土地利用/覆被变化对张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区景观破碎化的影响

doi:10.11849/zrzyxb.2013.04.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在遥感和GIS技术支持下,基于1975-2010年长时间序列遥感影像,结合转移矩阵模型等方法,阐述了张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区及其周边区域的土地利用/覆被变化状况。选取斑块密度指数、聚合度、斑块平均面积指数、斑块形状破碎化指数等指标,系统分析了保护区内湿地景观破碎化过程,据此探讨了保护区及其周边区域土地利用/覆被变化对保护区内湿地景观破碎化过程的影响。结果表明:①保护区内及其周边地区的耕地比重分别增加了7.67%和5.5%,湿地比重分别减少了6.91%和0.4%;②保护区内湿地逐渐由研究初期大面积斑块体占主导、空间上连续分布的格局趋于景观破碎化;③区域土地利用/覆被变化直接导致了保护区内湿地平均斑块面积的缩减,间接降低了湿地斑块间的聚合度等;④保护区内湿地景观破碎化对土地利用/覆被变化的响应主要表现为各景观破碎化指数对大规模的耕地开垦等开发活动的响应上。

关键词: 土地利用/覆被变化, 景观破碎化, 湿地自然保护区, 黑河

Abstract:

Land use and land cover change have been greatly affecting the function and structure of wetlands landscape ecosystem. It can make so many changes on wetlands from multiple aspects, such as to initiate the wetlands fragmentation process. Wetlands within the Zhangye Heihe National Wetland Nature Reserve is of a great significance to keep the eco-environment safety of northwestern China. Besides that, it also plays a key role in preventing the Tengger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert to be a whole. However, its landscape begins to be fragmented with the change of land use and land cover in recent years. Based on multi-temporal remotely sensed TM and ETM images from1975, 1987, 1992 and 2010, changes of land use and land cover in the nature reserve during 1975-2010 were quantitatively analyzed using transition matrix in this paper.At the same time, the landscape fragmentation indices contained patch density, aggregation index, mean patch size, mean shape fragmengted index and area-wegihted mean shape fragmengted index were calculated to study the effects of land use and land cover change on landscape fragmentation process of the wetlands in the nature reserve and its surrounding areas. The results show that the land use structure in the nature reserve and its surrounding areas has undergone great changes and its wetland landscape fragmentation became more and more serious from 1975 to 2010. The proportions of farmlands in the nature reserve and its surrounding areas have increased 7.67% and 5.5% respectively. On the contrary, the wetlands declined 6.91% and 0.4%. In terms of wetland landscape, the wetland patches tend to be fragmented, especially for the river and bottomland wetlands. The mean shape fragmengted indices and area-wegihted mean shape fragmengted indices have raised from 0.48 and 0.88 to 0.52 and 0.91 in 1992-2010. However, its aggregation index decreased 9.19%. All of those indicated that the wetlands in the nature reserve has been fragmented under the effects of land use and land cover change. As for how land use and land cover change functioned on the wetland fragmentation, it can be expressed with the effect of land use and land cover change on the mean patch size, aggregation indices, shape fragmentation indices and so on. Because land use and land cover change play a key role in shifting material cycle and energy transportation mode of wetland at basin scale, it can alter the ecological processes of landscape elements and influence the wetlands landscape pattern and function in the nature reserve. Therefore, it is strongly suggested land use and land cover can affect the fragmentation process of the wetlands.

Key words: land use and land cover change, fragmentation, wetland nature reserve, Heihe River

中图分类号:

Q149

赵锐锋, 姜朋辉, 赵海莉, 谢作轮, 金建玲. 土地利用/覆被变化对张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区景观破碎化的影响[J]. 自然资源学报, 2013, 28(4): 583-595.

ZHAO Rui-feng, JIANG Peng-hui, ZHAO Hai-li, XIE Zuo-lun, JIN Jian-ling. Effect of Land Use/Cover Change on Landscape Fragmentation of Zhangye Heihe National Wetland Nature Reserve[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2013, 28(4): 583-595.

参考文献

[1] Mitsch W J. Wetland creation, restoration, and conservation: A wetland invitational at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2005, 24(4): 243-251.

