基于EMA-MFA核算的县域绿色GDP及空间分异——以河南省为例

doi:10.11849/zrzyxb.2013.03.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自然资本的定量货币化及空间属性是区域绿色经济发展研究的基本问题。针对绿色GDP核算中资源环境成本市场定价的缺陷,采用复合生态系统分析框架,整合能值分析(EMA)与物质流分析(MFA)方法,用能值-货币价值对资源损耗与环境退化定价,进而测度绿色国民财富的生态经济价值。以资源型大省河南为研究区域,估算2009年108个县域单元的各项能值指标及绿色经济发展水平,分析复合生态系统能值指标的空间特征,比较绿色GDP与传统GDP的差异,在此基础上划分县域绿色经济发展的地域类型。结果表明:基于EMA-MFA的绿色GDP核算是一种以生态为中心的强调可持续性的评价方法,旨在从复合生态系统的生态过程视角说明资源环境对社会经济发展的重要作用;河南省县域复合生态系统各能值指标在空间上集中分布且具有一定区域差异,基于EMA-MFA核算的绿色GDP与传统GDP相比核算结果差异大,绿色经济与传统经济发展水平空间分异变化明显;县域绿色GDP根据本地自然生态支撑能力、资源环境损耗状况可分为5类地域类型;不同地域类型的县域应根据现状水平与优势特征,因地制宜地加快绿色经济发展。

关键词: 复合生态系统, 绿色GDP, 能值-物质流分析, 空间分异

Abstract:

Green gross domestic product (green GDP) reveals the relationship between environmental degradation, resource depletion and the economic development. A key issue on the research is to price natural resource and environment. There are various defects in market pricing. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to show a calculative form of green GDP accounting by combining emergy analysis with material flow analysis based on complex ecosystem theory. Through a study of the ecological flows, and integrating the method of material flow analysis, natural and socioeconomic outputs are translated into solar emjoules (sej) units and calculated in terms of emergy dollar by transformity. However, from a policy point of view, it is essential to know how the conflicts between economic activities and resource and environment are spatially concentrated or disseminated. To demonstrate the mechanics of green GDP accounting and its spatial diversity, complex ecosystems in Henan Province at county level was taken as an example. We estimated emergy indices and green economic development level of 108 counties in 2009, focused on the comparisons of differences between green GDP and traditional GDP and analyzed spatial differentiation for emergy indices of complex ecosystems. On that basis, green economic development of counties in Henan Province was divided into five regional types. The results showed that: 1) Green GDP accounting based on EMA-MFA is an eco-centered assessment method to emphasis sustainability, which is designed to explain the important role played by natural resources and environment on socio-economic development from the perspective of ecological processes of the complex ecosystem. 2) The spatial distribution of emergy indices all expressed a high concentrative level with some differences among counties in Henan. The results of green GDP based on EMA-MFA accounting were quite different from the results of traditional GDP. And the change of spatial differentiation between green economic development level and traditional economic development level was obvious. 3) Green GDP in Henan Province at county level can be classified into five regional types. Each type of counties should develop green economy according to local current situation and regional advantage. 4) To objectively assess the potential and status of green economic growth, both green GDP and traditional GDP must be taken into account, because green GDP accounting based on the emergy and material flow analysis to some extent may weaken the effect of economic growth. In addition, regional transformity for various ecological flows is one of the biggest challenges in further studying. It is necessary to gradually explore the interactive mechanisms among various subsystems of complex ecosystems, the ecosystem services value effectively embedded emergy analysis and environmental governance cost accounting.

Key words: complex ecosystem, green GDP, emergy-material flow analysis, spatial differentiation

中图分类号:

张丽君, 秦耀辰, 张金萍, 路超君. 基于EMA-MFA核算的县域绿色GDP及空间分异——以河南省为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2013, 28(3): 504-516.

ZHANG Li-jun, QIN Yao-chen, ZHANG Jin-ping, LU Chao-jun. County Green GDP Accounting Based on EMA-MFA Method and Its Spatial Differentiation: A Case of Henan Province[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2013, 28(3): 504-516.

参考文献

[1] Yang C L, Poon J P H. Regional analysis of China’s green GDP [J]. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2009, 50(5): 547-563.

[2] 马国霞, 石敏俊, 赵学涛. 基于矿产资源价值核算的中国真实国民储蓄及其区域分异[J]. 自然资源学报, 2009, 24(1): 104-114.[MA Guo-xia, SHI Min-jun, ZHAO Xue-tao. Genuine savings based on mineral resources value and regional differentiation in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(1): 104-114.]

