SWAT模型水文过程参数区域差异研究

doi:10.11849/zrzyxb.2013.11.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 探讨SWAT模型的敏感参数和参数值的区域差异,有助于减少水文过程模拟的不确定性,提高模型在不同区域的应用水平。论文在收集SWAT模型的国内应用文献基础上,依据干燥指数将流域划分为湿润区、半湿润区、半干旱区和干旱区,主要采用定性分析方法,分析模型的敏感参数和参数值的空间差异及其影响因素。结果表明,SWAT模型的敏感参数和参数值具有一定的区域差异。对于地表水文过程,径流曲线系数(CN2)和土壤可利用水量(SOL_AWC)在各个区域都比较敏感,土壤蒸发补偿系数(ESCO)在湿润区和半湿润区较为敏感;由于均受土壤质地的影响,湿润区CN2 值高于半湿润区,SOL_AWC则正好相反;受气温和植被覆盖的影响,湿润区和干旱区的ESCO取值高于半湿润区和半干旱区。地下水参数在湿润区和干旱区较为敏感。降雪融雪参数仅在干旱区融雪对径流贡献大的流域才比较敏感。由于气候、土壤、植被条件的区域异质性,导致了流域水文过程参数的区域差异。结果还表明,由于水文过程还受到局部气象条件、下垫面等多种因子共同作用,以及模型尚未揭示的其它因子的影响,模型参数在相同区域的不同流域也存在着一定的差异。

关键词: 区域差异, 水文学, 敏感参数, SWAT模型

Abstract: Discussing the parameter sensitivity in different regions and their regional difference for SWAT model would be helpful for reducing the uncertainty of hydrological process simulation and improving the application level in different regions. Based on the domestic articles related to application of SWAT model, firstly, different regions including humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid regions were divided according to aridity index. Then the variation of sensitivity and values of hydrological parameters in different regions were investigated and its influencing factors were analyzed qualitatively for SWAT model. The results indicate that the parameters sensitivity and parameter value of SWAT model have some regional difference. During surface water process, runoff curve coefficient (CN2) and soil water availability (SOL_AWC) are sensitive in all regions, soil evaporation compensation coefficient (ESCO) is more sensitive in humid and semi-humid regions. Because influenced by soil texture, the value of CN2 is much bigger in humid region than in semi-humid region, and that of SOL_AWC is opposite. Because influenced by temperature and vegetation cover, the value of ESCO is much bigger in humid and arid regions. The groundwater parameters are more sensitive in humid and arid regions. Snow parameters only show sensitivity in arid region where melt water accounts for very great proportion of runoff. Moreover, the main reason for the difference of parameters is due to regional heterogeneities of climate, soil and vegetation. That spatial heterogeneities of several parameters sensitivity and values in the same region also exist, because the hydrological process is also affected by local meteorological conditions and underlying surface, and other factors of model which have not been revealed.

Key words: hydrology, regional difference, SWAT model, sensitive parameter

中图分类号:

P333

林炳青, 陈莹, 陈兴伟. SWAT模型水文过程参数区域差异研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2013, 28(11): 1988-1999.

LIN Bing-qing, CHEN Ying, CHEN Xing-wei. A Study on Regional Difference of Hydrological Parameters of SWAT Model[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2013, 28(11): 1988-1999.