[2] Mander V, Mitsch W J. Pollution control by wetlands [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2009, 35(2): 153-158.

[3] 安娜, 高乃云, 刘长娥. 中国湿地的退化原因、评价及保护[J]. 生态学杂志, 2008, 27(5): 821-828. [AN Na, GAO Nai-yun, LIU Chang-e. Wetland degradation in China: Causes, evaluation, and protection measures. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2008, 27(5): 821-828.]

[4] 郑姚闽, 张海英, 牛振国, 等. 中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估[J]. 科学通报, 2012, 57(4): 207-230. [ZHENG Yao-min, ZHANG Hai-ying, NIU Zhen-guo, et al. Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(4): 207-230.]

[5] 刘红玉, 李兆富. 流域土地利用/覆被变化对洪河保护区湿地景观的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(11): 1215-1222. [LIU Hong-yu, LI Zhao-fu. Effects of land use/cover change on wetland landscape of Honghe Nature Reserve. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(11): 1215-1222.]

[6] Foley J A, DeFries R, Asner G P, et al. Global consequences of land use [J]. Science, 2005, 570(309): 570-574.

[7] Hao H M, Ren Z Y. Land use/land cover change (LUCC) and eco-environment response to LUCC in farming-pastoral zone, China [J]. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2009, 8(1): 91-97.

[8] 傅伯杰, 陈利顶, 王军, 等. 土地利用结构与生态过程[J]. 第四纪研究, 2003, 23(3): 247-255. [FU Bo-jie, CHEN Li-ding, WANG Jun, et al. Land use structure and ecological processes. Quaternary Sciences, 2003, 23(3): 247-255.]

[9] 傅伯杰, 赵文武, 陈利顶. 地理-生态过程研究的进展与展望[J]. 地理学报, 2006, 61(11): 1123-1131. [FU Bo-jie, ZHAO Wen-wu, CHEN Li-ding. Progress and perspective of geographical-ecological processes. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(11): 1123-1131.]

[10] Kashaigili J J. Impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on flow regimes of the Usangu Wetland and the Great Ruaha River, Tanzania [J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2008, 33(8/13): 640-647.

[11] Dimitriou E, Zacharias I. Identifying microclimatic, hydrologic and land use impacts on a protected wetland area by using statistical models and GIS techniques [J]. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 2010, 51(3/4): 200-205.

[12] 孙贤斌, 刘红玉, 傅先兰. 土地利用变化对盐城自然保护区湿地景观的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2010, 25(6): 1741-1745. [SUN Xian-bin, LIU Hong-yu, FU Xian-lan. Effects of land use change on wetland landscapes in the Yancheng Nature Reserve. Resources Science, 2010, 25(6): 1741-1745.]

[13] 刘红玉, 李兆富. 周边区域湿地景观变化对洪河保护区涉禽栖息地的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2008, 32(9): 5011-5019. [LIU Hong-yu, LI Zhao-fu. Effects of landscape change of wetlands on habitats of waterfowls within Honghe Nature Reserve by its surrounding area. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 32(9): 5011-5019.]

[14] 张勃, 毛彦成, 柳景峰. 黑河中游土地利用/覆盖变化驱动力的定量分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2006, 29(5): 726-730. [ZHANG Bo, MAO Yan-cheng, LIU Jing-feng. Analysis driving forces of LUCC in Heihe Middle Reaches. Arid Land Geography, 2006, 29(5): 726-730.]

[15] 常娟, 王根绪, 王一博. 黑河流域土地利用变化的影响因素——以张掖地区为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(1): 117-123. [CHANG Juan, WANG Gen-xu, WANG Yi-bo. Driving factors of land use change in the Heihe River: Case study of Zhangye Prefecture. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2005, 27(1): 117-123.]

[16] Li S B, Zhao W Z. Landscapepattern changes of desert oasis wetlands in the middle reach of the Heihe River, China [J]. Arid Land Research and Management, 2010, 24(3): 253-262.

[17] 李传哲, 于福亮, 刘佳, 等. 近20年来黑河干流中游地区土地利用/覆被变化及驱动力定量研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(3): 353-363. [LI Chuan-zhe, YU Fu-liang, LIU Jia, et al. Research on land use/cover change and its driving force in midstream of the Heihe Mainstream Basin during the past 20 years. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(3): 353-363.]