[3] 雷敏, 张兴榆, 曹明明. 资源型城市绿色GDP核算研究——以陕西省榆林市为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2009, 24(12): 2046-2055.[LEI Min, ZHANG Xing-yu, CAO Ming-ming. Accounting research of green GDP of resource -dependent cities-A case study of Yulin City in Shanxi Province. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(12): 2046-2055.]

[4] 王铮, 刘扬, 周清波. 上海的GDP一般增长核算与绿色GDP核算[J]. 地理研究, 2006, 25(2): 185-192.[WANG Zheng, LIU Yang, ZHOU Qing-bo. Research on Shanghai’s general growth accounting and green GDP accounting. Geography Research, 2006, 25(2): 185-192.]

[5] 王丽霞, 任志远. 初探绿色GDP核算方法及实证分析——以山西省大同市为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2005, 24(2): 100-105.[WANG Li-xia, REN Zhi-yuan. An elementary discussion and analysis of green GDP calculation methods-A case study of Datong city in Shanxi Province. Progress in Geography, 2005, 24(2): 100-105.]

[6] Daily G C, Söderqvist T, Aniyar S, et al. The value of nature and the nature of value [J]. Science, 2000, 289(5478): 395-396.

[7] Costanza R, d’ArgeR, de Groot R, et al. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital [J]. Nature, 1997, 387(6630): 253-260.

[8] United Nations. Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting Series F [M]. New York: United Nations, 2003.

[9] Hinterberger F, Luks F, Schmidt-Bleek F. Material flows vs. "natural capital": What makes an economy sustainable [J]. Ecological Economics, 1997, 23(1): 1-14.

[10] 赵景柱, 肖寒, 吴刚. 生态系统服务的物质量与价值量评价方法的比较分析[J]. 应用生态学报, 2000, 11(2): 290-292.[ZHAO Jing-zhu, XIAO Han, WU Gang. Comparison analysis on physical and value assessment methods for ecosystems services. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000, 11(2): 290-292.]

[11] Huang S L, Lee C L, Chen C W. Socioeconomic metabolism in Taiwan: Emergy synthesis versus material flow analysis [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2006, 48(2): 166-196.

[12] 张颖, 单永娟, 韩雪梅. 北京经济系统物质流投入产出表的编制及其分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2009, 24(3): 514-522.[ZHANG Ying, SHAN Yong-juan, HAN Xue-mei. Designand analysis of an input-output table of material flow in economic system in Beijing. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(3): 514-522.]

[13] 李名升, 佟连军. 基于能值和物质流的吉林省生态效率研究[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(11): 6239-6247.[LI Ming-sheng, TONG Lian-jun. Eco-efficiency of Jilin Province based on emergy and material flow. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2009, 29(11): 6239-6247.]

[14] Campbell D E. Financial accounting methods to further develop and communicate environmental accounting using emergy//Brown M T, Bardi E, Campbell D, et al. Emergy Synthesis 3-Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, USA, 2005.

[15] 李双成, 刘金龙, 张才玉, 等. 生态系统服务研究动态及地理学研究范式[J]. 地理学报, 2011, 66(12): 1618-1630.[LI Shuang-cheng, LIU Jin-long, ZHANG Cai-yu, et al. The research trends of ecosystem services and the paradigm in geography. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(12): 1618-1630.]

[16] 马仁锋, 王筱春, 李文婧, 等. 省域尺度县域综合发展潜力空间分异研究——以云南省为实证[J]. 地理科学, 2011, 31(3): 344-350.[MA Ren-feng, WANG Xiao-chun, LI Wen-jing, et al. Spatial disparity of county comprehensive development potential in Yunnan Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(3): 344-350.]

[17] Odum H T. Environment, Power, and Society [M]. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1971.

[18] Odum H T. Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making [M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

[19] Brown M T, Herendeen R A. Embodied energy analysis and EMERGY analysis: A comparative view [J]. Ecological Economics, 1996, 19(3): 219-235.

[20] Matthews W, Bringezu S. The Weight of Nations: Material out Flows from Industrial Economies [M]. Washington D C: World Resource Institute, 2000.

[21] Zhang Y, Yang Z F, Liu G Y, et al. Emergy analysis of the urban metabolism of Beijing [J]. Ecological Modelling, 2011, 222(14): 2377-2384.

[22] Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy-based indices and ratios to evaluate sustainability: Monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation [J]. Ecological Engineering, 1997, 9(1/2): 51-69.

