基于生态环境产权界定的流域生态补偿标准研究

doi:10.11849/zrzyxb.20160784

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 论文通过对流域生态环境产权的明确界定,科学厘清生态保护投入补偿和污染补偿,综合考虑流域生态环境服务的水量分摊和水质补偿,并将其统一纳入到流域生态补偿标准测算中,针对性地提出了流域上下游之间的生态补偿标准,然后以皖浙两省新安江流域生态补偿为例进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：1）基于流域生态环境产权界定,可以从理论上厘清流域生态补偿的对象和内容,将水质和水量因素整合纳入到流域生态补偿标准测算中;2）根据生态环境产权的界定,不同利益主体面对的补偿标准和补偿内容不同,但是上下游共享流域生态环境权益的产权安排相对更为公平合理,并且能够兼顾各方权益;3）上下游共享流域生态环境权益情况下,综合水质和水量因素的流域生态补偿标准其生态环境保护目标明确,补偿内容全面完整,易被各方所接受。

关键词: 补偿标准, 生态补偿, 生态环境产权, 水质和水量

Abstract: The ecological compensation measurement is a key problem in the cross-basin management. Based on the summary of theoretical studies of ecological compensation standards, the paper puts forward a method to measure ecological compensation standard based on the property rights of eco-environment. By comprehensive consideration of water quality and water quantity, the ecological service compensation and the pollution compensation are brought into the measurement for ecological compensation in river basin. In the method, the factors of water quality and quantity are integrated in the measuring model of ecological compensation standard. Then, the paper applies the measurement method on the ecological compensation in Xin’an River Basin which is located in Anhui and Zhejiang provinces to conduct a case analysis. The case study verifies the applicability of the method. This paper presents the following results: 1) By defining eco-environmental property rights, the ecological compensation for river basin can be divided into the compensation for ecological protection investment and the compensation for pollution, and both water quality and water quantity can be integrated into a unified ecological compensation measurement. 2) The eco-environmental property rights being endowed to different benefit body will cause difference contents and standards of compensation. The property right shared by upstream and downstream which balance is fairer since it balances the interests of all parties. 3) In the case of shared eco-environmental property right, the river basin ecological compensation standard considering the wastewater quantity has clear ecological and environmental goals and complete compensation content, and it is easily accepted by all parties.

Key words: compensation standard, ecological compensation, property rights of eco-environment, water quality and water quantity

中图分类号:

F062.2

马永喜, 王娟丽, 王晋. 基于生态环境产权界定的流域生态补偿标准研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(8): 1325-1336.

MA Yong-xi, WANG Juan-li, WANG Jin. Study on Ecological Compensation Standard in River Basin Based on the Property Rights of Eco-environment[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2017, 32(8): 1325-1336.

参考文献

[1] 金淑婷, 杨永春, 李博, 等. 内陆河流域生态补偿标准问题研究--以石羊河流域为例 [J]. 自然资源学报, 2014, 29(4): 610-622. [JIN S T, YANG Y C, LI B, et al. Discussion on scientific issues of eco-compensation standard in Shiyang River Basin. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(4): 610-622. ]
[2] 刘春腊, 刘卫东. 中国生态补偿的省域差异及影响因素分析 [J]. 自然资源学报, 2014, 29(7): 1091-1104. [LIU C L, LIU W D. Study on the provincial difference and influential factors of eco-compensation in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(7): 1091-1104. ]
[3] 李怀恩, 尚小英, 王媛. 流域生态补偿标准计算方法研究进展 [J]. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 39(4): 667-672. [LI H E, SHANG X Y, WANG Y. A study on the ecological compensation measurement and calculation of river basin. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2009, 39(4): 667-672. ]
[4] SMITH V K, DESVOUSGES W H, FISHER A. A comparison of direct and indirect methods for estimating environmental benefits [J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1986, 68(2): 280-290.
[5] 孔凡斌. 江河源头水源涵养生态功能区生态补偿机制研究--以江西东江源区为例 [J]. 经济地理, 2010, 30(2): 299-305. [KONG F B. Eco-compensation mechanism for ecological function conservation zones in the headwaters-A case study of Dong River river-head region in Jiangxi Province. Economic Geography, 2010, 30(2): 299-305. ]
[6] 代明, 刘燕妮, 陈罗俊. 基于主体功能区划和机会成本的生态补偿标准分析 [J]. 自然资源学报, 2013, 28(8): 1310-1317.

