闽三角城市群自然资本损失评估

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190113

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在快速城镇化进程中,城市群发展在促进区域经济竞争与合作的同时,也在一定程度上造成人地关系矛盾的加剧,生态系统服务水平下降。为了量化城镇化对自然资本产生的变动,揭示人类资源消耗过程对区域生态系统服务的影响机制,以快速城镇化的典型区域——闽三角城市群为例,运用能值分析方法与GIS技术,分析了2000-2015年闽三角城市群可更新资源时空演变特征,城镇化进程中生态环境价值演变规律以及土地转化过程中的自然资本损失。研究结果表明：（1）闽三角城市群可更新资源在时间上呈波动减小趋势,空间上自沿海区域向内陆区域逐渐升高;（2）高环境质量等级中城镇用地面积占比呈显著增加趋势,由0增加到10.63%,人类活动导致区域生态环境价值的损失逐渐上升;（3）城镇化过程中由于城市空间扩张,使部分自然用地与农业用地转化为城镇用地,转化过程造成的自然资本损失总量为1.27×10²²seJ,货币价值超过6.30×10⁹元。研究有助于完善城镇化影响下的生态环境效应研究,为城市群或区域生态环境管理与修复提供决策参考。

关键词: 能值分析, GIS, 城镇化, 闽三角城市群, 自然资本

Abstract:

In the process of rapid urbanization, urban agglomeration development was promoting regional economic competition and cooperation, but also causing the intensification of contradictions between human and land, decline of ecosystem services level to a certain extent. In order to quantify the impact of urbanization on natural capital and reveal the influence mechanism of ecosystem service in human resource consumption process. In this study, Southern Fujian Urban Agglomeration (SFUA) is taken as an example, which is the typical rapidly urbanized area, emergy analysis method and GIS technology are used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolutions of renewable resources in the SFUA from 2000 to 2015, the evolution of eco-environment value and natural capital loss in the process of urbanization and land conversion. The results show that: (1) The renewable resources of SFUA presented a fluctuant decreasing trend in time, and gradually increasing trend in space; (2) The area proportion of urban land presented a significant increase trend in high environmental quality level, increased from 0 to 10.63%, the loss of regional eco-environment value caused by human activities was gradually rising; (3) Due to urbanization in the process of urban expansion, part of the natural land and agricultural land was converted to urban land, the total loss of natural capital caused by the conversion was 1.27E+22 seJ, and the currency value was more than 6.3 billion yuan. This study can help improve the research of eco-environmental effects due to urbanization, and provide decision-making reference for the urban agglomeration or regional eco-environment management and restoration.

Key words: emergy analysis, GIS, urbanization, Southern Fujian Urban Agglomeration, natural capital

范冰雄, 税伟, 杨海峰, 王亚楠, 杜勇, 祁新华, 张小洪, 简小枚, 郭平平. 闽三角城市群自然资本损失评估[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(1): 153-167.

Bing-xiong FAN, Wei SHUI, Hai-feng YANG, Ya-nan WANG, Yong DU, Xin-hua QI, Xiao-hong ZHANG, Xiao-mei JIAN, Ping-ping GUO. Evaluation on natural capital loss in Southern Fujian Urban Agglomeration[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(1): 153-167.

图/表 11

图1

图2

表1

可更新资源能值计算公式与相关参数说明"

可更新能流	能量方程式	参数说明	参数处理
太阳辐射能	$E S = T S × S × AREA × 1 - α × 0.93 × T R$ （引自文献[16]）	T_s为光照时间（秒）;S为太阳辐照度（1360.8 W/m²）;α为太阳反照率;T_R为太阳辐射能值转换率（1seJ/J）^[17]	（1）光照时间：克里金插值得到（2）太阳反照率：土地利用数据重分类得到
地热能	$E geo = A × η × E n geo η = 1 - T e T s$	A为面积（m²）;T_e为年平均地表温度（℃）;T_s为地表1000 m以下温度（℃）;En_geo为热流单位面积（J/m²）	En_geo：中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编（第二、三、四版）^[18,19,20]利用克里金插值得到
风能	$E W = A × ρ × C D × ν 3 × t × T R$	ρ为空气密度（1.3 kg/m³）;C_D为阻力系数;V为风速;t为刮风时间;T_R为风能能值转化率（1578 seJ/J）^[21]	（1）C_D：基于不同地表类型分别取值为0.01、0.02、0.03 （2）风速：克里金插值得到
降雨化学能	$ET = P 0.9 + P 2 / L 2 E rc = A × ρ water × G × ET × T R$	ET为土壤水分蒸发量（m/a^-1）;P为降雨量（mm/a^-1）;L为300+25T²+0.05T³ （T为年平均温度）;ρ为水密度（1000 kg/m^-3）;G为吉布斯自由能值;T_R为能值转换率（6360 seJ/J）^[16]	（1）降雨量：克里金插值得到（2）气温：克里金插值得到
降雨位势能	$E rg = A × ρ water × R × g × h × T R$	ρ为水密度（1000 kg/m^-3）;R为径流量;g为重力加速度;h为海拔;T_R为降水重力势能能值转换率（10909 seJ/J）^[16]	径流量（R）及海拔高度（h）：基于DEM在ArcGIS通过空间分析模块进行提取
潮汐能^①	$E t = A × ρ sea × F t × h 2 × g × T r$	A为大陆架及海面100 m内面积;ρ为海水密度（1.025E+06 g/m³）;F_t为每年发生潮汐次数（730次）;h为平均潮汐高差;g为重力加速度（9.8 m/s²）;T_r为潮汐能能值转化率（1.68E+04 seJ/J）^[22]	由于数据格式与制图难度等问题,研究对潮汐能仅进行能值核算
可更新能值	$E = E s + E geo + E w + E rc + E rg + E t$	E_s为太阳辐射能量;E_geo为地热能能值; E_w为风能能值;E_rc为降雨化学能能值;E_rg为降雨位势能能值;E_t为潮汐能能值	降雨化学能、位势能与潮汐能能值进行叠加,然后利用最大合成法（MVC）得到可更新能值图

