农地流转对农地与劳动力资源利用效率的影响——基于甘肃省农户调查数据的实证研究

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190505

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究采用倾向得分匹配法（PSM）分别就农地流转对农地、农业劳动力、非农劳动力和总劳动力资源利用效率的影响进行了分析。结果表明,农户的农地转入和转出行为都能有效提高总劳动力资源利用效率,而农地转出行为在一定程度上降低了农地资源利用效率。农地转入户的总劳动力和农业劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高2026.153元/人和4844.289元/人,两组农户间的农地资源利用效率差异不显著;农地转出户的总劳动力和非农劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高3315.577元/人和2581.883元/人,其农地资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户低466.488元/亩。因此,农地流转不一定会提高农地资源利用效率,但有利于促进农村劳动力专业化,从而提高农村总劳动力资源利用效率。

关键词: 农地流转, 劳动力资源, 农地资源, 规模化经营, 倾向得分匹配法, 资源利用效率

Abstract:

Inadequate farmland resources and reducing agricultural labors resulting from urbanization are main factors restricting the agricultural development of China. Farmland transfer is one of the most important ways to enlarge farmland scale, improve agricultural productivity and increase farmers' income in China. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of farmland transfer on the use efficiencies of farmland and labor resources, especially under the background of rapid development of farmland rental markets. To solve the selection bias problem of survey data, the propensity score matching (PSM) method was employed to estimate the effects of renting-in land and renting-out land on farmland, agricultural labor, off-farm labor and total labor use efficiencies. The results showed that, farmland transfer significantly improved the total labor use efficiency of households renting-in land and renting-out land, while renting-out land significantly reduced farmland use efficiency. Renting-in land significantly increased the agricultural labor use efficiency and total labor use efficiency by 4844.289 yuan per labor and 2026.153 yuan per labor, respectively, but it had no significant effect on farmland use efficiency. Renting-out land significantly increased the off-farm labor use efficiency and total labor use efficiency by 2581.883 yuan per labor and 3315.577 yuan per labor, respectively, but it significantly decreased the farmland use efficiency by 466.488 yuan per mu. Therefore, farmland transfer is not necessary to improve farmland use efficiency, while it is beneficial to specialization of agricultural labors and off-farm labors, and consequently improve labor use efficiency. The farmland transfer policy in China should continue to give great benefit to improving rural labor use efficiency, and some other ways such as breeding new crop varieties and reducing input costs should focus on improving the output of farmland.

Key words: farmland transfer, labor resources, land resources, moderate scale farm, propensity score matching, resource use efficiency

刘颖, 南志标. 农地流转对农地与劳动力资源利用效率的影响——基于甘肃省农户调查数据的实证研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(5): 957-974.

Ying LIU, Zhi-biao NAN. Impact of farmland transfer on farmland and labor use efficiency: An empirical study of survey data from Gansu province, China[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(5): 957-974.

图/表 12

图1

图2

Table 1

表2

表3

表4

表5

农地资源利用效率匹配分析平行假设检验结果"