[18] 张钰, 刘桂民, 马海燕, 等. 黑河流域土地利用与覆被变化特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2004, 26(6): 740-746. [ZHANG Yu, LIU Gui-min, MA Hai-yan, et al. Changing characteristics of land-use and land-cover in the Heihe River Basin, China during 1987-2000. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2004, 26(6): 740-746.]

[19] 王根绪, 刘进其, 陈玲. 黑河流域典型区土地利用格局变化及影响比较[J]. 地理学报, 2006, 61(4): 339-348. [WANG Gen-xu, LIU Jin-qi, CHEN Ling. Comparison of spatial diversity of land use changes and the inpacts on two typical areas of Heihe River Basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(4): 339-348.]

[20] 李娜, 颜长珍, 廖杰. 黑河中游分水前后林草变化动态监测[J]. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28(9): 1719-1722. [LI Na, YAN Chang-zhen, LIAO Jie. Dynamics of forest/grass areacs in middle reaches of Heihe River Basin before and after water redistribution. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2009, 28(9): 1719-1722.]

[21] 丁圣彦, 梁国付. 近20年来河南沿黄湿地景观格局演化[J]. 地理学报, 2004, 59(5): 653-661. [DING Sheng-yan, LIANG Guo-fu. Landscape pattern change of regional wetland along the Yellow River in Henan Province in the last two decades. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(5): 653-661.]

[22] Zhao R F, Chen Y N, Zhou H R, et al. Assessment of wetland fragmentation in the Tarim River basin, western China [J]. Environmental Geology, 2009, 57(2): 455-464.

[23] Cerian G, Jane S, Eric K. Wetland conservation: Change and fragmentation in Trinidad’s protected areas [J]. Geoforum, 2009, 40(1): 91-104.

[24] Wang Z M, Huang N, Luo L, et al. Shrinkage and fragmentation of marshes in the West Songnen Plain, China, from 1954 to 2008 and its possible causes [J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2011, 13(3): 477-486.

[25] 刘红玉, 吕宪国, 张世奎, 等. 三江平原流域湿地景观破碎化过程研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(2): 289-295. [LIU Hong-yu, Lü Xian-guo, ZHANG Shi-kui, et al. Fragmentation process of wetland landscape in watersheds of Sanjiang Plain, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(2): 289-295.]

[26] 由畅, 周永斌, 于丽芬. 景观破碎化数量分析方法概述[J]. 中国农学通报, 2006, 22(5): 146-151. [YOU Chang, ZHOU Yong-bin, YU Li-fen. An introduction of quantitative methods in landscape pattern fragmentation. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2006, 22(5): 146-151.]

[27] 黎聪, 李晓文, 郑钰, 等. 衡水湖国家级自然保护区湿地景观格局演变分析[J]. 资源科学, 2008, 30(10): 1571-1578. [LI Cong, LI Xiao-wen, ZHENG Yu, et al. Evolution of wetland landscape pattern in Hengshui National Nature Reserve. Resources Science, 2008, 30(10): 1571-1578.]

[28] 王志强, 张柏, 于磊, 等. 吉林西部土地利用/覆被变化与湿地生态安全响应[J]. 干旱区研究, 2006, 23(3): 419-426. [WANG Zhi-qiang, ZHANG Bai, YU Lei, et al. Study on LUCC and the ecological security response of wetlands in western Jilin Province. Arid Zone Research, 2006, 23(3): 419-426.]

[29] David G A, Olga V, Salvador S C, et al. Conservation issues of temporary wetland Branchiopoda (Anostraca, Notostraca: Crustacea) in a semiarid agricultural landscape: What spatial scales are relevant?[J] Biological Consercation, 2008, 141(5): 1224-1234.

[30] 魏智, 金会军, 蓝永超, 等. 黑河实施分水后中游灌区地下水资源量的变化分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(2): 344-350. [WEI Zhi, JIN Hui-jun, LAN Yong-chao, et al. Analysis of the change of groundwater resources due to water allocation in the irrigation areas of the middle Heihe River. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(2): 344-350.]