基于农牧民生计资本的干旱区草地适应性管理——以准噶尔北部的富蕴县为例

doi:10.11849/zrzyxb.20170378

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 草地适应性管理是有效解决我国“三牧”（牧业、牧区和牧民）问题的重要路径。论文以准噶尔北部的富蕴县为例,采用系统（分层）抽样、参与性农户评估方法开展农牧户调查,建立生计资本量化指标体系及系统耦合协调度模型,测算农牧户生计资本及其耦合协调度。基于评估结果,提出干旱区草地适应性管理策略。研究表明：1）农牧民过度依赖天然草地放牧,普遍缺乏发展型生计,其生计资本水平低、生计转换能力弱、生计脆弱性高;2）农牧户间同质性较大,5项生计资本间属性分异明显,缺乏牧业合作经济组织,是研究区农牧户生计资本耦合协调度较低的主要原因;3）推进牧民生计多样化,转变牧业生产方式,发展牧区草产业,优化草地生产功能与生态功能的时空配置,有助于增强草地畜牧业人文-自然耦合系统的恢复力/弹性力。因此,加快培育新型职业牧民,加快发展现代草牧业,加快建设良好的农牧民组织,加强草地科学放牧管理,成为干旱区草地适应性管理的迫切任务。

关键词: 草地适应性管理, 干旱区, 农牧民, 耦合协调度, 生计资本

Abstract: As the largest terrestrial ecosystem, the natural grassland occupies 41.7% of the land area in China. However, since the grassland degenerated in pastoral region and animal husbandry costs increased obviously, the livelihood of herdsmen was difficult. Grassland adaptive management is an important way to solve the problem concerning “pastoral region, animal husbandry and herdsmen” effectively. The objective of this study was to provide some strategies for grassland adaptive management in arid region. We used the system (stratified) sampling method and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) to investigate peasants and herdsmen in Fuyun County in the north of Junggar Basin, China, and designed the quantitative index system used for measuring their livelihood capitals. Using the quantitative index system and system coupling coordination model, we analyzed five livelihood capitals of peasants and herdsmen and their coupling coordination degree. Our analysis showed that grazing activities of peasants and herdsmen depended on natural grassland too much and were generally short of development oriented livelihoods. Therefore, the livelihood capitals of peasants and herdsmen were universally low (i.e. natural, human, physical, financial, and social capital was only 0.017 7, 0.109 9, 0.187 4, 0.040 1 and 0.184 5, respectively), the capacities of livelihood conversion were weak, and the vulnerability of livelihood was high. Moreover, the coupling coordination degree among five livelihood capitals of peasants and herdsmen was also low (0.277 4), which was mainly due to the high homogeneity of peasants and herdsmen, obvious attribute difference of the five livelihood capitals, and less of professional cooperative economic organizations. Therefore, it is important to promote livelihood diversification of herdsmen so as to reduce the grassland pressure caused by grazing, to transform the way of animal husbandry production so as to reduce the dependence on natural grassland, to develop grass industry in pastoral region so as to effectively promote the formation of resilience/elasticity of the coupling system between grassland animal husbandry ecology and human society. The results also suggest that it is very urgent to train herdsmen with the knowledge of science, technology, management, etc., to develop modern grass and animal husbandry, to construct good organizations of peasants and herdsmen, to strengthen grassland grazing management scientifically, so as to comprehensively improve the level of livelihood capitals of peasants and herdsmen and promote the development of animal husbandry production.

Key words: arid region, grassland adaptive management, livelihood capital, peasants and herdsmen, the coupling coordination degree

中图分类号:

S812

孙特生, 胡晓慧. 基于农牧民生计资本的干旱区草地适应性管理——以准噶尔北部的富蕴县为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(5): 761-774.

SUN Te-sheng, HU Xiao-hui. Grassland Adaptive Management in Arid Region Based on Livelihood Capitals of Peasants and Herdsmen—A Case Study of Fuyun County in the North of Junggar Basin, China[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2018, 33(5): 761-774.