变量		转入农地			转出农地
变量	U M	干预组平均值	对照组平均值	标准化偏差/%	干预组平均值	对照组平均值	标准化偏差/%
户主年龄	U	48.920	50.467	-15.1	50.628	50.467	1.4
户主年龄	M	49.036	49.840	-7.9	50.284	50.933	-5.7
户主年龄的平方	U	2475.900	2672.400	-18.9^*	2699.100	2672.400	2.3
户主年龄的平方	M	2487.600	2569.700	-7.9	2662.800	2717.100	-4.6
户主职业	U	0.956	0.886	26.0^**	0.814	0.886	-20.2^**
户主职业	M	0.955	0.955	0	0.826	0.821	1.3
受教育年限	U	6.566	6.074	13.2	6.204	6.074	3.3
受教育年限	M	6.577	6.525	1.4	6.257	6.044	5.4
户主健康状况	U	0.823	0.760	15.6	0.717	0.760	-9.7
户主健康状况	M	0.820	0.842	-5.5	0.725	0.716	2.1
劳动力比例	U	0.672	0.659	6.1	0.673	0.659	6.0
劳动力比例	M	0.675	0.670	2.4	0.672	0.667	2.2
家庭人均收入	U	12.403	10.752	15.6^*	13.291	10.752	25.0^***
家庭人均收入	M	11.479	10.887	5.0	12.763	12.963	-2.0
非农收入比例	U	0.618	0.662	-13.7	0.725	0.663	19.9^*
非农收入比例	M	0.629	0.622	2.3	0.721	0.720	0.3
人均承包地面积	U	2.800	2.369	21.6^**	2.929	2.369	24.7^***
人均承包地面积	M	2.705	2.872	-8.3	2.772	2.834	-2.7
灌溉条件	U	0.416	0.308	24.8^**	0.265	0.308	-10.9
灌溉条件	M	0.409	0.451	-9.5	0.265	0.247	4.6
农地所在地形	U	0.731	0.691	13.9	0.763	0.691	26.0^**
农地所在地形	M	0.728	0.721	2.4	0.763	0.779	-5.6
地块面积	U	1.637	1.779	-17.8	2.078	1.779	32.0^***
地块面积	M	1.638	1.679	-5.2	2.086	2.063	2.4
农地调整次数	U	0.858	1.390	-59.6^***	0.619	1.390	-90.8^***
	M	0.898	0.912	-1.6	0.642	0.626	1.9
农地流转政策	U	0.735	0.425	66.0^***	0.398	0.425	-5.3
	M	0.722	0.731	-2.0	0.404	0.404	0
西峰区	U	0.062	0.175	-35.6^***	0.301	0.175	29.7^***
西峰区	M	0.064	0.063	0.2	0.303	0.289	3.2
榆中县	U	0.071	0.160	-28.0^**	0.142	0.160	-5.0
榆中县	M	0.073	0.076	-1.0	0.147	0.151	-1.3
民乐县	U	0.177	0.082	28.3^***	0.097	0.082	5.2
民乐县	M	0.173	0.172	0.1	0.092	0.071	7.1
古浪县	U	0.035	0.039	-1.7	0	0.039	-28.3^**
古浪县	M	0.036	0.029	3.9	0	0	0
灵台县	U	0.062	0.037	11.6	0.018	0.037	-11.7
灵台县	M	0.055	0.050	1.9	0.018	0.023	12.8
静宁县	U	0.248	0.125	32.0^***	0.336	0.125	51.8^***
静宁县	M	0.245	0.270	-6.5	0.330	0.358	-6.7
会宁县	U	0.221	0.172	12.4	0.044	0.172	-41.9^***
会宁县	M	0.227	0.215	3.0	0.046	0.030	5.2
岷县	U	0.124	0.211	-23.3^**	0.062	0.211	-44.3^***
岷县	M	0.127	0.124	1.0	0.064	0.078	-4.1
干预组样本数		114			113
对照组样本数		569			569
总样本数		683			682

表5

表6

农业劳动力资源利用效率匹配分析平行假设检验结果"

变量		转入农地			转出农地
变量	U M	干预组平均值	对照组平均值	标准化偏差/%	干预组平均值	对照组平均值	标准化偏差/%
户主年龄	U	48.920	50.464	-15.1	51.496	50.464	9.0
户主年龄	M	49.018	49.683	-6.5	51.031	51.9260	-7.8
户主年龄的平方	U	2475.900	2672.000	-18.9^*	2787.600	2672.000	9.8
户主年龄的平方	M	2485.100	2556.000	-6.8	2739.800	2835.100	-8.1
户主职业	U	0.956	0.884	26.5^**	0.763	0.884	-32.3^***
户主职业	M	0.955	0.953	0.8	0.789	0.822	-8.8
受教育年限	U	6.566	6.084	12.9	6.115	6.084	0.8
受教育年限	M	6.563	6.567	-0.1	6.227	6.289	-1.6
户主健康状况	U	0.823	0.760	15.5	0.691	0.760	-15.6^*
户主健康状况	M	0.821	0.808	3.3	0.719	0.691	6.1
劳动力比例	U	0.672	0.659	6.1	0.663	0.659	1.7
劳动力比例	M	0.672	0.674	-0.8	0.663	0.644	8.3
家庭人均收入	U	12.403	10.743	15.6^*	13.434	10.743	26.5^***
家庭人均收入	M	11.612	11.857	-2.3	12.875	12.801	0.7
非农收入比例	U	0.618	0.663	-13.7	0.740	0.663	25.3^**
非农收入比例	M	0.624	0.616	2.3	0.736	0.717	6.1
人均承包地面积	U	2.800	2.371	21.5^**	3.001	2.371	28.1^***
人均承包地面积	M	2.805	2.873	-3.4	2.677	2.612	2.9
灌溉条件	U	0.416	0.308	25.0^**	0.383	0.308	17.5^*
灌溉条件	M	0.411	0.381	6.8	0.352	0.382	-6.8
农地所在地形	U	0.731	0.691	14.0	0.793	0.691	36.8^***
农地所在地形	M	0.728	0.705	8.2	0.781	0.793	-4.1
地块面积	U	1.637	1.779	-17.8	1.928	1.779	16.1^*
地块面积	M	1.639	1.671	-4.0	1.969	2.015	-5.0
农地调整次数	U	0.858	1.389	-59.5^***	0.525	1.389	-103.2^***
	M	0.898	0.921	-2.6	0.549	0.564	-1.8
农地流转政策	U	0.735	0.426	65.7^***	0.496	0.426	14.2
	M	0.722	0.745	-4.9	0.496	0.453	8.7
西峰区	U	0.062	0.175	-35.5^***	0.245	0.175	17.1^*
西峰区	M	0.063	0.063	0	0.258	0.299	-9.99
榆中县	U	0.071	0.159	-28.0^**	0.144	0.159	-4.3
榆中县	M	0.071	0.047	7.8	0.156	0.168	-3.3
民乐县	U	0.177	0.082	28.4^***	0.230	0.082	41.5^***
民乐县	M	0.170	0.161	2.7	0.188	0.191	-1.1
古浪县	U	0.035	0.039	-1.7	0	0.039	-28.3^**
古浪县	M	0.036	0.047	-5.9	0	0.004	-2.9
灵台县	U	0.062	0.037	11.6	0.014	0.037	-14.2
灵台县	M	0.063	0.010	9.98	0.016	0.004	7.4
静宁县	U	0.248	0.124	32.0^***	0.273	0.124	37.9^***
静宁县	M	0.250	0.250	0	0.281	0.256	6.5
会宁县	U	0.221	0.173	12.0	0.036	0.173	-46.0^***
会宁县	M	0.223	0.259	-9.0	0.039	0.029	3.3
岷县	U	0.124	0.210	-23.23^**	0.058	0.210	-45.9^***
岷县	M	0.125	0.134	-2.4	0.063	0.049	4.1
干预组样本数		114			139
对照组样本数		570			570
总样本数		684			709

