U | 0.672 | 0.659 | 6.1 | 0.663 | 0.659 | 1.7 | |
M | 0.672 | 0.674 | -0.8 | 0.663 | 0.644 | 8.3 | ||
家庭人均收入 | U | 12.403 | 10.743 | 15.6* | 13.434 | 10.743 | 26.5*** | |
M | 11.612 | 11.857 | -2.3 | 12.875 | 12.801 | 0.7 | ||
非农收入比例 | U | 0.618 | 0.663 | -13.7 | 0.740 | 0.663 | 25.3** | |
M | 0.624 | 0.616 | 2.3 | 0.736 | 0.717 | 6.1 | ||
人均承包地面积 | U | 2.800 | 2.371 | 21.5** | 3.001 | 2.371 | 28.1*** | |
M | 2.805 | 2.873 | -3.4 | 2.677 | 2.612 | 2.9 | ||
灌溉条件 | U | 0.416 | 0.308 | 25.0** | 0.383 | 0.308 | 17.5* | |
M | 0.411 | 0.381 | 6.8 | 0.352 | 0.382 | -6.8 | ||
农地所在地形 | U | 0.731 | 0.691 | 14.0 | 0.793 | 0.691 | 36.8*** | |
M | 0.728 | 0.705 | 8.2 | 0.781 | 0.793 | -4.1 | ||
地块面积 | U | 1.637 | 1.779 | -17.8 | 1.928 | 1.779 | 16.1* | |
M | 1.639 | 1.671 | -4.0 | 1.969 | 2.015 | -5.0 | ||
农地调整次数 | U | 0.858 | 1.389 | -59.5*** | 0.525 | 1.389 | -103.2*** | |
M | 0.898 | 0.921 | -2.6 | 0.549 | 0.564 | -1.8 | ||
农地流转政策 | U | 0.735 | 0.426 | 65.7*** | 0.496 | 0.426 | 14.2 | |
M | 0.722 | 0.745 | -4.9 | 0.496 | 0.453 | 8.7 | ||
西峰区 | U | 0.062 | 0.175 | -35.5*** | 0.245 | 0.175 | 17.1* | |
M | 0.063 | 0.063 | 0 | 0.258 | 0.299 | -9.99 | ||
榆中县 | U | 0.071 | 0.159 | -28.0** | 0.144 | 0.159 | -4.3 | |
M | 0.071 | 0.047 | 7.8 | 0.156 | 0.168 | -3.3 | ||
民乐县 | U | 0.177 | 0.082 | 28.4*** | 0.230 | 0.082 | 41.5*** | |
M | 0.170 | 0.161 | 2.7 | 0.188 | 0.191 | -1.1 | ||
古浪县 | U | 0.035 | 0.039 | -1.7 | 0 | 0.039 | -28.3** | |
M | 0.036 | 0.047 | -5.9 | 0 | 0.004 | -2.9 | ||
灵台县 | U | 0.062 | 0.037 | 11.6 | 0.014 | 0.037 | -14.2 | |
M | 0.063 | 0.010 | 9.98 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 7.4 | ||
静宁县 | U | 0.248 | 0.124 | 32.0*** | 0.273 | 0.124 | 37.9*** | |
M | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0 | 0.281 | 0.256 | 6.5 | ||
会宁县 | U | 0.221 | 0.173 | 12.0 | 0.036 | 0.173 | -46.0*** | |
M | 0.223 | 0.259 | -9.0 | 0.039 | 0.029 | 3.3 | ||
岷县 | U | 0.124 | 0.210 | -23.23** | 0.058 | 0.210 | -45.9*** | |
M | 0.125 | 0.134 | -2.4 | 0.063 | 0.049 | 4.1 | ||
干预组样本数 | 114 | 139 | ||||||
对照组样本数 | 570 | 570 | ||||||
总样本数 | 684 | 709 |
表7
非农劳动力资源利用效率匹配分析平行假设检验结果"
