中国采煤沉陷区空间格局与治理模式

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190415

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大面积的采煤沉陷区引发严重的社会和环境问题,得到政府和学术界的广泛关注。与传统以自然条件为基础的沉陷区复垦研究不同,考虑采煤沉陷区自然生态因素和区域经济发展条件,从综合治理的角度出发,分析中国采煤沉陷区整体格局和面临的社会经济风险,深入研究各地采煤沉陷区综合治理路径。结果表明：中国采煤沉陷区面积预计超过60000 km²,其中与城乡建设用地和耕地叠压的面积分别达到4500 km²和26000 km²,涉及人口达2000万左右,其中山西和山东两省采煤沉陷区的影响最为严重;从区域特征来看,中国采煤沉陷区有开发利用、环境修复、民生保障、异地搬迁四大主要治理导向,进一步结合社会经济和空间特征,可以将沉陷区分为环境适应发展型、基础设施完善型、特色产业带动型、环境修复型、民生保障型、异地搬迁型六个治理类型。

关键词: 采煤沉陷区, 空间格局, 综合治理, 中国

Abstract:

Coal has been China's dominant indigenous source of energy. Although the proportion of coal consumption in total (primary) energy consumption decreased steadily in recent years, China is still the world's largest coal producer and has been exporting substantial amounts of the energy. Due to a long history of underground coal mining, many more undermined areas have subsided than most people can imagine. Large coal-mine subsidence has resulted in serious structural damage to buildings, roads, irrigation ditches, underground utilities and pipelines. Besides, the consequences of ground subsidence generally consist of serious environment impact and livelihoods issues of residents. All these has drawn a lot of attention from scholars and government leaders. However, it still fails to figure out the whole picture of coal-mine subsidence and its consequences in China. The research has employed a unique dataset of mineral rights for coal in China to investigate spatial distribution of subsidence at present and foreseeable future. The damage to cities and farmland and the size of population involved in the subsidence areas has also been estimated through the comprehensive analysis of land use map and population and subsidence distribution. The results highlight the difference of potential losses of coal-mine subsidence between areas in China. For example, subsidence has significant influence on urban development in eastern China; while farmland in rural areas suffers relatively great loss in the western mountainous areas. Even so, it is not enough to answer how to govern and mitigate subsidence of those large coal-mines in China. Because governance modes and methods depend on not only characteristics of spatial distribution and potential losses but also natural conditions and the level of economic development. According to characteristics of potential losses, natural conditions and economic development, we further define six kinds of subsidence and figure out their governance directions and major works in China. The results are shown in the following: (1) The area of potential coal-mine subsidence is more than 60000 km² in China. There are 4500 km² of the urban-rural construction land and 26000 km² of farmland in these subsiding areas. There are around 20 million residents involved in the subsidence. (2) According to climatic conditions and social and economic development levels, coal-mine subsidences fall into four types of areas with different governance directions in China: Focusing on eco-environmental modification; household livelihood security; exploitation and utilization; migration and relocation. (3) According to population and construction lands impacted and hydrogeological environment, exploitation-oriented areas are further divided into three types: Some should adapt to the changing environment; some should repair the infrastructures destroyed; some should develop characteristic industries such as tourism to increase residents' income.

Key words: coal-mine subsidence areas, spatial characteristics, governance, China

李佳洺, 余建辉, 张文忠. 中国采煤沉陷区空间格局与治理模式[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(4): 867-880.

LI Jia-ming, YU Jian-hui, ZHANG Wen-zhong. Spatial distribution and governance of coal-mine subsidence in China[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(4): 867-880.

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省份	2010年		2015年
省份	最小人口规模/万人	最大人口规模/万人	最小人口规模/万人	最大人口规模/万人
山东省	426	508	436	521
山西省	233	329	239	337
河南省	171	209	176	214
安徽省	143	176	147	181
黑龙江省	135	169	139	173
河北省	126	157	129	161
贵州省	95	133	97	136
辽宁省	69	89	71	91
陕西省	47	82	49	84
四川省	63	82	65	84
内蒙古自治区	45	76	46	78
重庆市	44	58	46	60
江苏省	46	58	47	59
湖南省	42	56	43	57
广西壮族自治区	39	49	40	50
吉林省	37	47	38	48
云南省	34	45	34	46
江西省	25	32	26	33
湖北省	12	18	13	19
甘肃省	12	18	13	18
福建省	6	10	6	10
新疆维吾尔自治区	4	8	4	8
宁夏回族自治区	5	8	5	8
青海省	3	4	3	4
北京市	0	1	0	1
总人口规模	1862	2422	1912	2481

区域综合治理主导方向	自然和经济特征	主要区域
开发利用	自然气候条件和经济支撑能力都较好	北京、安徽、山东、江苏、山西、河南、福建、广西、四川、重庆、贵州、湖北、湖南、江西、云南
生态修复	自然气候条件差,经济支撑能力弱	内蒙古、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆、西藏
民生保障	自然气候条件好,经济支撑能力较强	黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、海南
异地搬迁	自然气候条件和经济支撑能力都差

大类		开发利用主导型			环境修复主导型	民生保障主导型	异地搬迁主导型
亚类		环境适应发展型	基础设施完善型	特色产业带动型	环境修复型	民生保障型	异地搬迁型
主要特征	区域特征	气候湿润,经济支撑能力强	气候湿润,经济支撑能力强	气候湿润,经济支撑能力强	气候干旱,经济支撑能力强	气候湿润,经济支撑能力弱	生态环境和经济支撑能都较差,或居民生命财产受到威胁
	区块社会经济特征	叠压城乡建设用地较多	叠压城乡建设用地较多	涉及人口和耕地较多	社会经济影响小	社会经济影响小,或仅叠压城乡建设用地较多
	区块空间特征	地下水位较高,沉陷区空间集中	沉陷区空间集中	以山地为主,沉陷区较为分散	沉陷区空间集中	沉陷区空间集中
治理方式		整治沉陷区景观环境,积极适应发展环境变化	完善基础设施,保障居民基本生活	结合旅游等特色产业或扶贫项目等促进沉陷区治理	以生态环境修复为主,结合发展环境友好型产业	推进棚户区改造,加强土地复垦
主要区域		山东西部、安徽北部、江苏北部等两淮地区	山西、河南等中部地区	贵州、陕西、四川、云南、重庆等西南地区	内蒙古、新疆、陕西、甘肃、宁夏等西北地区	黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北等地区