Accurately delineating the background of China's land space pattern change since the 21 st century and planning the future control of national land space scientifically and effectively is an important measure to realize the centralized management of landscape natural resources and China's beautiful vision. This study systematically identified the scientific connotation of the spatial pattern optimization and regulation. Then, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the national land space change since the 21 st century were analyzed. Finally, we proposed the optimal allocation of the 2035 and 2050 beautiful vision and regulating modes of the realization of this vision. China has experienced rapid urban and industrial land expansion, arable land reduction, "grain for green" and other modes of land development and ecological protection in the 21 st century. In the new era, it is necessary to strengthen the land space management and control of different development intensity types (artificial constructing activities, agricultural developing activities and natural ecosystem protection). It is also essential to strengthen the optimization of the internal structure of each ecosystem type and the improvement of quality to achieve the national food security, ecological security and sustainable development goals. At the same time, on the basis of the state detection, problem diagnosis and controlling threshold definition of the national land space background, the beautiful vision of 2035 and 2050 will be achieved. On the background of unified management of natural resources and the integration of multiple plans, the basic farmland protection and quality improvement, ecological grass and animal husbandry construction development, and the "target-oriented high-ranking examples" livable urban environment should be attached to the realization of the future vision of the national natural ecosystem protection.

准确掌握中国21世纪以来国土空间格局变化的本底状态,科学有效地谋划未来国土空间管控途径,是实现“山水林田湖草”生态系统和自然资源集中统一管理及中国美丽愿景规划实施的重要举措。本文系统剖析了新时代国土空间格局优化和管控的科学内涵,分析了21世纪以来国家国土空间格局变化的时空特征,并提出了对标2035年目标和2050年愿景的国土空间格局优化配置和美丽愿景目标实现的调控模式。中国21世纪以来经历了快速的城市和工矿用地扩张、耕地面积减少和生态退耕还林还草等国土开发利用和生态保护模式,新时代需要加强对不同开发强度等级（人工建设活动、农业开发活动和自然生态系统保护）类型边界的空间管控,更需要加强各生态系统类型内部结构的优化和品质质量的提升,以促进国家粮食安全、生态安全和可持续发展目标的实现。同时,在国土空间格局本底的配置合理性检测、问题诊断和调控阈值界定基础上,对标2035年和2050年美丽愿景目标,在自然资源集中统一管理、“多规合一”等新时代背景下,高度重视国家自然生态系统保护和管控、基本农田保护和质量提升、生态草牧业建设发展以及“对标范例”宜居城市环境营造等方面未来愿景目标的实现。

Territorial spatial planning, as a main aspect of the “integration of multi-planning,” has addressed the fundamental requirements of constructing an ecological civilization and the practical needs of changing the governance mode of land and space. Numerous theoretical and practical issues need to be studied in depth. This article focuses on ten basic relations. Among them, the two major relations are planning versus market and spatial planning versus development planning, which constitute the basic relations of territorial spatial planning. Only by properly handling these two relations can we reasonably determine the functional orientation and responsibility boundary of territorial spatial planning and ensure the healthy development of the “integration of multi-planning” reform. Four other major relationships surrounding spatial planning are high-quality development versus high-quality national space, agglomerated development versus balanced development, new urbanization versus rural revitalization, and new town development versus urban renovation, which constitute the themes and main contents of land spatial planning. Only by dealing with these four relations properly can we give full play to the role of land spatial planning. From an methodological perspective, the four important relations include the division of “three zones” (urban space, agricultural space, ecological space) versus the delimitation of “three lines” (ecological protection, permanent basic agricultural land, urban development boundary), standardization versus special characteristics, policy innovation versus technological innovation, and planning versus planning implementation, which make up the key approaches of territorial spatial planning. Dealing with these four relations well is the premise and basis of scientific compilation and effective implementation of territorial spatial planning.