变量 | 转入农地 | 转出农地 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U M | 干预组 平均值 | 对照组 平均值 | 标准化 偏差/% | 干预组 平均值 | 对照组 平均值 | 标准化 偏差/% | ||
户主年龄 | U | 48.856 | 50.615 | -17.0 | 51.517 | 50.615 | 8.1 | |
M | 48.856 | 49.078 | -2.1 | 51.265 | 50.648 | 5.5 | ||
户主年龄的平方 | U | 2474.500 | 2687.400 | -20.3* | 2778.600 | 2687.400 | 7.9 | |
M | 2474.500 | 2512.900 | -3.7 | 2760.000 | 2712.800 | 4.1 | ||
户主职业 | U | 0.933 | 0.857 | 25.1** | 0.534 | 0.857 | -74.6*** | |
M | 0.933 | 0.919 | 4.6 | 0.623 | 0.592 | 7.1 | ||
户主受教育年限 | U | 6.433 | 6.139 | 8.1 | 6.322 | 6.139 | 4.8 | |
M | 6.433 | 6.611 | -4.9 | 6.315 | 6.551 | -6.2 | ||
户主健康状况 | U | 0.822 | 0.758 | 15.8 | 0.730 | 0.758 | -6.4 | |
M | 0.822 | 0.817 | 4.6 | 0.732 | 0.750 | -4.2 | ||
劳动力比例 | U | 0.697 | 0.679 | 9.1 | 0.688 | 0.679 | 4.3 | |
M | 0.697 | 0.689 | 4.5 | 0.702 | 0.692 | 4.7 | ||
家庭人均收入 | U | 13.760 | 12.197 | 16.8 | 15.060 | 12.197 | 29.4*** | |
M | 13.760 | 14.722 | -9.3 | 14.751 | 14.284 | 4.8 | ||
非农收入比例 | U | 0.736 | 0.795 | -26.4** | 0.864 | 0.795 | 36.6*** | |
M | 0.736 | 0.732 | 1.7 | 0.864 | 0.847 | 8.6 | ||
人均承包地面积 | U | 2.628 | 2.232 | 22.1** | 2.847 | 2.232 | 29.1*** | |
M | 2.628 | 2.631 | -0.2 | 2.539 | 2.684 | -6.9 | ||
灌溉条件 | U | 0.423 | 0.297 | 28.9** | 0.507 | 0.297 | 48.9*** | |
M | 0.423 | 0.437 | -3.2 | 0.427 | 0.386 | 8.9 | ||
农地所在地形 | U | 0.741 | 0.695 | 16.2 | 0.821 | 0.695 | 45.5*** | |
M | 0.741 | 0.752 | -3.9 | 0.795 | 0.774 | 7.8 | ||
地块面积 | U | 1.620 | 1.801 | -23.9* | 1.739 | 1.801 | -7.8 | |
M | 1.620 | 1.632 | -1.4 | 1.836 | 1.872 | -4.0 | ||
农地调整次数 | U | 0.820 | 1.363 | -62.1*** | 0.431 | 1.363 | -113.2*** | |
M | 0.815 | 0.846 | -3.5 | 0.591 | 0.645 | -6.7 | ||
农地流转政策 | U | 0.730 | 0.421 | 65.8*** | 0.569 | 0.421 | 29.9*** | |
M | 0.704 | 0.694 | 2.0 | 0.457 | 0.453 | 0.8 | ||
西峰区 | U | 0.056 | 0.187 | -41.1*** | 0.190 | 0.187 | 0.6 | |
M | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.9 | 0.221 | 0.221 | 0 | ||
榆中县 | U | 0.078 | 0.125 | -23.4** | 0.230 | 0.152 | 19.9** | |
M | 0.078 | 0.069 | 2.6 | 0.220 | 0.243 | 4.7 | ||
民乐县 | U | 0.200 | 0.093 | 30.7*** | 0.316 | 0.093 | 57.6*** | |
M | 0.200 | 0.228 | -7.9 | 0.208 | 0.195 | 3.5 | ||
古浪县 | U | 0.044 | 0.040 | 2.4 | 0 | 0.040 | -28.7*** | |