[7] COSTANZA R, D'ARGE R, DE-GROOT R, et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital [J]. Ecological Economics, 1997, 25(1): 3-15.
[8] PIMENTEL D, WILSON C, et al. Economic and environmental benefits of biodiversity [J]. Bioscience, 1997, 47(11): 747-757.
[9] 谢高地, 张彩霞, 张昌顺, 等. 中国生态系统服务的价值 [J]. 资源科学, 2015, 37(9): 1740-1746. [XIE G D, ZHANG C X, ZHANG C S, et al. The value of ecosystem services in China. Resources Science, 2015, 37(9): 1740-1746. ]
[10] LOOMIS J B. Contingent valuation methodology and the US institutional framework [C]// BATEMAN I J, WILLIS K G. Valuing Environmental Preferences: Theory and Practice of the Contingent Valuation Method in the US, EU and Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999: 613-627.
[11] 张志强, 徐中民, 程国栋, 等. 黑河流域张掖地区生态系统服务恢复的条件价值评估 [J]. 生态学报, 2002, 22(6): 885-893. [ZHANG Z Q, XU Z M, CHENG G D, et al. Contingent valuation of the economic benefits of restoring ecosystem services of Zhangye Prefecture of Heihe River Basin. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(6): 885-893. ]
[12] 张落成, 李青, 武清华. 天目湖流域生态补偿标准核算探讨 [J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(3): 412-418. [ZHANG L C, LI Q, WU Q H. Evaluation on the ecological compensation in Tianmu Lake. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(3): 412-418. ]
[13] 刘桂环, 谢婧, 文一惠, 等. 关于推进流域上下游横向生态保护补偿机制的思考 [J]. 环境保护, 2016, 44(13): 34-37. [LIU G H, XIE J, WEN Y H, et al. A perspective on promoting upstream and downstream ecological compensation mechanism in China. Environmental Protection, 2016, 44(13): 34-37. ]
[14] 王金南, 王玉秋, 刘桂环, 等. 国内首个跨省界水环境生态补偿: 新安江模式 [J]. 环境保护, 2016, 44(14): 38-41. [WANG J N, WANG Y Q, LIU G H, et al. The first eco-compensation demonstration for crossing provinces of downstream and upstream in China: A model of Xinanjiang River. Environmental Protection, 2016, 44(14): 38-41. ]
[15] 徐大伟, 郑海霞, 刘民权. 基于跨区域水质水量指标的流域生态补偿量测算方法研究 [J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2008, 18(4): 189-194. [XU D W, ZHENG H X, LIU M Q. Measuring method of river basin ecological compensation based on river water quality and its water quantity about across administration area. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2008, 18(4): 189-194. ]
[16] 郭志建, 葛颜祥, 范芳玉. 基于水质和水量的流域逐级补偿制度研究--以大汶河流域为例 [J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2013, 34(1): 96-102. [GUO Z J, GE Y X, FAN F Y. Gradual compensation system of river basin based on water quality and quantity-A case study of Dawenhe River Basin. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2013, 34(1): 96-102. ]
[17] 陈艳萍, 周颖. 基于水质水量的流域生态补偿标准测算--以黄河流域宁夏回族自治区为例 [J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2016, 37(4): 119-126. [CHEN Y P, ZHOU Y. Basin ecological compensation measurement based on water quality and quantity-Taking Ningxia Province of Yellow River Basin as example. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2016, 37(4): 119-126. ]
[18] ALCHIAN A A. Some economics of property rights [J]. IL Politico, 1965, 30(4): 816-829.
[19] DEMSETA H. Toward a theory of property rights [J]. The American Economic Review, 1967, 57(2): 347-359.
[20] TIETENBERG T. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics [M]. London: Routledge, 2001.
[21] 董金明, 尹兴, 张峰. 我国环境产权公平问题及其对效率影响的实证分析 [J]. 复旦学报(社会科学版), 2013, 55(2): 95-104. [DONG J M, YIN X, ZHANG F. The problem of fairness of environmental property rights in our country and its effects on the efficiency of environmental property rights. Fudan Journal (Social Sciences Edition), 2013, 55(2): 95-104. ]
[22] BARZEL Y. Economic analysis of property rights [J]. General Information, 1997, 31(2): 147-179.
