基于农户生计演化的山地生态恢复研究综述

doi:10.11849/zrzyxb.2011.02.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 农户生计演化对山地生态系统恢复的影响是恢复生态学和乡村地理学关注的焦点。针对该学术背景,论文对国内外相关研究进行了总结,系统梳理了农户生计变化的内涵、驱动因素及其对山地生态系统恢复的影响;得出农户生计变化与山地生态系统演化是紧密相关的,农户生计状况最终决定着山地生态系统的特征,农户生计的改善往往驱动着山地生态系统的正向演替。最后,针对当前的研究和实践现状,建议进一步加强对农户生计和生态恢复相互关系的研究;针对当前的新农村建设和环境保护项目,要深入探究其对农户生计乃至山地生态系统恢复的影响;并建议优化中国地方官员考核标准,增强各级部门对农户生计以及环境保护的重视。

关键词: 生态恢复, 农户生计, 山地

Abstract: With the acceleration of industria1ization and urbanization, there is a phenomenon of farmer household livelihood evolution in the vast rural areas. Therefore, farmer household livelihood evolution reflects the change of rural economy to a certain extent. Pushed by marginal rural economies and pulled by employment opportunities, the rural poor seek new livelihoods in local communities, external cities and foreign labor markets. Then the farmer household livelihood experiences a variety of changes. According to international related reports, the livelihood evolution can affect the mountainous ecological restoration by changing the farmer households’ land use activity. In terms of its natural function and task, research on mountainous ecological restoration based on farmer household livelihood evolution becomes the focus of restoration ecology and rural geography. Based on Chinese and international related research, the connotation of farmer household livelihood evolution, driving forces and mechanism were reviewed. It was put forward that livelihood diversification and livelihood substitution were different forms of livelihood evolution, and mountainous ecological restoration was closely related to farmer household livelihood evolution. It was also recognized that the active household livelihood evolution promoted the upland ecological restoration through decreasing the human disturbance. For example, the evident decrease of deforestation, degradation and mountainous woodland recovery, resulted from the marginal land abandonment, the transition of farmer cooking energy from firewood to coal, are widespread in some developing countries recently. Finally, it was proposed that the relation between farmer household livelihood evolution and mountainous ecological restoration, the influence of a series of governments’ programs on farmer household livelihoods and rural ecosystem, should be promoted for further study. It was also suggested that Chinese official assessment criteria should be optimized, adding to the weight of household livelihoods and environment, in order to increase the governments’ focus on household livelihood and local environment. Government officials should be rewarded for their long-term livelihood and environmental achievements, not exclusively based on the economic accomplishment in their term of office.

Key words: ecological restoration, farmer household livelihoods, mountainous region

中图分类号:

X171.4

王成超, 杨玉盛. 基于农户生计演化的山地生态恢复研究综述[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2): 344-352.

WANG Cheng-chao, YANG Yu-sheng. Review of Research on Mountainous Ecological Restoration Based on Farmer Household Livelihood Evolution[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2011, 26(2): 344-352.