表6

表7

非农劳动力资源利用效率匹配分析平行假设检验结果"

变量		转入农地			转出农地
变量	U M	干预组平均值	对照组平均值	标准化偏差/%	干预组平均值	对照组平均值	标准化偏差/%
户主年龄	U	48.856	50.615	-17.0	51.517	50.615	8.1
户主年龄	M	48.856	49.078	-2.1	51.265	50.648	5.5
户主年龄的平方	U	2474.500	2687.400	-20.3^*	2778.600	2687.400	7.9
户主年龄的平方	M	2474.500	2512.900	-3.7	2760.000	2712.800	4.1
户主职业	U	0.933	0.857	25.1^**	0.534	0.857	-74.6^***
户主职业	M	0.933	0.919	4.6	0.623	0.592	7.1
户主受教育年限	U	6.433	6.139	8.1	6.322	6.139	4.8
户主受教育年限	M	6.433	6.611	-4.9	6.315	6.551	-6.2
户主健康状况	U	0.822	0.758	15.8	0.730	0.758	-6.4
户主健康状况	M	0.822	0.817	4.6	0.732	0.750	-4.2
劳动力比例	U	0.697	0.679	9.1	0.688	0.679	4.3
劳动力比例	M	0.697	0.689	4.5	0.702	0.692	4.7
家庭人均收入	U	13.760	12.197	16.8	15.060	12.197	29.4^***
家庭人均收入	M	13.760	14.722	-9.3	14.751	14.284	4.8
非农收入比例	U	0.736	0.795	-26.4^**	0.864	0.795	36.6^***
非农收入比例	M	0.736	0.732	1.7	0.864	0.847	8.6
人均承包地面积	U	2.628	2.232	22.1^**	2.847	2.232	29.1^***
人均承包地面积	M	2.628	2.631	-0.2	2.539	2.684	-6.9
灌溉条件	U	0.423	0.297	28.9^**	0.507	0.297	48.9^***
灌溉条件	M	0.423	0.437	-3.2	0.427	0.386	8.9
农地所在地形	U	0.741	0.695	16.2	0.821	0.695	45.5^***
农地所在地形	M	0.741	0.752	-3.9	0.795	0.774	7.8
地块面积	U	1.620	1.801	-23.9^*	1.739	1.801	-7.8
地块面积	M	1.620	1.632	-1.4	1.836	1.872	-4.0
农地调整次数	U	0.820	1.363	-62.1^***	0.431	1.363	-113.2^***
	M	0.815	0.846	-3.5	0.591	0.645	-6.7
农地流转政策	U	0.730	0.421	65.8^***	0.569	0.421	29.9^***
	M	0.704	0.694	2.0	0.457	0.453	0.8
西峰区	U	0.056	0.187	-41.1^***	0.190	0.187	0.6
西峰区	M	0.056	0.053	0.9	0.221	0.221	0
榆中县	U	0.078	0.125	-23.4^**	0.230	0.152	19.9^**
榆中县	M	0.078	0.069	2.6	0.220	0.243	4.7
民乐县	U	0.200	0.093	30.7^***	0.316	0.093	57.6^***
民乐县	M	0.200	0.228	-7.9	0.208	0.195	3.5
古浪县	U	0.044	0.040	2.4	0	0.040	-28.7^***
古浪县	M	0.044	0.058	-6.9	0.013	0.005	5.3
灵台县	U	0.078	0.037	17.3^*	0.011	0.037	-16.8^*
灵台县	M	0.078	0.064	6.0	0.013	0.010	2.2
静宁县	U	0.222	0.104	32.4^***	0.161	0.104	17.0^**
静宁县	M	0.222	0.253	-8.4	0.175	0.227	-15.4
会宁县	U	0.211	0.187	6.0	0.034	0.187	-50.1^***
会宁县	M	0.211	0.183	6.9	0.040	0.035	1.7
岷县	U	0.111	0.200	-24.8^*	0.057	0.200	-43.6^***
岷县	M	0.111	0.092	5.4	0.067	0.064	1.0
干预组样本数		90			176
对照组样本数		454			454
总样本数		544			630