M | 0.044 | 0.058 | -6.9 | 0.013 | 0.005 | 5.3 | ||
灵台县 | U | 0.078 | 0.037 | 17.3* | 0.011 | 0.037 | -16.8* | |
M | 0.078 | 0.064 | 6.0 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 2.2 | ||
静宁县 | U | 0.222 | 0.104 | 32.4*** | 0.161 | 0.104 | 17.0** | |
M | 0.222 | 0.253 | -8.4 | 0.175 | 0.227 | -15.4 | ||
会宁县 | U | 0.211 | 0.187 | 6.0 | 0.034 | 0.187 | -50.1*** | |
M | 0.211 | 0.183 | 6.9 | 0.040 | 0.035 | 1.7 | ||
岷县 | U | 0.111 | 0.200 | -24.8* | 0.057 | 0.200 | -43.6*** | |
M | 0.111 | 0.092 | 5.4 | 0.067 | 0.064 | 1.0 | ||
干预组样本数 | 90 | 176 | ||||||
对照组样本数 | 454 | 454 | ||||||
总样本数 | 544 | 630 |
表8
总劳动力资源利用效率匹配分析平行假设检验结果"
变量 | 转入农地 | 转出农地 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U M | 干预组 平均值 | 对照组 平均值 | 标准化 偏差/% | 干预组 平均值 | 对照组 平均值 | 标准化 偏差/% | ||
户主年龄 | U | 48.920 | 50.523 | -15.7 | 52.212 | 50.523 | 14.9* | |
M | 49.018 | 49.364 | -3.4 | 52.000 | 51.163 | 7.4 | ||
户主年龄的平方 | U | 2475.900 | 2678.600 | -19.5* | 2855.900 | 2678.600 | 15.0* | |
M | 2485.100 | 2518.200 | -3.2 | 2838.900 | 2767.500 | 6.1 | ||
户主职业 | U | 0.956 | 0.879 | 28.2** | 0.571 | 0.879 | -73.3*** | |
M | 0.955 | 0.951 | 1.6 | 0.659 | 0.675 | -3.8 | ||
户主受教育年限 | U | 6.566 | 6.062 | 13.5 | 6.177 | 6.062 | 3.0 | |
M | 6.563 | 6.650 | -2.3 | 6.118 | 6.232 | -3.0 | ||
户主健康状况 | U | 0.823 | 0.761 | 15.3 | 0.722 | 0.761 | -8.8 | |
M | 0.830 | 0.813 | 4.3 | 0.722 | 0.754 | -7.4 | ||
劳动力比例 | U | 0.672 | 0.660 | 5.5 | 0.670 | 0.660 | 4.1 | |
M | 0.672 | 0.675 | -1.5 | 0.682 | 0.669 | 5.6 | ||
家庭人均收入 | U | 12.403 | 10.767 | 15.4* | 13.823 | 10.767 | 31.3*** | |
M | 11.612 | 12.144 | -5.0 | 13.545 | 13.190 | 3.6 | ||
非农收入比例 | U | 0.618 | 0.666 | -14.7 | 0.796 | 0.666 | 43.7*** | |
M | 0.624 | 0.629 | -1.7 | 0.785 | 0.757 | 9.5 | ||
人均承包地面积 | U | 2.800 | 2.392 | 20.2** | 2.930 | 2.392 | 24.3*** | |
M | 2.805 | 2.815 | -0.5 | 2.661 | 2.776 | -5.2 | ||
灌溉条件 | U | 0.146 | 0.305 | 25.7*** | 0.474 | 0.305 | 39.6*** | |
M | 0.411 | 0.386 | 5.6 | 0.402 | 0.374 | 6.5 | ||
农地所在地形 | U | 0.731 | 0.686 | 15.7 | 0.804 | 0.686 | 42.7*** | |
M | 0.728 | 0.710 | 6.3 | 0.783 | 0.781 | 0.8 | ||
地块面积 | U | 1.637 | 1.778 | -17.7 | 1.742 | 1.778 | -4.0 | |
M | 1.639 | 1.683 | -5.5 | 1.830 | 1.891 | -6.9 | ||