参考文献

[1] Kates R W, Clark W C, Corell R, et al. Sustainability science [J]. Science, 2001, 292:641-642. [2] 钟太洋, 黄贤金. 农户层面土地利用变化研究综述[J]. 自然资源学报, 2007, 22(3):341-352. [3] Liu J. China’s road to sustainability [J]. Science, 2010, 328:50. [4] Robert Chambers, Gordon R Conway. Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century . Brighton, England: Institute of Development Studies, 1992. [5] Bahiigwa G, Mdoe N, Ellis F. Livelihoods research findings and agriculture-led growth [J]. IDS Bulletin, 2005, 36: 115-20. [6] 阎建忠, 张镱锂, 朱会义, 等. 大渡河上游不同地带居民对环境退化的响应[J]. 地理学报, 2006, 61(2):146-156. [7] Pari Baumann. Sustainable livelihoods and political capital: Arguments and evidence from decentralization and natural resource management in India . London: Overseas Development Institute, 2000. [8] Allison E H, Horemans B. Putting the principles of the sustainable livelihoods approach into fisheries development policy and practice [J]. Marine Policy, 2006, 30:757-766. [9] Moriarty P, Butterworth J. The productive use of domestic water supplies: How water supplies can play a wider role in livelihood improvement and poverty reduction . IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, 2008: 34-57. [10] Maros Ivanic, Will Martin. Implications of higher global food prices for poverty in low-income countries . World Bank, 2009:1-57. [11] Berzborn S. The household economy of pastoralists and wage-labourers in the Richtersveld, South Africa [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2006, 89:128-131. [12] Sneddon C S. 'Sustainability’ in ecological economics, ecology and livelihoods: A review[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2000, 24(4):521-549. [13] Sunderlin W D, Angelsen A, Belcher B, et al. Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries: An overview [J]. World Development, 2005, 33(9):1383-1402. [14] Rigg J. Land, farming, livelihoods, and poverty: Rethinking the links in the rural south [J]. World Development, 2006, 34(1):180-202. [15] 张丽萍, 张镱锂, 阎建忠, 等. 青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式[J]. 地理学报, 2008, 63(4):377-385. [16] Cao S. Socioeconomic road in ecological restoration in China [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44:5328-5329. [17] Cao S, Chen L, Song Y, et al. Impact of the natural forest conservation program on the livelihood of local residents in Northwestern China [J]. Ecological Economics, 2010, 69:1454-1462. [18] Cao S, Xu C, Chen L, et al. Attitudes of farmers in China’s northern Shaanxi Province towards the land-use changes required under the Grain for Green Project, and implications for the program’s success [J]. Land Use Policy, 2009, 26:1182-1194. [19] Cao S, Zhong B, Yue Y, et al. Development and testing of a sustainable environmental restoration policy on eradicating the poverty trap in China’s Changting County [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106(26):10712-10716. [20] Frank Ellis. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries [M]. Oxford University Press, 2000:3-5. [21] 李小建, 高更和, 乔家君. 农户收入的农区发展环境影响分析——基于河南省1251家农户的调查[J]. 地理研究, 2008, 27(5):1037-1047. [22] Zhu N, Luo X B. Nonfarm activity and rural income inequality: A case study of two provinces in China . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3811, January 2006. [23] Rudel T K, Bates D, Machinguiasli R. A tropical forest transition? Agricultural change, out-migration, and secondary forests in the Ecuadorian Amazon [J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2002, 92(1):87-102. [24] Walker R, Perz S, Caldas M, et al. Land use and land cover change in forest frontiers: The role of household life cycles [J]. International Regional Science Review, 2002, 25(2):169-199. [25] Read L, Lawrence D, Foster D R. Recovery of biomass following shifting cultivation in dry tropical forests of the Yucatan [J]. Ecological Applications, 2003, 13:85-97. [26] Lugo A E. Can we manage tropical landscapes?—An answer from the Caribbean perspective [J]. Landscape Ecology, 2002, 17:601-615. [27] Hecht S B, Kandel S, Gome I, et al. Globalization, forest resurgence, and environmental politics in El Salvador [J]. World Development, 2006, 34:308-323. [28] Endress B A, Chinea J D. Landscape patterns of tropical forest recovery in the Republic of Palau [J]. Biotropica, 2001, 33:555-565. [29] Jacob A L, Vaccaro I, Sengupta R, et al. Integrating landscapes that have experienced rural depopulation and ecological homogenization into tropical conservation planning [J]. Tropical Conservation Science, 2008, l1(4): 307-320. [30] Arroyo-Mora J P, Sanchez-Azofeifa G A, Rivard B, et al. Dynamics in landscape structure for the Chorotega region, Costa Rica from 1960 to 2000 [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2005, 106:27-39 [31] Yu Zhu. In situ urbanization in rural China: Case studies from Fujian Province [J]. Development and Change, 2000, 31(2):413-434. [32] Lynagh Urich. A critical review of buffer zone theory and practice: A Philippine case study [J]. Society and Natural Resources, 2002, 15:129-145. [33] Tisdell C, Zhu X. Protected area, agricultural pests and economic damage: Conflicts with elephants and pests in Yunnan, China [J]. The Environmentalist, 1998, 18:109-118. [34] Brandon K E, Mewls M. Planning for people and parks: Design dilemmas [J]. World Development, 1992, 20:557-570. [35] Nepal S K, Weber K E. A buffer zone for biodiversity conservation: Viability of the concept in Nepal’s Royal Chitwan National Park [J]. Environmental Conservation, 1994, 21(4):333-341. [36] Ashley C. Applying livelihood approaches in natural resource management initiatives: Experiences in Namibia and Kenya . London: Overseas Dev. Institute Working Paper, 2000:134. [37] Kiss A. Is community-based ecotourism a good use biodiversity conservation funds? [J]. Jr. of Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2004, 1(5):232-237. [38] Mohaptra P C. Strategic development wetlands: An ecotourism perspective [J]. ICFAI J. of Business Strategy, 2008, 5(1):21-29. [39] Kirsten D Schuyt. Economic consequences of wetland degradation for local populations in Africa [J]. Ecological economics, 2005, 53(2):177-190. [40] Brown K. Environment, biodiversity and sustainable development: International issues Ch. 22// Kirkpatrick C, Clarke R, Pulidano C. Companion to Development Policy and Management. Edward-Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2002. [41] Herrera M D, Balladares E C, Almanza M J. Alternative livelihood analysis in Padre Ramos Protected Area . El Viejo, Nicaragua, 2008:25. [42] Baker N J. Sustainable wetland resource utilization of Sango Bay through eco-tourism development [J]. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2008, 2(10):326-335. [43] 王成超. 我国社区旅游实践的扭曲与反思[J]. 海南师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2010(1):104-107. [44] Allison E H, Badjeck M. Livelihoods, local knowledge and the integration of economic development and conservation concerns in the lower Tana River Basin [J]. Hydrobiologia, 2004, 527:19-23. [45] 刘彦随, 刘玉, 翟荣新. 中国农村空心化的地理学研究与整治实践[J]. 地理学报, 2009, 64(10): 1193-1202. [46] 龙花楼, 李裕瑞, 刘彦随. 中国空心化村庄演化特征及其动力机制[J]. 地理学报, 2009, 64(10): 1203-1213. [47] Cao S, Chen L, Liu Z, et al. An investigation of Chinese attitudes towards the environment: Case study using the Grain for Green Project [J]. Ambio, 2009, 38:55-64. [48] 曹世雄, 陈军, 陈莉, 等. 中国居民环境保护意愿的调查分析[J]. 应用生态学报, 2007, 18(8):2104-2110. [49] 曹世雄, 陈军, 陈莉, 等. 关于我国国民环境态度调查分析[J]. 生态学报, 2008, 28(2):735-741.