参考文献

[1] 王中根, 郑红星, 刘昌明, 等. 基于GIS/RS 的流域水文过程分布式模拟——I: 模型的原理与结构[J]. 水科学进展, 2004, 15(4): 501-505.[WANG Zhong-gen, ZHENG Hong-xing, LIU Chang-ming, et al. GIS/RS based distributed hydrological modeling 1, model theories and structures. Advances in Water Science, 2004, 15(4): 501-505.]
[2] 宁吉才, 刘高焕, 刘庆生, 等. 水文响应单元空间离散化及SWAT 模型改进[J]. 水科学进展, 2012, 23(1): 14-20.[NING Ji-cai, LIU Gao-huan, LIU Qing-sheng, et al. Spatial discretization of hydrological response units and improved SWAT model. Advances in Water Science, 2012, 23(1): 14-20.]
[3] 王中根, 刘昌明, 吴险峰. 基于DEM的分布式水文模型研究综述[J]. 自然资源学报, 2003, 8(2): 168-173.[WANG Zhong-gen, LIU Chang-ming, WU Xian-feng. A review of the studies on distributed hydrological model based on DEM. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 8(2): 168-173.]
[4] 刘昌明, 李道峰, 田英, 等. 基于DEM的分布式水文模型在大尺度流域应用研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2003, 22(5): 437-445.[LIU Chang-ming, LI Dao-feng, TIAN Ying, et al. An application study of DEM based distributed hydrological model on macroscal watershed. Progress in Geography, 2003, 22(5): 437-445.]
[5] Shen Z Y, Chen L, Chen T. Analysis of parameter uncertainty in hydrological and sediment modeling using GLUE method: A case study of SWAT model applied to Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2012, 16: 121-132.
[6] 王中根, 夏军, 刘昌明, 等. 分布式水文模型的参数率定及敏感性分析探讨[J]. 自然资源学报, 2007, 22(4): 649-655.[WANG Zhong-gen, XIA Jun, LIU Chang-ming, et al. Comments on sensitivity analysis, calibration of distributed hydrological model. Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(4): 649-655.]
[7] 孙瑞, 张雪芹. 基于SWAT 模型的流域径流模拟研究进展[J]. 水文, 2010, 30(3): 28-32.[SUN Rui, ZHANG Xue-qin. Progress in application of watershed runoff simulation based on SWAT. Journal of China hydrology, 2010, 30(3): 28-32.]
[8] 张蕾, 卢文喜, 安永磊, 等. SAWT模型在国内外非点源污染研究中的应用进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2009, 18(6): 2387-2392.[ZHANG Lei, LU Wen-xi, AN Yong-lei, et al. Advance in non-point source pollution modeling with SWAT. Ecology and Environmental Science, 2009, 18(6): 2387-2392.]
[9] Fontaine T A, Gruickshank T S, Arnold J G, et al. Development of snowfall-snowmelt routine for mountainous terrain for the soil water assessment tool (SWAT)[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2002, 262: 209-223.
[10] Gassman P W, Reyes M R, Green C H, et al. The soil and water assessment tool: Historical development, applications, and future research directions[J]. Transactions of the ASABE, 2007, 50(4): 1211-1250.
[11] Bossa A Y, Diekkruger B, Igue A M, et al. Analyzing the effects of different soil databases on modeling of hydrological processes and sediment yield in Benin (West Africa)[J]. Geoderma, 2012, 173: 61-74.
[12] Jafet C M, Alexander J B, Bernhard W, et al. Improve SWAT model performance with time-dynamic voronoi tessellation of climatic input data in southern Africa[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2012, 48(3): 480-493.
[13] Misgana K, Muleta, Ohn W, Nicklow. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis coupled with automatic calibration for a distributed watershed model[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2005, 36: 127-145.
[14] LI Zhang-lin, SHAO Quan-xi, XU Zong-xue, et al. Analysis of parameter uncertainty in semi-distributed hydrological models using bootstrap method: A case study of SWAT model applied to Yingluoxia watershed in Northwest China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2010, 385: 76-83.
[15] 刘昌明, 郑红星, 王中根, 等. 流域水循环分布式模拟[M]. 郑州: 黄河水利出版社, 2006.[LIU Chang-ming, ZHENG Hong-xing, WANG Zhong-gen, et al. Distributed Simulation in Basin Hydrologic Cycle. Zhengzhou: Yellow River Water Conservancy Press, 2006.]
[16] 尹雄锐, 章光新, 杨帆, 等. 东北半干旱地区流域分布式水文模拟——以洮儿河流域为例[J]. 吉林大学学报:地球科学版, 2011, 41(1): 137-144.[YIN Xiong-rui, ZHANG Guang-xin, YANG Fan, et al. Distributed hydrological model in semi-arid region in northeast China: A case study in Taoer River basin. Journal of Jilin University: Earth Science Edition, 2011, 41(1): 137-144.]