[23] COASE R H. 财产权利与制度变迁: 产权学派与新制度学派译文集 [M]. 上海: 格致出版社, 2014. [COASE R H. Property Rights and Institutional Change: The Translation of the Property-right Economics and the Neo-institutional School. Shanghai: Truth & Wisdom Press, 2014. ]
[24] DAHLMAN C J. The problem of externality [J]. Journal of Law & Economics, 1979, 22(1): 141-162.
[25] 常修泽. 资源环境产权制度及其在我国的切入点 [J]. 宏观经济管理, 2008(9): 47-48. [CHANG X Z. Property right system for resource environment and its application in China. Macroeconomic Management, 2008(9): 47-48. ]
[26] 杨海龙, 崔文全. 资源与生态环境产权制度研究现状及“十三五”展望研究 [J]. 环境科学与管理, 2013, 38(11): 30-34. [YANG H L, CUI W Q. Status quo and prospect of resource and ecological environment property right system during Thirteenth Five-year Plan. Environment Science and Management, 2013, 38(11): 30-34. ]
[27] 陈瑞莲, 胡熠. 我国流域区际生态补偿:依据、模式与机制 [J]. 学术研究, 2005(9): 71-74. [CHEN R L, HU Y. Ecological compensation between valleys: Basis, mode and mechanism. Academic Research, 2005(9): 71-74. ]
[28] 何立华. 产权、效率与生态补偿机制 [J]. 现代经济探讨, 2016(1): 40-44. [HE L H. Property rights, efficiency and ecological compensation mechanism. Modern Economic Research, 2016(1): 40-44. ]
[29] 刘玉龙. 生态补偿与流域生态共建共享 [M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2007. [LIU Y L, Ecological Compensation and Ecological Inter-construction and Share of River Basins. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2007. ]
[30] 禹雪中, 冯时. 中国流域生态补偿标准核算方法分析 [J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2011, 21(9): 14-19. [YU X Z, FENG S. Analysis of ecological compensation standard estimation of river basins in China. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011, 21(9): 14-19. ]
[31] 刘玉龙, 阮本清, 张春玲,等. 从生态补偿到流域生态共建共享--兼以新安江流域为例的机制探讨 [J]. 中国水利, 2006(10): 4-8. [LIU Y L, RUAN B Q, ZHANG C L, et al. From ecological compensation to ecological inter-construction and share of river basins-Study on mechanism based on the Xin'an River Basin. China Water Resources, 2006(10): 4-8. ]
[32] 马庆华, 杜鹏飞. 新安江流域生态补偿政策效果评价研究 [J]. 中国环境管理, 2015(3): 63-70. [MA Q H,DU P F. Evaluation on the effect of ecological compensation in Xin'an River Basin. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management, 2015(3): 63-70. ]
[33] 刘晓红, 虞锡君. 基于流域水生态保护的跨界水污染补偿标准研究--关于太湖流域的实证分析 [J]. 生态经济, 2007(8): 129-135. [LIU X H, YU X J. Research on standardization of compensation for trans-regional water pollution based on protection of water eco-system in river valley-An empirical analysis of Tai Lake Basin. Ecological Economy, 2007(8): 129-135. ]
[34] 刘玉龙, 胡鹏. 基于帕累托最优的新安江流域生态补偿标准 [J]. 水利学报, 2009, 40(6): 703-708. [LIU Y L , HU P. Ecological compensation standard for Xin'anjiang River Basin based on Pareto Optimization. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2009, 40(6): 703-708. ]
[35] 国家发展改革委. 千岛湖及新安江上游流域水资源与生态环境保护综合规划（2013-2020） [EB/OL]. http://www.sdpc.gov.cn, 2013. [National Development and Reform Commission. Comprehensive planning on water resources and ecological environment protection in Qiandao Lake and for the Xin'an River upstream basin (2013-2020). http://www.sdpc.gov.cn, 2013. ]
[36] 许凤冉, 阮本清, 王成丽. 流域生态补偿理论探索与案例研究 [M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2010. [XU F R, RUAN B Q, WANG C L. Theory Exploration and Case Studies on Ecological Compensation of River Basin. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2010. ]
[37] 安徽省水利厅. 2013安徽省水资源公报 [EB/OL]. http://www.wswj.net, 2014. [Anhui Provincial Water Resources Bureau. Water resources bulletin for year of 2013. http://www.wswj.net, 2014. ]
[38] 王金南, 刘桂环, 张惠远, 等. 流域生态补偿与污染赔偿机制研究 [M]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2014. [WANG J N, LIU G H, ZHANG H Y, et al. Mechanism on Ecological Compensation and Pollution Compensation in River Basin. Beijing: China Environment Press, 2014. ]