参考文献

[1] “中国草地生态保障与食物安全战略研究”项目组. 保障我国草地生态与食物安全的战略和政策[J]. 中国工程科学, 2016, 18(1): 8-16.
[Research Group of Strategies to Ensure Grassland Ecological and Food Security in China. Strategies and policies for the ecological and food security of China’s grassland. Chinese Engineering Science, 2016, 18(1): 8-16. ]
[2] 侯向阳, 尹燕亭, 王婷婷. 北方草原牧户心理载畜率与草畜平衡生态管理途径[J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(24): 8036-8045.
[HOU X Y, YIN Y T, WANG T T.Herders’ desirable stocking rates and methods for implementing a sustainable grass-animal balance in the rangeland regions of northern China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(24): 8036-8045. ]
[3] HARRIS R B.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2010, 74(1): 1-12.
[4] 任继周, 侯扶江. 草地资源管理的几项原则[J]. 草地学报, 2004, 12(4): 261-263, 272.
[REN J Z, HOU F J.Principles of grassland resources management. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2004, 12(4): 261-263, 272. ]
[5] 侯向阳, 尹燕亭, 丁勇. 中国草原适应性管理研究现状与展望[J]. 草业学报, 2011, 20(2): 262-269.
[HOU X Y, YIN Y T, DING Y.An overview and prospects for grassland adaptive management in China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 262-269. ]
[6] 周道玮, 姜世成, 王平. 中国北方草地生态系统管理问题与对策[J]. 中国草地, 2004, 26(1): 57-64.
[ZHOU D W, JIANG S C, WANG P.The problems and strategies for grassland management in northern China. Grassland of China, 2004, 26(1): 57-64. ]
[7] 蒋高明. 试论草地生态系统的适应性管理: 以浑善达克沙地草地为例 [R]. 合肥: 2009中国草原发展论坛, 2009.
[JIANG G M. On the adaptive management of grassland ecosystem: A case study of the grassland in Hunshandake Sandy Land. Hefei: China Grassland Development Forum, 2009. ]
[8] 汪诗平. 草地生态系统可持续利用和管理亟待突破传统理念和机制[J]. 农村经济, 2013(4): 83-86.
[WANG S P.Sustainable utilization and management of grassland ecosystem needs to break through traditional ideas and mechanisms. Rural Economy, 2013(4): 83-86. ]
[9] 董世魁. 草地对全球变化的响应及其适应性管理 [R]. 合肥: 2009中国草原发展论坛, 2009.
[DONG S K.Response of grassland to global change and its adaptive management. Hefei: China Grassland Development Forum, 2009. ]
[10] 何欣. 制度视域下的草地资源利用和管理研究——基于家庭牧场单元 [D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学, 2013.
[HE X.The Study on Grassland Resources Utilization and Management in Institution Perspective—Based on the Household Unit. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University, 2013. ]
[11] 贡布泽仁, 李文军. 草场管理中的市场机制与习俗制度的关系及其影响: 青藏高原案例研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2016, 31(10): 1637-1647.
[GONGBUZEREN, LI W J. The role of market mechanisms and customary institutions in rangeland management: A case study in Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(10): 1637-1647. ]
[12] 冯静蕾, 扎玛, 曹建民, 等. 内蒙古草原放牧管理制度对牧民生计的影响——基于内蒙古锡林郭勒盟4个嘎查的调查[J]. 中国草地学报, 2014, 36(2): 1-5.
[FENG J L, ZHA M, CAO J M, et al.The impaction of grazing system on herders livelihood in grassland areas—Based on the investigation of four villages in Xilinguole League in Inner Mongolia. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2014, 36(2): 1-5. ]
[13] CHADDEN A, DOWKSZA E, TURNER L.“Adaptive management for Southern California grasslands” [R]. Santa Barbara: Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, 2004.
[14] WONG N, MORGAN J.Review of Grassland Management in South-eastern Australia[M]. Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2007: 127.
[15] 伏吉芮. 干旱区人文-自然系统耦合动态演变及调控研究——以吐鲁番市为例 [D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆大学, 2016.
[FU J R.Study on the Dynamic Evolution and Regulation of Human and Natural System Coupling in Arid Area—A Case Study of Turpan City. Urumqi: Xinjiang University, 2016. ]
[16] 侯向阳. 可持续挖掘草原生产潜力的途径、技术及政策建议[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(16): 3229-3238.
[HOU X Y.Priority approaches, techniques and models to sustainably tap the grassland productivity potential. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(16): 3229-3238. ]
[17] 尹燕亭, 侯向阳, 运向军. 气候变化对内蒙古草原生态系统影响的研究进展[J]. 草业科学, 2011, 28(6): 1132-1139.