[17] 苏保林, 王建平, 贾海峰, 等. 密云水库流域非点源模型系统[J]. 清华大学学报:自然科学版, 2006, 46(3): 355-359.[SU Bao-lin, WANG Jian-ping, JIA Hai-feng, et al. Non-point source modeling system of the Miyun Reservoir watershed. Journal of Tsinghua University: Science and Technology, 2006, 46(3): 355-359.]
[18] 王林, 陈兴伟. 基于3 个站点校准与验证的晋江流域径流模拟[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2007, 5(6): 21-26.[WANG Lin, CHEN Xing-wei. Runoff simulation with calibration and validation of three stations in Jinjiang River basin. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 5(6): 21-26.]
[19] 邱国玉, 尹婧, 熊育久, 等. 北方干旱化和土地利用变化对泾河流域径流的影响[J]. 自然资源学报, 2008, 23(2): 211-218.[QIU Guo-yu, YIN Jing, XIONG Yu-jiu, et al. Studies on the effects of climatic warming-drying trend and land use chang on the runoff in the Jinghe River basin. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(2): 211-218.]
[20] 王军德, 李元红, 李赞堂, 等. 基于SWAT模型的祁连山区最佳水源涵养植被模式研究——以石羊河上游杂木河流域为例[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(21): 2875-5885.[WANG Jun-de, LI Yuan-hong, LI Zan-tang, et al. Optimization of vegetation covers in Qilian Mountains based on hydrological responsed by SWAT model: A case study of Zamu River Basin in upper Shiyang River Basin. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(21): 2875-5885.]
[21] QIU Lin-jing, ZHENG Fen-li, YIN Run-sheng. SWAT-based runoff and sediment simulation in small watershed, the loessial hilly-gullied region of China: Capabilities and challenges[J]. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2012, 27: 226-234.
[22] HUANG Jin-liang, ZHOU Pei, ZHOU Zeng-rong, et al. Assessing the influence of land use and land cover datasets with different point in time and levels of detail on watershed modeling in the North River watershed, China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2013, 10: 144-157.
[23] 谢先红, 崔远来. 灌溉水利用效率随尺度变化规律分布模拟[J]. 水科学进展, 2010, 21(5): 681-689.[XIE Xian-hong, CUI Yuan-lai. Distributed hydrological modeling of irrigation water use efficiency at different spatial scales. Advances in Water Science, 2010, 21(5): 681-689.]
[24] 陈莹, 许有鹏, 陈兴伟. 长江三角洲地区中小流域未来城镇化的水文效应[J]. 资源科学, 2011, 33(1): 64-69.[CHEN Ying, XU You-peng, CHEN Xing-wei. Hydrologic response to future urbanization in small or medium basins in the Yangtze River Delta region. Resources Science, 2011, 33(1): 64-69.]
[25] 李志, 刘文兆, 张勋昌, 等. 未来气候变化对黄土高原黑河流域水资源的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(7): 3456-3464.[LI Zhi, LIU Wen-zhao, ZHANG Xun-chang, et al. The impacts of future climate change on water resources in the Heihe Watershed on the Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(7): 3456-3464.]
[26] YANG Jin, Peter R, Karim C, et al. Hydrological modeling of the Chaohe basin in China: statistical model for mulation and Bayesian inference[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2007, 340:167-182.
[27] ZHANG Xue-song, Raghavan S, David B. Calibration and uncertainty analysis of the SWAT model using Genetic Algorithms and Bayesian Model Averaging[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 374: 307-317.
[28] 赵济, 陈永文, 韩渊丰, 等. 中国自然地理[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1999.[ZHAO Ji, CHEN Yong-wen, HAN Yuan-feng, et al. China Physical Geography. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1999.]
[29] 朱鹤健, 何宜庚. 土壤地理学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1992.[ZHU He-jian, HE Yi-geng. Soil Geograpy. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1992.]
[30] 武吉华, 张绅, 江原, 等. 植物地理学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2007.[WU Ji-hua, ZHANG Shen, JIANG Yuan, et al. Phytogeography. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2007.]
[31] 郝芳华, 任希岩, 张雪松, 等. 洛河流域非点源污染负荷不确定性的影响因素[J]. 中国环境科学, 2004, 24(3): 270-274.[HAO Fang-hua, REN Xi-yan, ZHANG Xue-song, et al. Uncertain affecting factor of the non-point source pollution load. China Environmental Science, 2004, 24(3): 270-274.]
[32] 杨佳丽. 甘肃梨园河流域径流模拟及对气候变化的响应[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2010.[YANG Jia-li. The Simulation of Runoff and Response to Climate Change of Liyuan River Basin in Gansu. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2010.]
