国家公园游憩功能的实现——武夷山国家公园试点区游客生态系统服务需求和支付意愿

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190104

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

引入生态系统服务概念,考察游客作为生态系统服务关键受益人对武夷山国家公园试点区可以提供的生态系统服务作何选择,并对其投资自然资本保障生态系统服务的支付意愿进行初步分析,探讨国家公园试点建设中如何优化旅游,促进保护和公益性功能实现。研究结果显示：（1）游客以文化服务为首选,主要体现在实践性强的生态旅游、较为抽象的文化体验以及较为单纯的美景欣赏三方面,在生态旅游具体需求上会出现选择间的相互竞争;（2）除了净化空气,对供给服务和其他调节服务则需求不大;（3）在免门票假设下,具有支付意愿的游客达到90%以上,然而平均支付意愿没有达到现有门票价格;（4）教育水平和职业对支付意愿的影响最为显著,并与年龄和收入等因子一起形成具有不同支付意愿上的特征人群。因此,武夷山国家公园体制试点建设中,需要积极探索协同多种文化服务供给,大力推动社会参与理念,从根本上提高受益者对生态系统的认知,从受益者需求入手推进国家公园公益性功能的实现。

关键词: 国家公园, 生态系统服务, 支付意愿, 武夷山

Abstract:

China's national parks aim to promote conservation and improve public welfare. This research took tourists as one of the key ecosystem services beneficiaries. It used an ecosystem services approach to identify social perceptions and willingness to pay regarding different ecosystem services in the Wusyishan National Park Pilot, in order to find ways to optimise tourism to promote conservation and to improve public welfare in the establishment of the national park system. A social survey was conducted using questionaires focusing on the assessment of the importance of ecosystem services and the willingness to pay, and the data were analysed using weighted scoring, multiple correspondence analysis and optimal scaling regression. Results showed that most respondents recognised the importance of various cultural services, including eco-tourism which is high in practicality, activities to have cultural experience which is rather abstract and enjoying the beautiful scenery; however, there were trade-offs among specific ecosystem services. Tourists thought highly of maintaining air quality and it was the only regulating service that ranked the top five. In addition, they did not choose any provisioning services among the top five important ecosystem services. Under the entry tickets fee waiver hypothesis, more than 90% respondents were willing to pay for maintainance of the ecosystem services, but the average payment of 165.9 yuan/person was less than current ticket price. Willingness to pay was significantly affected by education level and career; together with the impact of age and personal income, clustered groups with certain willingness to pay were identified. These findings indicate that in the development of tourism in national parks, managers should focus on securing typical cultural ecosystem services regarding trade-offs in demand from different tourist groups. They also should improve the public's awareness of the chracteristics of ecosystems to facilitate their active participation in conservation.

Key words: national park, ecosystem services, willingness to pay, Wusyishan

何思源, 苏杨, 王蕾, 程红光. 国家公园游憩功能的实现——武夷山国家公园试点区游客生态系统服务需求和支付意愿[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(1): 40-53.

Si-yuan HE, Yang SU, Lei WANG, Hong-guang CHENG. Realisation of recreation in national parks: A perspective of ecosystem services demand and willingness to pay of tourists in Wuyishan Pilot[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(1): 40-53.

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项目	类别	样本量/个	百分比/%	项目	类别	样本量/个	百分比/%
性别	1 男	192	48.73	地区	1 东部	282	71.57
	2 女	202	51.27		2 中部	59	14.97
年龄	1 <18岁	52	13.20		3 西部	46	11.68
	2 18~25岁	80	20.30		4 其他^*	7	1.78
	3 25~40岁	139	35.28	职业	1 政府工作人员	25	6.35
	4 40~60岁	110	27.92		2 企业管理人员	40	10.15
	5 >60岁	13	3.30		3 工程师/教师/医疗人员	94	23.86
教育水平	1 小学及以下	16	4.06		4 服务/销售人员	37	9.39
	2 初中	41	10.41		5 工人	11	2.79
	3 高中	85	21.57		6 农民	5	1.27
	4 大学	219	55.58		7 学生	105	26.65
	5 研究生及以上	33	8.38		8 军人^**	1	0.25
年收入	1 <1万元	132	33.50		9 离退休人员	12	3.05
	2 1万~5万元	112	28.43		10 个体户	24	6.09
	3 5万~10万元	96	24.37		11 其他	40	10.15
	4 >10万元	54	13.71
				总计		394