[YIN Y T, HOU X Y, YUN X J.Research progress of the effects of climate change on grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(6): 1132-1139. ]
[18] 阎建忠, 吴莹莹, 张镱锂, 等. 青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化[J]. 地理学报, 2009, 64(2): 221-233.
[YAN J Z, WU Y Y, ZHANG Y L, et al.Livelihood diversification of peasants and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(2): 221-233. ]
[19] 赵雪雁, 李巍, 杨培涛, 等. 生计资本对甘南高原农牧民生计活动的影响[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2011, 21(4): 111-118.
[ZHAO X Y, LI W, YANG P T, et al.Impact of livelihood capital on the livelihood activities of farmers and herdsmen on Gannan Plateau. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011, 21(4): 111-118. ]
[20] DFID. Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets [R]. Department for International Development, DFID, 2000.
[21] 李小云, 董强, 饶小龙, 等. 农户脆弱性分析方法及其本土化应用[J]. 中国农村经济, 2007(4): 32-39.
[LI X Y, DONG Q, RAO X L, et al.Analysis method of farmers’ vulnerability and its application. Chinese Rural Economy, 2007(4): 32-39. ]
[22] 蒙吉军, 艾木入拉, 刘洋, 等. 农牧户可持续生计资产与生计策略的关系研究——以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 49(2): 321-328.
[MENG J J, AMRULLA, LIU Y, et al.Study on relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy of farming and grazing households: A case of Uxin Banner in Ordos. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2013, 49(2): 321-328. ]
[23] VEFIE L.The Penguin Directionary of Physics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1996: 92-93.
[24] 吴跃明, 张翼, 王勤耕, 等. 论环境-经济系统协调度[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2001(1): 25-29.
[WU Y M, ZHANG Y, WANG Q G, et al.On environment-economy coordinated degree. Environmental Pollution and Control, 2001(1): 25-29. ]
[25] 熊建新, 陈端吕, 彭保发, 等. 洞庭湖区生态承载力系统耦合协调度时空分异[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(9): 1108-1116.
[XIONG J X, CHEN D L, PENG B F, et al.Spatio-temporal difference of coupling coordinative degree of ecological carrying capacity in the Dongting Lake region. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(9): 1108-1116. ]
[26] 吴孔森, 杨新军, 尹莎. 环境变化影响下农户生计选择与可持续性研究——以民勤绿洲社区为例[J]. 经济地理, 2016, 36(9): 141-149.
[WU K S, YANG X J, YIN S.Farmers’ livelihood choice and sustainability under the influence of environmental change—A case study of Minqin Oasis community in Gansu Province. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(9): 141-149. ]
[27] 苏芳, 尚海洋. 农户生计资本对其风险应对策略的影响——以黑河流域张掖市为例[J]. 中国农村经济, 2012(8): 79-87, 96.
[SU F, SHANG H Y.Impact of farmer’ livelihood capital on the strategies of risk handling—A case study of Zhangye City, Heihe Basin. Chinese Rural Economy, 2012(8): 79-87, 96. ]
[28] 李西良, 侯向阳, 丁勇, 等. 牧户尺度草畜系统的相悖特征及其耦合机制[J]. 中国草地学报, 2013, 35(5): 139-145.
[LI X L, HOU X Y, DING Y, et al.The discordance characteristics and its coupling mechanism in agro-grassland ecosystem on the household scale. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2013, 35(5): 139-145. ]
[29] 任继周. 中国草地退化主要因为管理失当 [EB/OL]. [2008-07-03]. http://epaper.xplus.com/papers/hhkwk/20080703/n29.shtml.
[REN J Z. Grassland degradation in China is mainly caused by incorrect management. [2008-07-03]. http://epaper.xplus.com/papers/hhkwk/20080703/n29.shtml. ]
[30] 杨理, 杨持. 草地资源退化与生态系统管理[J]. 内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 35(2): 205-208.
[YANG L, YANG C.Grassland degradation and ecosystem management in western area of China. Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Natural Science Edition), 2004, 35(2): 205-208. ]
[31] 董世魁, 朱晓霞, 刘世梁, 等. 全球变化背景下草原畜牧业的危机及其人文-自然系统耦合的解决途径[J]. 中国草地学报, 2013, 35(4): 1-6.
[DONG S K, ZHU X X, LIU S L, et al.Crisis of pastoralism associated with global changes and coupled human-natural systems for sustainable pastoralism worldwide. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2013, 35(4): 1-6. ]