国土空间规划作为“多规合一”改革的重要成果,反映了生态文明建设的根本要求和转变国土空间治理方式的现实需要,其中有大量理论和实践问题需要深入研究。本文重点讨论了十个基本关系问题。其中,规划与市场、空间规划与发展规划两大关系,是国土空间规划的基本关系,处理好这两大关系,才能合理确定国土空间规划的功能定位和职责边界,保证“多规合一”改革的正确走向;高质量发展与高品质国土、集聚开发与均衡发展、新型城镇化与乡村振兴、新城开发与城市更新四大关系,是国土空间规划的时代主题和主要内容,处理好这四大关系,才能有效发挥国土空间规划的作用;“三区”划分与“三线”划定、规范化与特色化、政策创新与技术创新、规划编制与规划实施四大关系,是国土空间规划的方法论,处理好这四大关系,是科学编制和有效实施国土空间规划的前提和基础。

There are obvious differences among the upper, middle, and lower reaches in the natural environment in the Yangtze River Basin. The regional topography and climatic conditions are significantly distinct, and economic development is unbalanced. The impacts of various socioeconomic factors, policies, and natural factors on land use stimulate changes in the ecological environment. Therefore, knowledge of the ecosystem's patterns, characteristics, and driving forces is the basis for studying the ecosystem services, ecological environmental problems, and ecological risk assessments. The ecosystem patterns, changing characteristics, and primary driving forces were analyzed from 2000 to 2015 in the Yangtze River Basin. During the 15-year period, about 6.4×10 4 km 2 of the ecosystem changed, including a 67.5% increase in urban land, 2.1% increase in forest growth, and 7.5% reduction in croplands. These dramatic changes were concentrated in the lower reaches, big cities in the upper and the middle reaches, urban agglomerations, and reforested cropland areas. Ecosystem patterns and compositions in the upper, middle, and lower reaches were different. Forests and wetlands in the upper reach and urban land in the lower reach increased significantly, whereas croplands and wetlands in the lower reach decreased substantially. Through the analysis of landscape patterns, the degree of landscape fragmentation, as well as landscape diversity, increased. Between the years 2000 and 2015, the change in ecosystem patterns in the Yangtze River Basin was influenced by urbanization, ecological conservation and restoration, water resource development, agricultural development, geological hazards, and climate change. The contributions of the primary driving forces to ecosystem changes varied for the upper, middle, and lower reaches. The first important driving force was urbanization, with a contribution rate of 48.0% and up to 64.5% in the lower reach. The second important driving force was ecological conservation projects, with a contribution rate of 32.8% and up to 47.8% in the upper reach. Water resource development and agricultural development contributed 8.5% and 9.9%, respectively. In addition, the area of plateau lakes increased due to climate change. To sustainably protect the ecosystem in the Yangtze River Basin, the design of the ecological conservation redlines, reasonable land use planning in urbanization, conservation of high quality cropland, and the prohibition of development on important wetlands are necessary.

长江流域生态系统格局复杂，多种社会经济、政策和自然因素对土地利用变化的影响使得生态环境发生变化。分析了2000年至2015年长江流域生态系统格局和演变特征，及主要驱动力对生态系统变化的贡献。15年间，共有约6.4万km 2 的生态系统类型发生变化，城镇增长67.5%，农田缩减7.5%，森林增加2.1%，剧烈的生态系统变化集中于下游，以及中上游的大城市，城镇聚集区以及退耕还林区。生态系统景观破碎化程度和景观多样性提高。上、中、下游生态系统格局、构成差异较大，15年间，上游和下游森林显著增加，下游城镇显著扩张、农田和湿地显著缩减，上游湿地增加最为显著。城镇化是生态系统格局演变的首要驱动力，对生态系统变化的贡献率达48.0%，长江下游城镇化的贡献率高达64.5%。生态保护与恢复工程是第二驱动力，对生态系统变化的贡献率为32.8%，在上游高达47.8%。水资源开发和农业开发贡献率分别为8.5%和9.9%，此外，气候变化促使高原湖泊面积增大。为保护长江流域生态系统的可持续发展，需划定生态保护红线，合理规划城市化进程中的土地利用，保护优质耕地，禁止重要湿地的开发。

In consideration of the temporal and spatial variations of ecosystem type, service quality and function type, this paper carried out a dynamic valuation of the ecosystem services contributed by Dongjiang River Basin in the year 2000, 2004 and 2008. Remote sensing and geographic information system(GIS) technology, as well as market value method, shadow project method, the opportunity cost method and some other methods were used in the evaluation process to reveal both the temporal and spatial variations of those ecosystem service values. The results showed that: 1) the ecosystem service values of Dongjiang River Basin were on the decline, figuring at from 159.526 billion yuan in 2000 to 155.662 billion yuan in 2008, while the average annual reduction rates were slowing down, counted at 0.57% from 2000 to 2004 and 0.04% from 2004 to 2008, respectively. 2) Compared with the ecosystem service values of per unit area of arable land, woodland, grassland, built-up area and unused land in year 2000, the values corresponding to each of the land use type in year 2008 decreased very much, implying that the ecosystem quality of Dongjiang River Basin degraded. 3) The average annual reduction rate of woodland service value per unit area from 2004 to 2008 was higher than that of from 2000 to 2004, reflecting the exceptional accelerated decline in the quality of the forest resources. 4) The spatial distribution of ecosystem service value per unit area changed from higher at the upstream and midstream areas to the lower at the downstream. However, a more dramatic decrease was observed in the upstream area.