生态系统服务^*	排序选择频率						得分	顺序
生态系统服务^*	1	2	3	4	5	未选	得分	顺序
生态旅游^*	0.51	0.12	0.11	0.07	0.07	0.12	3.57	1
净化空气^**	0.13	0.23	0.13	0.07	0.08	0.36	2.20	2
本土文化^*	0.06	0.11	0.16	0.19	0.10	0.39	1.69	3
美学价值^*	0.06	0.10	0.12	0.13	0.12	0.47	1.43	4
环境教育^*	0.05	0.07	0.11	0.10	0.17	0.51	1.23	5
气候调节^**	0.06	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.64	1.06	6
经济作物^***	0.03	0.10	0.06	0.09	0.11	0.61	1.02	7
淡水^***	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.76	0.68	8
森林采集^***	0.01	0.06	0.06	0.08	0.05	0.74	0.67	9
水分调节^**	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.81	0.45	10
科学研究^*	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.08	0.81	0.41	11
土壤调节^**	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.01	0.91	0.26	12
水稻种植^***	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.94	0.18	13
木材^***	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.93	0.15	14

生态系统服务	因子得分
生态系统服务	F1	F2	F3
调节服务
充足的氧气	0.399	0.156	-0.382
文化服务
竹筏	0.716	0.027	0.422
茶文化	-0.119	-0.569	0.504
森林疗养	-0.588	-0.073	0.358
自然观察	-0.926	-0.218	-0.310
九曲溪水景	0.009	0.663	0.880
徒步	0.752	-0.574	-0.001
参与式活动	0.282	-0.938	-0.141
特征值	1.424	1.154	1.109
惯量解释率/%	17.803	14.426	13.857
惯量累计解释率/%	17.803	32.229	50.032

支付选项/元/人次	0	<50	50~100	100~200	200~400	>400
样本量	37	63	134	102	39	19
频率/%	9	16	34	26	10	5
支付选项编号	1	2	3	4	5	6

项目	属性	愿意支付		WTP/元
项目	属性	组内比例/%	组间比例/%	WTP/元
性别	男	90.6	44.1	172.3
	女	90.6	46.4	157.5
年龄	<18岁	90.3	11.9	181.4
	18~25岁	91.3	18.5	153.6
	25~40岁	89.2	31.4	176.7
	40~60岁	93.6	26.1	156.6
	>60岁	76.9	2.5	105.8
教育水平	小学及以下	81.2	3.3	149.2
	初中	82.9	8.6	133.2
	高中	88.2	19.0	158.5
	大学	93.6	52.0	171.5
	研究生及以上	90.9	7.6	181.8
地区	东部	91.5	65.5	159.3
	中部	84.7	12.7	169.2
	西部	93.4	10.9	193.2
职业	政府工作人员	96.0	6.1	151.0
	企业管理人员	97.5	9.9	202.5
	工程师/教师/医疗人员	92.6	22.1	170.3
	服务、销售人员	83.8	7.9	128.0
	工人	81.8	2.3	118.2
	农民	60.0	0.8	82.5
	学生	93.3	24.9	171.8
	离退休人员	83.3	2.5	142.7
	个体户	91.7	5.6	218.2
	其他	82.5	8.4	136.3
个人年收入	<1万元	91.7	30.7	167.7
	1万~5万元	85.8	24.4	136.0
	5万~10万元	95.9	23.4	181.4
	>10万元	89.0	12.2	187.0
环保志愿者	是	93.3	39.0	169.5
	否	88.6	51.2	161.2
了解国家公园	是	91.4	62.2	170.6
	否	88.9	28.4	152.1