[32] KOCZBERSKI G, CURRY G.Making a living: Land pressures and changing livelihood strategies among oil palm settlers in Papua New Guinea[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2005, 85(3): 324-339.
[33] 侯向阳. 西部半干旱地区应大力发展旱作栽培草地[J]. 草业科学, 2017, 34(1): 161-164.
[HOU X Y.Semiarid area should develop dry farming grasslands. Pratacultural Science, 2017, 34(1): 161-164. ]
[34] 中国科学院学部“西部生态环境建设与可持续发展”西北干旱区咨询组. 绿桥系统——天山北坡与准噶尔荒漠新产业带建设和生态保育[J]. 地球科学进展, 2003, 18(6): 831-836.
[Northwest Arid Area Advisory Group of the Western Ecological Environment Construction and Sustainable Development of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Green bridge system—The construction of the new industrial belt in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain and the Junggar Desert. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2003, 18(6): 831-836. ]
[35] 陈全功. 关键场与季节放牧及草地畜牧业的可持续发展[J]. 草业科学, 2005, 14(4): 29-34.
[CHEN Q G.Key pasture, seasonal grazing and sustainable development of grassland animal husbandry production in China. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 14(4): 29-34. ]
[36] 任继周, 王钦, 牟新待, 等. 草原生产流程及草原季节畜牧业[J]. 中国农业科学, 1978, 11(2): 87-92.
[REN J Z, WANG Q, MU X D, et al.Grassland production process and seasonal animal husbandry. Chinese Agricultural Science, 1978, 11(2): 87-92. ]
[37] 张新时, 唐海萍, 董孝斌, 等. 中国草原的困境及其转型[J]. 科学通报, 2016, 61(2): 165-177.
[ZHANG X S, TANG H P, DONG X B, et al.The dilemma of steppe and its transformation in China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2016, 61(2): 165-177. ]
[38] 方精云, 白永飞, 李凌浩, 等. 我国草原牧区可持续发展的科学基础与实践[J]. 科学通报, 2016, 61(2): 155-164.
[FANG J Y, BAI Y F, LI L H, et al.The scientific basis and practice of the sustainable development of China’s pastoral area. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2016, 61(2): 155-164. ]
[39] 白永飞, 潘庆民, 邢旗. 草地生产与生态功能合理配置的理论基础与关键技术[J]. 科学通报, 2016, 61(2): 201-212.
[BAI Y F, PAN Q M, XING Q.Fundamental theories and technologies for optimizing the production functions and ecological functions in grassland ecosystems. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2016, 61(2): 201-212. ]
[40] SABATIER R, OATES L G, JACKSON R D.Management flexibility of a grassland agroecosystem: A modeling approach based on viability theory[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2015, 139: 76-81.
[41] WANG Z, DENG X Z, SONG W, et al.What is the main cause of grassland degradation? A case study of grassland ecosystem service in the middle-south Inner Mongolia[J]. Catena, 2017, 150: 100-107.
[42] DONG S K, WEN L, ZHU L, et al.Implication of coupled natural and human systems in sustainable rangeland ecosystem management in HKH Region[J]. Frontier of Earth Science in China, 2010, 4(1): 42-50.
[43] 董世魁, 任继周. 牧业文明与草地健康: 认识草地畜牧业自然生态-人文社会耦合系统[J]. 兰州大学学报(社会科学版), 2015, 43(4): 105-110.
[DONG S K, REN J Z.Animal husbandry civilization and grassland health: Understanding the coupling system between grassland animal husbandry ecology and human society. Journal of Lanzhou University (Social Sciences Edition), 2015, 43(4): 105-110. ]
[44] 任继周, 万长贵. 系统耦合与荒漠-绿洲草地农业系统——以祁连山-临泽剖面为例[J]. 草业学报, 1994, 3(3): 1-8.
[REN J Z, WAN C G.System coupling and desert-oasis agro-ecosystem. Acta Prataculture Sinice, 1994, 3(3): 1-8. ]
[45] 沙依拉·沙尔合提, 焦树英. 新疆阿勒泰地区草原生态保护和建设措施浅谈[J]. 草业科学, 2007, 25(4): 46-50.
[SHAERHETI S, JIAO S Y.The measures of grassland ecological protection and construction in Aletai region, Xinjiang. Pratacultural Science, 2007, 25(4): 46-50. ]
[46] LIU J G, DIETZ T, CARPENTER S R, et al.Complexity of coupled human and natural systems[J]. Science, 2007, 317(5844): 1513-1516.
[47] WARREN A.The policy implications of Sahelian change[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2005, 63(3): 660-670.
[48] 任继周. 放牧, 草原生态系统存在的基本方式——兼论放牧的转型[J]. 自然资源学报, 2012, 27(8): 1259-1275.
[REN J Z.Grazing, the basic form of grassland ecosystem and its transformation. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(8): 1259-1275. ]