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

表2

图7

表3

表4

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年份		Avg	Min	Max	SD	Sum(seJ/a)
2000	R(seJ/hm²/a)	1.22E+16	1.92E+15	3.81E+16	6.13E+15	4.03E+21
	NPP(gC/hm²/a)	9.58E+05	0	2.19E+06	5.15E+05	2.35E+11
2005	R(seJ/hm²/a)	8.73E+15	8.64E+14	2.54E+16	4.49E+15	3.33E+21
	NPP(gC/hm²/a)	9.08E+05	0	1.92E+06	4.44E+05	2.23E+11
2010	R(seJ/hm²/a)	8.54E+15	1.52E+15	2.72E+16	2.96E+15	3.52E+21
	NPP(gC/hm²/a)	9.20E+05	0	1.99E+06	4.82E+05	2.26E+11
2015	R(seJ/hm²/a)	8.91E+15	1.08E+15	2.58E+16	2.48E+15	4.72E+21
	NPP(gC/hm²/a)	1.09E+06	0	2.07E+06	5.42E+05	2.67E+11

年份	环境质量等级	面积 /10⁴ hm²	城镇用地 /10⁴ hm²	城镇用地占比/%
2000	1	55.31	6.83	12.34
	2	56.53	1.06	1.87
	3	44.37	0.02	0.05
	4	22.86	0	0
2005	1	52.05	13.45	24.47
	2	60.03	2.05	3.41
	3	52.44	1.16	2.21
	4	25.55	0	0
2010	1	51.22	15.88	30.68
	2	41.54	1.35	2.41
	3	41.43	1.62	3.91
	4	24.44	0.66	2.72
2015	1	58.09	18.59	32.31
	2	56.16	2.97	5.28
	3	50.94	1.79	3.51
	4	27.88	3.06	10.63

年份	项目	农业用地转城市用地	自然用地转城市用地	总计
2000-2005	损失面积/hm²	1.11E+04	2.00E+02	1.13E+04
	植物生物量损失/seJ	2.77E+21	8.58E+20	3.63E+21
	有机碳损失/seJ	1.25E+21	4.49E+19	1.29E+21
	自然资本损失/seJ	4.01E+21	9.03E+20	4.92E+21
2005-2010	损失面积/hm²	3.60E+03	1.00E+03	4.60E+03
	植物生物量损失/seJ	8.99E+20	4.14E+21	5.04E+21
	有机碳损失/seJ	4.04E+20	2.24E+20	6.28E+20
	自然资本损失/seJ	1.30E+21	4.36E+21	5.66E+21
2010-2015	损失面积/hm²	1.60E+03	4.00E+02	2.00E+03
	植物生物量损失/seJ	3.99E+20	1.46E+21	1.86E+21
	有机碳损失/seJ	1.79E+20	8.97E+19	2.69E+20
	自然资本损失/seJ	5.79E+20	1.55E+21	2.13E+21
注：
自然用地转化为城市用地（2010-2015年）
1、植物生物量损失
自然用地损失面积		4.00E+02	hm²	表5
每公顷自然用地生物量		446.4	t/hm²	IPCC^[35]
自然用地转化损失的生物总量		1.79E+05	t
UEV（R/NPP）^[32]		8.17E+09	seJ/g	表3
Emergy		1.46E+21	seJ
2、有机碳损失
自然用地损失面积4.00E+02		4.00E+02	hm²	表5
每公顷自然用地有机碳		3.6	Kg/m²	IPCC^[35]
自然用地转化损失的有机碳		1.44E+10	g
UEV		6.23E+09	seJ/g	Odum^[21]
Emergy		8.97E+19	seJ
农业用地转化为城市用地（2010-2015年）
1、植物生物量损失
农业用地损失面积		1.60E+03	hm²	表5
每公顷农业用地生物量		148.8	t/hm²	IPCC^[35]
农业用地转化损失的生物总量		2.38E+05	t
UEV		1.68E+09	seJ/g	Jiang^[36]
Emergy		3.99E+20	seJ
2、有机碳损失
农业用地损失面积		1.60E+03	hm²	表5
每公顷农业用地有机碳		1.8	kg/m²	IPCC^[35]
农业用地转化损失的有机碳		2.88E+10	g
UEV		6.23E+09	seJ/g	Odum^[21]
Emergy		1.79E+20	seJ