消费端食物浪费：影响与行动

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190218

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

食物浪费已经成为全球性问题,引发社会各界广泛关注。消费端是造成食物浪费的重要环节,且呈日趋严重的趋势。消费端的食物浪费主要分为家庭食物浪费和在外食物浪费;消费端的食物浪费对国家粮食安全、资源环境、社会经济发展等方面均产生不同的影响;影响消费端食物浪费的重要因素包括社会经济发展水平、文化因素、人口特征、消费者的行为与意识等。目前对消费端食物浪费的研究多采用称重（或估算）和计量模型等方法,仍需要通过发展更合理的量化方法、建立更完整的理论模型、提出更完善的研究方法进行深入探究。此外,减少消费端食物浪费需要从政府、社会、个人等多角度出发,促使多方利益相关者形成合力应对消费端食物浪费问题。

关键词: 食物浪费, 消费端, 影响与行动

Abstract:

Food waste has become a global problem, which causes widespread concern from the public. The consumption segment is an important part of food waste, and it is increasingly serious. Food waste at the consumer segment is mainly divided into household food waste and food waste outside home. Food waste at the consumer segment has different impacts on national food security, resources and environment, and social and economic development. Food waste at the consumption segment is affected by factors such as economic and social development, cultural background, demographic characteristics, and consumer behavior and awareness. At present, the study of food waste at the consumer segment mostly uses methods such as weighing (or estimating) and measurement model. It still needs to be further explored by developing reasonable quantitative methods, establishing complete theoretical models and proposing concrete research methods. In addition, to reduce food waste at the consumer segment, we should encourage multi-stakeholders to make a joint effort to deal with food waste at the consumer segment from the perspectives of government, society, individuals and other angles.

Key words: food waste, consumer segment, impact and action

张盼盼, 白军飞, 刘晓洁, 成升魁. 消费端食物浪费：影响与行动[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(2): 437-450.

ZHANG Pan-pan, BAI Jun-fei, LIU Xiao-jie, CHENG Sheng-kui. Food waste at the consumer segment: Impact and action[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(2): 437-450.

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作者	发表年份	来源	定义
WRI^[18]	2016	世界资源研究所（WRI）	食物损失和食物浪费（FLW）通常是指在食物供应链各阶段中损失、减少的食物及/或相关不可食用部分
Thybery等^[4]	2016	Resources, Conservation and Recycling	食物浪费是指最初为人类消费而生产但后来被丢弃或未被人类消费的食物,包括变质的食物和丢弃时仍可食用的部分
European Commission^[20]	2016	欧盟委员会（European Commission）	食物浪费是指食物生产、分配和消费过程中产生的废弃物
Buzby等^[21]	2014	美国农业部（USDA）	食物浪费是食物损失的一个组成部分,发生在可食用食物未被消费时,例如消费者餐盘中被丢弃的食物
Byker等^[22]	2014	Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior	食物浪费是指在美国学校午餐计划中提供的可食用但被浪费的食品和饮料
FAO^[23]	2013	FAO	食物浪费是指用于人类消费的但被丢弃的那部分食物
Bond等^[24]	2013	Global Food Security	食物浪费通常指可食用的食物,其目的是供人类消费但是被丢弃、损耗等的部分,不包括不可食用部分和不合需求的部分
FAO^[25]	1981	FAO	食物浪费是指为人类消费而存在的,但在食物供应链的各个阶段被丢弃、降解或消耗的那部分食物

国家	发表年份	作者	期刊/机构	经济损失
意大利	2017	Cicatiello等^[16]	Resources, Conservation & Recycling	一家零售商店食物浪费70.6 t/a,价值近17万欧元/a
芬兰	2014	Silvennoinen等^[29]	British Food Journal	23 kg/(人·a),芬兰整个国家每年食物浪费量为1.2亿kg
芬兰	2014	Katajajuuri等^[55]	Journal of Cleaner Production	70欧元/(人·a)
美国	2014	Buzby等^[21]	USDA Economic Research Service	1616亿美元/a,1249卡路里/(人·a)
全球范围	2013	FAO^[23]	FAO	7500亿美元/a
美国	2012	Buzby等^[26]	Food Policy	1656亿美元/a,390美元/(人·a)
美国	2011	Venkat^[56]	International Journal on Food System Dynamics	1977亿美元/a,643.3美元/(人·a)
加拿大	2010	Gooch等^[27]	Value Chain Management Centre	266亿美元/a
美国	2010	Cuéllar等^[9]	Environmental Science & Technology	2030±160万亿BTU能源/年

区域	发表年份	作者	估计方法	期刊/机构
中国	2018	张盼盼等^[90]	Logit模型、Tobit模型	自然资源学报
中国	2018	张盼盼等^[75]	Tobit模型	资源科学
欧洲	2017	Campoy-Muñoz等^[58]	CGE模型	Resources, Conservation & Recycling
英国	2017	Russell等^[84]	分层多元回归	Resources, Conservation & Recycling
英国	2017	Young等^[91]	方差分析（ANOVA）	Resources, Conservation & Recycling
	2017	Qi 等^[89]	方差分析（ANOVA）、Tobit模型、OLS-IV、LPM-IV	The 2017 ASSA Annual Meeting
意大利	2017	Cicatiello等^[16]	Meta分析	Resources, Conservation & Recycling
丹麦	2016	Stancu等^[63]	结构方程模型	Appetite
德国	2016	Schmidt^[92]	方差分析（ANOVA）	Resources, Conservation & Recycling
全球	2016	Chalak等^[95]	OLS回归	Waste Management
美国	2016	Ellison等^[64]	OLS回归、Logit模型	The 2016 AAEA Conference Paper
意大利	2015	Principato等^[68]	Probit模型	British Food Journal
美国	2015	Thyberg等^[8]	Meta分析	Environment Science & Technology
中国	2013	胡越等^[52]	GTAP模型	中国人口·资源与环境