[33] Morris M D. Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments[J]. Technometrics, 1991, 33(2): 161-174.
[34] William J R, Lasear W V. Water yield model using SCS curve numbers[J]. Journal of Hydraulics Division, 1976, 102(9): 1221-1253.
[35] 王忠忠, 罗定贵, 周文斌, 等. 基于SWAT-X 模型的抚河流域径流量模拟研究[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2009, 25 (4): 95-83.[WANG Zhong-zhong, LUO Ding-gui, ZHOU Wen-bin, et al. Runoff simulation in Fuhe Basin based on SWAT-X model. Geography and Geo-Information Sciece, 2009, 25(4): 95-83.]
[36] 张秋玲. 基于SWAT 模型的平原区农业非点源污染模拟研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2010.[ZHANG Qiu-ling. Simulation of Agricultural Nonpoint Sources Pollution in Plain Area Based on SWAT Model. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2010.]
[37] 高杨. 晋江西溪流域环境变化的水文响应[D]. 福州: 福建师范大学地理科学学院, 2009.[GAO Yang. Hydrological Response to Environmental Changes in Jinjiang Xixi Watershed. Fuzhou: School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, 2009.]
[38] Hong Q, Sun Z, Chen R, et al. Small-scale watershed extended method for non-point source pollution estimation in part of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 9:595-604.
[39] 朱丽, 秦富仓, 姚云峰, 等. SWAT模型灵敏性分析模块在中尺度流域的应用——以密云县红门川流域为例[J]. 水土保持研究, 2011, 18(1): 161-165.[ZHU Li, QIN Fu-cang, YAO Yun-feng. et al. Reserch of sensitivity analysis module of SWAT model in middle-scale watershed. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 18(1): 161-165.]
[40] 孙庆艳. 华北土石山区典型流域森林植被水文生态过程响应研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2008.[SUN Qing-yan. Study on the Ecologuical Response of Hydrology on Forest Vegetation in Some Typical Watershed in North China. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2008.]
[41] LI Zhi, LIU Wen-zhao, ZHANG Xun-chang, et al. Impacts of land use change and climate variability on hydrology in an agricultural catchment on the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 377: 35-42.
[42] 徐延达. 基于SWAT 模型的长川河流域生态水文过程模拟研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学, 2008.[XU Yan-da. Study on the Ecohydrological Processes in Changchuan Catchment Based on SWAT Model. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University, 2008.]
[43] 陈鹏飞. 黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域水沙变化与土地利用格局演变的耦合研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2010.[CHEN Peng-fei. Coupling between Variation of Water and Sediment and Evolution of Land Use Pattern in Small Watershed of Loess Hilly-Gully Region. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2010.]
[44] 张丽娟, 秦富仓, 岳永杰, 等. SWAT模型灵敏性分析模块在云州水库流域的运用[J]. 水土保持通报, 2010, 20(3): 122-127.[ZHANG Li-juan, QIN Fu-cang, YUE Yong-jie, et al. Application of sensitivity analysis module of SWAT in Yunzhou Reservoir Basin. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2010, 20(3): 122-127.]
[45] 李占玲. 黑河上游山区流域径流模拟与模型不确定性分析[D]. 北京: 北京师范大学水科学研究院, 2009.[LI Zhan-ling. Runoff Simulation in the Upper Reaches of Heihe River Basin and Uncertainty Analysis in Hydrological Modeling. Beijing: College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 2009.]
[46] 李慧, 勒晟, 雷晓云, 等. SWAT 模型参数敏感性分析与自动化率定的重要性研究——以玛纳斯河径流模拟为例[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2010, 21(1): 79-82.[LI Hui, JIN Sheng, LEI Xiao-yun, et al. Study on the importance of sensitivity analysis and auto-calibration of SWAT model: Taking the case study of Manasi Watershed. Journal of Water resources & Water Engineering, 2010, 21(1): 79-82.]
[47] White K L, Chaubey I. Sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation for a multisite and multivariable SWAT model[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2005, 41(5): 1007-1089.
[48] 李丽娇, 薛丽娟, 张奇. 基于SWAT的西苕溪流域降雨——径流关系及水量平衡分析[J]. 水土保持通报, 2008, 28 (5): 81-85.[LI Li-jiao, XUE Li-juan, ZHANG Qi. SWAT-based rainfall-runoff relationship and water balance analysis in Xitiaoxi catchment. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 28(5): 81-85.]
[49] 王林. 基于SWAT 模型的晋江流域产流产沙模拟[D]. 福建: 福建师范大学, 2008.[WANG Lin. Runoff and Sediment Yield Simulation in Jinjiang Watershed Based on SWAT Model. Fujian: Fujian Normal University, 2008.]