农地调整次数 | U | 0.858 | 1.387 | -59.4*** | 0.480 | 1.387 | -109.7*** | |
M | 0.898 | 0.924 | -2.9 | 0.519 | 0.549 | -3.6 | ||
农地流转政策 | U | 0.735 | 0.421 | 66.7*** | 0.545 | 0.421 | 25.0*** | |
M | 0.722 | 0.748 | -5.4 | 0.488 | 0.451 | 7.6 | ||
西峰区 | U | 0.062 | 0.173 | -35.0*** | 0.187 | 0.173 | 3.5 | |
M | 0.063 | 0.061 | 0.4 | 0.214 | 0.235 | -5.5 | ||
榆中县 | U | 0.071 | 0.166 | -29.8*** | 0.227 | 0.166 | 15.3* | |
M | 0.080 | 0.081 | -0.3 | 0.254 | 0.238 | 4.0 | ||
民乐县 | U | 0.177 | 0.081 | 28.7*** | 0.278 | 0.081 | 52.8*** | |
M | 0.170 | 0.170 | 0 | 0.179 | 0.168 | 3.0 | ||
古浪县 | U | 0.035 | 0.038 | -1.4 | 0 | 0.038 | -28.1*** | |
M | 0.036 | 0.032 | 2.1 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 1.9 | ||
灵台县 | U | 0.062 | 0.036 | 11.8 | 0.010 | 0.036 | -17.5* | |
M | 0.054 | 0.049 | 2.0 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 1.0 | ||
静宁县 | U | 0.248 | 0.123 | 32.4*** | 0.192 | 0.123 | 19.0** | |
M | 0.250 | 0.272 | -5.8 | 0.208 | 0.234 | -7.2 | ||
会宁县 | U | 0.221 | 0.172 | 12.5 | 0.040 | 0.172 | -43.6*** | |
M | 0.223 | 0.213 | 2.5 | 0.046 | 0.030 | 5.3 | ||
岷县 | U | 0.124 | 0.210 | -23.1** | 0.066 | 0.210 | -42.7*** | |
M | 0.125 | 0.121 | 1.1 | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0 | ||
干预组样本数 | 114 | 200 | ||||||
对照组样本数 | 577 | 577 | ||||||
总样本数 | 691 | 777 |
表9
农地流转对农地和劳动力利用效率的平均效应"
资源利用效率 | 转入农地 | 转出农地 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NNM | RBM | KBM | NNM | RBM | KBM | ||
农地利用 效率/(元/亩) | -99.795 (115.242) | -128.215 (125.194) | -129.528 (130.686) | -466.488** (189.494) | -402.297*** (150.469) | -390.713** (152.072) | |
农业劳动力利 用效率/(元/人) | 4844.289*** (1715.358) | 4911.378*** (1816.882) | 4884.664*** (1777.199) | -5077.704*** (1694.323) | -5008.441*** (1432.187) | -5100.720*** (1553.679) | |
非农劳动力利 用效率/(元/人) | -4367.017** (1928.831) | -4176.867** (1955.328) | -4255.969** (1713.261) | 2581.883*** (912.414) | 2455.703*** (854.808) | 2528.332*** (815.062) | |
总劳动力利 用效率/(元/人) | 2026.153** (963.890) | 2259.391** (920.610) | 1959.756** (879.656) | 3315.577*** (1248.123) | 3086.614*** (900.438) | 2982.475*** (1104.838) |
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