表7

表8

总劳动力资源利用效率匹配分析平行假设检验结果"

变量		转入农地			转出农地
变量	U M	干预组平均值	对照组平均值	标准化偏差/%	干预组平均值	对照组平均值	标准化偏差/%
户主年龄	U	48.920	50.523	-15.7	52.212	50.523	14.9^*
户主年龄	M	49.018	49.364	-3.4	52.000	51.163	7.4
户主年龄的平方	U	2475.900	2678.600	-19.5^*	2855.900	2678.600	15.0^*
户主年龄的平方	M	2485.100	2518.200	-3.2	2838.900	2767.500	6.1
户主职业	U	0.956	0.879	28.2^**	0.571	0.879	-73.3^***
户主职业	M	0.955	0.951	1.6	0.659	0.675	-3.8
户主受教育年限	U	6.566	6.062	13.5	6.177	6.062	3.0
户主受教育年限	M	6.563	6.650	-2.3	6.118	6.232	-3.0
户主健康状况	U	0.823	0.761	15.3	0.722	0.761	-8.8
户主健康状况	M	0.830	0.813	4.3	0.722	0.754	-7.4
劳动力比例	U	0.672	0.660	5.5	0.670	0.660	4.1
劳动力比例	M	0.672	0.675	-1.5	0.682	0.669	5.6
家庭人均收入	U	12.403	10.767	15.4^*	13.823	10.767	31.3^***
家庭人均收入	M	11.612	12.144	-5.0	13.545	13.190	3.6
非农收入比例	U	0.618	0.666	-14.7	0.796	0.666	43.7^***
非农收入比例	M	0.624	0.629	-1.7	0.785	0.757	9.5
人均承包地面积	U	2.800	2.392	20.2^**	2.930	2.392	24.3^***
人均承包地面积	M	2.805	2.815	-0.5	2.661	2.776	-5.2
灌溉条件	U	0.146	0.305	25.7^***	0.474	0.305	39.6^***
灌溉条件	M	0.411	0.386	5.6	0.402	0.374	6.5
农地所在地形	U	0.731	0.686	15.7	0.804	0.686	42.7^***
农地所在地形	M	0.728	0.710	6.3	0.783	0.781	0.8
地块面积	U	1.637	1.778	-17.7	1.742	1.778	-4.0
地块面积	M	1.639	1.683	-5.5	1.830	1.891	-6.9
农地调整次数	U	0.858	1.387	-59.4^***	0.480	1.387	-109.7^***
	M	0.898	0.924	-2.9	0.519	0.549	-3.6
农地流转政策	U	0.735	0.421	66.7^***	0.545	0.421	25.0^***
	M	0.722	0.748	-5.4	0.488	0.451	7.6
西峰区	U	0.062	0.173	-35.0^***	0.187	0.173	3.5
西峰区	M	0.063	0.061	0.4	0.214	0.235	-5.5
榆中县	U	0.071	0.166	-29.8^***	0.227	0.166	15.3^*
榆中县	M	0.080	0.081	-0.3	0.254	0.238	4.0
民乐县	U	0.177	0.081	28.7^***	0.278	0.081	52.8^***
民乐县	M	0.170	0.170	0	0.179	0.168	3.0
古浪县	U	0.035	0.038	-1.4	0	0.038	-28.1^***
古浪县	M	0.036	0.032	2.1	0.012	0.009	1.9
灵台县	U	0.062	0.036	11.8	0.010	0.036	-17.5^*
灵台县	M	0.054	0.049	2.0	0.012	0.010	1.0
静宁县	U	0.248	0.123	32.4^***	0.192	0.123	19.0^**
静宁县	M	0.250	0.272	-5.8	0.208	0.234	-7.2
会宁县	U	0.221	0.172	12.5	0.040	0.172	-43.6^***
会宁县	M	0.223	0.213	2.5	0.046	0.030	5.3
岷县	U	0.124	0.210	-23.1^**	0.066	0.210	-42.7^***
岷县	M	0.125	0.121	1.1	0.075	0.075	0
干预组样本数		114			200
对照组样本数		577			577
总样本数		691			777