[23] 刘薇. 北京市1998-2008 年生态经济系统能值分析[J]. 经济地理, 2010, 30(8): 1367-1371.[LIU Wei. Ecological evaluation of Beijing economy based on emergy indices from 1998-2008. Economic Geography, 2010, 30(8): 1367-1371.]

[24] 康文星, 王东, 邹金伶, 等. 基于能值分析法核算的怀化市绿色GDP[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(8): 2151-2158.[KANG Wen-xing, WANG Dong, ZOU Jin-ling, et al. Accounting green GDP in Huaihua based on energy analytic approach. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2010, 30(8): 2151-2158.]

[25] 陈源泉, 高旺盛. 基于农业生态服务价值的农业绿色GDP核算——以安塞县为例[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 27(1): 250-209.[CHEN Yuan-quan, GAO Wang-sheng. Green accounting for agriculture production based on the value of agroecosystem services: A case study of Ansai County. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 250- 209.]

[26] Ulgiati S, Odum H T, Bastianoni S. Emergy use, environmental loading and sustainability: An emergy analysis of Italy [J]. Ecological Modelling, 1994, 73(3/4): 215-268.

[27] 李克煌. 河南太阳总辐射的计算方法和分布特征[J]. 河南师大学报: 自然科学版, 1980(1): 52-66.[LI Ke-huang. The calculation and distribution of solar radiation in Henan. Henan Normal University: Science Edition, 1980(1): 52-66.]

[28] 河南省气象局. 河南省气候图集[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 1982.[Henan Meteorological Bureau. Climatic Atlas of Henan Province. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 1982.]

[29] 边柳, 高强, 张海军. 河南省降雨侵蚀力空间分布特征[J]. 中国水土保持, 2009(3): 23-24.[BIAN Liu, GAO Qiang, ZHANG Hai-jun. Characteristics of spatial distribution of rainfall erosion force of Henan Province. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2009(3): 23-24.]

[30] 鲁丰先. 河南省综合生态承载力研究. 开封: 河南大学, 2009.[LU Feng-xian. Study on Comprehensive Ecological Carrying Capacity of Henan Province. Kaifeng: Henan University, 2009.]

[31] 刘伟, 鞠美庭, 楚春礼. 区域环境－经济系统物质流与能流分析方法及实证研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(8): 1435-1445.[LIU Wei, JU Mei-ting, CHU Chun-li, et al. Material and energy flow analysis and empirical study in regional environmental-economic system. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(8): 1435-1445.]

[32] 谢高地, 甄霖, 鲁春霞, 等. 一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J]. 自然资源学报, 2008, 23(5): 911-919.[XIE Gao-di, ZHEN Lin, LU Chun-xia, et al. Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(5): 911-919.]

[33] 《农业技术经济手册》编委会. 农业技术经济手册[M]. 北京: 农业出版社, 1983.["Handbook of Agricultural Technology Economic" Editorial Board. Handbook of Agricultural Technology Economic. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 1983.]

[34] 陈阜. 农业生态学[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2004.[CHEN Fu. Agricultural Ecology. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2004.]

[35] Odum H T, Brown M T, Brandt-Williams S. Handbook of Emergy evaluation: A compendium of data for Emergy computation issued in a series of folios. Folio1, Introduction and Global Budget. Center for Environmental Policy, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 2000.

[36] Odum H T. Handbook of Emergy evaluation: A compendium of data for emergy computation issued in a series of folios. Folio2, Emergy of Global Processes. Center for Environmental Policy, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 2000.

[37] Brown M T, Bardi E. Handbook of Emergy evaluation: A compendium of data for emergy computation issued in a series of folios. Folio3, Emergy of Ecosystems. Center for Environmental Policy, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 2001.

[38] Brandt-Williams S. Handbook of Emergy evaluation: A compendium of data for emergy computation issued in a series of folios. Folio4, Emergy of Florida agriculture. Center for Environmental Policy, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 2001.

[39] 蓝盛芳, 钦佩, 陆宏芳. 生态经济系统能值分析[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2002.[LAN Sheng-fang, QIN Pei, LU Hong-fang. Emergy Analysis of the Eco-Economic System. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2002.]

[40] Jiang M M, Zhou J B, Chen B, et al. Emergy-based ecological account for the Chinese economy in 2004 [J]. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 2008, 13(10): 2337-2356.

[41] Huang S L, Hsu W L. Materials flow analysis and emergy evaluation of Taipei’s urban construction [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003, 63(2): 61-74.