[50] 徐爱兰. 太湖流域典型圩区农业非点源污染产污规律及模型研究[D]. 南京: 河海大学, 2007.[XU Ai-lan. Study on the Agricultural Non-point Pollution Rules in the Typical Polder around Taihu Basin. Nanjing: Hohai University, 2007.]
[51] GUO Hua, HU Qi, JIANG Tong. Annual and seasonal streamflow responses to climate and land-cover changes in the Poyang Lake basin[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 355: 106-122.
[52] 郭晓军, 崔鹏, 朱兴华. 典型泥石流流域蒋家沟的降雨-径流模拟[J]. 水土保持通报, 2011, 31(1): 175-179.[GUO Xiao-jun, CUI Peng, ZHU Xing-hua. Flow simulation in a typical debris flow basin of Jiangjia canyon. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 31(1): 175-179.]
[53] 竹磊磊, 李娜, 常军. SWAT 模型在半湿润区径流模拟中的适用性研究[J]. 人民黄河, 2010, 32(12): 59-61.[ZHU Lei-lei, LI Na, CHANG Jun. Study on the applicability of runoff simulation of SWAT in semi-moist region. Yellow River, 2010, 32(12): 59-61.]
[54] 李庆云. 黄土丘陵流域径流泥沙对气候变化和高强度人类活动响应研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2011.[LI Qing-yun. Response of Runoff and Sediment to Climatic Change and Human Activity in a Watershed of Loess Plateau. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2011.]
[55] 吴军, 张万昌. 基于径流模拟的分布式水文模型参数的空间响应研究[J]. 水土保持研究, 2007, 14(5): 1-6.[WU Jun, ZHANG Wan-chang. Spacial responses of the parameter of distributed hydrological model based on runoff simulations. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 14(5): 1-6.]
[56] 秦富仓, 张丽娟, 余新晓, 等. SWAT模型自动校准模块在云州水库流域参数率定研究[J].水土保持研究, 2010, 17 (2): 86-89.[QIN Fu-cang, ZHANG Li-juan, YU Xin-xiao, et al. Research of automatic calibration module of SWAT model in Yunzhou Reservoir Basin. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2010, 17(2): 86-89.]
[57] 王亚军, 周陈超, 贾绍凤, 等. 基于SWAT 模型的湟水流域径流模拟与评价[J]. 水土保持研究, 2007, 14(6): 428-432.[WANG Ya-jun, ZHOU Chen-chao, JIA Shao-feng, et al. The simulation and assessment of natural runoff of Huangshui Basin by SWAT. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 14(6): 428-432.]
[58] 刘吉峰, 霍世青, 李世杰, 等. SWAT模型在青海湖布哈河流域径流变化成因分析中的应用[J]. 河海大学学报:自然科学版, 2007, 35(2): 159-163.[LIU Ji-feng, HUO Shi-qing, LI Shi-jie, et al. Application of SWAT model to analysis of runoff variation of Buha River Basin of Qinghai Lake. Journal of Hohai University: Natural Sciences, 2007, 35(2): 159-163.]
[59] 李慧, 雷晓云, 包安明, 等. 基于SWAT 模型的山区日径流模拟在玛纳斯河流域的应用[J]. 干旱区研究, 2010, 27 (5): 686-690.[LI Hui, LEI Xiao-yun, BAO An-ming, et al. Application of simulation about montanic daily runoff volume in the Manas River Basin based on SWAT model. Arid Zone Research, 2010, 27(5): 686-690.]
[60] WANG Zhong-gen, Derren L F, ZHANG Yong-yong, et al. Impact of climate change on streamflow in the arid Shiyang River Basin of northwest China[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2012, 26: 2733-2744.
[61] SCS Curve Number Method[DB/OL]. http: //engineeing.purdue.edu/mapserve/LTHIA7/documentation/scs.Htm, 2012-08-03.
[62] Neitsch S L, Arnold J G, Kiniry J R, et al. Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation[M]. Texas: Texas Water Resources Institute, 2002.
[63] 芮孝芳. 水文学原理[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2004.[RUI Xiao-fang. Hydrology Principle. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 2004.]
[64] 李世华, 牛铮, 路鹏, 等. 基于主成分分析红壤有效含水量估算模型[J]. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(5): 92-94.[LI Shi-hua, NIU Zheng, LU Peng, et al. Red soil available water capacity statistical model based on principal component analysis. Transactions of the CSAE, 2007, 23(5): 92-94.]
[65] 周文佐, 刘高焕, 潘剑君. 土壤有效含水量的经验估算研究——以东北黑土为例[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2003, 17 (4): 88-95.[ZHOU Wen-zuo, LIU Gao-huan, PAN Jian-jun. Soil available water capacity and its empirical and statistical models. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2003, 17(4): 88-95.]
[66] WANG Hua-qi, ZHANG Mao-sheng, ZHU Hua, et al. Hydro-climate trends in the last 50 years in the lower reach of the Shiyang River Basin, NW China[J]. Catena, 2012, 95:33-41.
[67] 王政友. 降水入渗补给地下水滞后时间分析探讨[J]. 水文, 2011, 31(2): 42-45.[WANG Zheng-you. Discussion on lag time of rainfall pentration recharge to groundwater. Journal of China Hydrology, 2011, 31(2): 42-45.]