表8

图3

表9

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农户类型	资源利用效率	均值	标准差	最小值	最大值	样本数/户
转入农地	农地资源利用效率/(元/亩)	1005.39	1152.77	66.60	8862.00	114
	农业劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	15168.96	22919.80	241.50	116466.70	114
	非农劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	30512.25	15649.45	1000.00	118918.90	90
	总劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	19756.39	19075.70	905.00	114650.00	114
转出农地	农地资源利用效率/(元/亩)	943.03	1306.76	40.00	8670.00	113
	农业劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	6418.46	9610.34	41.25	72439.04	139
	非农劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	37059.76	16826.78	8000.00	131000.00	176
	总劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	23280.52	15525.11	184.00	90890.56	200
未参与流转	农地资源利用效率/(元/亩)	1108.78	1463.57	40.00	11200.00	569
	农业劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	8630.88	12538.71	84.00	107223.00	570
	非农劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	34124.66	16170.11	675.17	129066.70	454
	总劳动力资源利用效率/(元/人)	16495.13	11911.13	93.33	104291.30	577

变量	转入农地		转出农地
变量	回归系数	稳健性标准误	回归系数	稳健性标准误
常数项	-11.882^***	3.770	-0.046	2.062
户主年龄	0.403^***	0.147	0.112	0.077
户主年龄的平方	-0.004^***	0.002	-0.001	0.001
户主职业	0.579	0.460	-1.749^***	0.261
户主受教育年限	-0.050	0.350	-0.047	0.033
户主健康状况	0.004	0.322	-0.502^*	0.279
劳动力比例	0.166	0.546	-0.486	0.502
家庭人均收入	0.014^*	0.010	0.019^*	0.010
非农收入比例	-1.022^***	0.374	0.815^***	0.146
人均承包地面积	-0.026	0.072	0.136^**	0.053
灌溉条件	1.172^*	0.627	0.720	0.640
农地所在地形	2.121^**	1.050	-1.151	0.981
地块面积	0.310	0.503	-1.110^**	0.442
农地调整次数	-0.556^***	0.179	-1.121^***	0.172
农地流转政策	1.170^***	0.304	1.395^***	0.254
西峰区	-2.960^*	1.661	2.863^**	1.419
榆中县	-0.241	0.588	0.084	0.592
民乐县	-0.163	0.833	-0.628	0.869
古浪县	0.063	0.993	-0.145	1.147
灵台县	0.340	0.724	-0.790^*	1.054
静宁县	0.277	0.678	1.155^**	0.662
会宁县	0.386	0.660	-1.602	0.738
观察值个数	691		786
Wald χ²	78.44		208.42
Prob. > χ²	0.000		0.000
Pseudo R²	0.171		0.337
Log pseudolikelihood	-256.598		-301.945

资源利用效率	转入农地			转出农地
资源利用效率	NNM	RBM	KBM	NNM	RBM	KBM
农地利用效率/(元/亩)	-99.795 (115.242)	-128.215 (125.194)	-129.528 (130.686)	-466.488^** (189.494)	-402.297^*** (150.469)	-390.713^** (152.072)
农业劳动力利用效率/(元/人)	4844.289^*** (1715.358)	4911.378^*** (1816.882)	4884.664^*** (1777.199)	-5077.704^*** (1694.323)	-5008.441^*** (1432.187)	-5100.720^*** (1553.679)
非农劳动力利用效率/(元/人)	-4367.017^** (1928.831)	-4176.867^** (1955.328)	-4255.969^** (1713.261)	2581.883^*** (912.414)	2455.703^*** (854.808)	2528.332^*** (815.062)
总劳动力利用效率/(元/人)	2026.153^** (963.890)	2259.391^** (920.610)	1959.756^** (879.656)	3315.577^*** (1248.123)	3086.614^*** (900.438)	2982.475^*** (1104.838)