从生态系统的类型、质量和功能的时空变化出发,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,结合市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法等方法,并在全面考虑各类型生态系统服务功能和基础数据可获得性的基础上,对东江流域的生态系统服务价值进行科学评估,揭示生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000—2008年东江流域生态系统服务总价值呈减少趋势,且除水域外,其余生态系统的单位面积生态服务价值均为2008年比2000年有所减少,说明流域生态系统的质量呈下降趋势。林地的单位面积生态服务价值2004—2008年的年均减少率大于2000—2004年,反映了流域森林资源的质量加速下降的状况;从空间上看,虽然上中游单位面积的生态系统服务价值大于下游,但上游单位面积生态系统服务价值减少得比较剧烈。

As studies on ecosystem services are becoming a hot spot among scientists, a research paradigm needs to be built in related discipline fields such as geography. This paper reviewed the progress, problems and trends of studies on ecosystem services at home and abroad. Furthermore, aiming at the topics and problems in current ecosystem service studies, we proposed a geographical paradigm and priority themes in this field. It is suggested that spatial heterogeneity and regional difference should be taken as entry points to study ecosystem services from geographical perspectives. Researches should be focused on the theme of ecosystem structure and function-ecosystem services-human well-being, and take the coupling connections between "ecosystem services offered by natural system and then internalized consumption of socioeconomic system" as the core research theme for comprehensive analysis of the response of socioeconomic system to the internalization of natural capital. We can promote integrated research on geographical sciences by constructing the geographical study paradigm of ecosystem service, which can not only expand the study capacity for ecosystem services, but also raise the level of comprehensive studies on social-ecological system. In addition, we should offer an important practical field for the study of human-land relationship, which is the core issue of geography.

生态系统服务是目前国际上相关研究热点之一.本文综述了国内外生态系统服务研究的进展、存在问题和发展趋势.在此基础上,针对目前生态系统服务研究生态学范式存在的问题,提出了地理学在此领域的研究范式和优先主题.研究认为,从地理学视角研究生态系统服务,应当以空间异质性和区域差异作为切入点,紧紧围绕生态系统结构与功能—生态系统服务—人类社会福祉这一主线,始终将"自然系统提供生态服务与社会经济系统内化消费"之间的耦合联系作为研究核心,综合集成分析社会经济系统对自然资本内化的响应.通过建构生态系统服务的地理学研究范式,不仅可以拓展生态系统服务研究的深度和广度,而且有助于提升自然和社会经济系统的集成分析水平,进而推动地理学综合研究进程.同时,也为地理学的核心命题——人地关系研究提供重要的实践领域.

The global losses of biodiversity and critical ecosystem services are great threats to human society. Ecological restoration is an important way to regain the lost ecosystem services and biodiversity. In order to achieve successful results, various restoration approaches have been developed. While some approaches take advantage of the self-designing ability of natural restoration systems, others rely on man-made designs at various levels. Since different restoration approaches may have different effects, identifying the best approach becomes crucial for successful restoration implementation. In order to achieve this objective, we proposed herein a system to classify various restoration methods into three types of approaches, namely, high-, intermediate-and low-intensity intervention approaches based on the intensity or the degree of human intervention. We then conducted a meta-analysis by using data obtained from ISI Web of Knowledge to study the effects of different restoration approaches on ecosystem services and biodiversity. In addition, we examined restoration effects under different climate zones, ecosystem types, restoration ages, and ecosystem service types. Finally, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services was studied. We used the median response ratio as an indicator of biodiversity and ecosystem service restoration effects. Since our data were not normally distributed, Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analyses were applied to detect statistical differences. Spearman rank analysis was used to test the correlation between biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this study, a low-intensity intervention approach indicates that the restoration effects are entirely achieved by natural forces. Human contributions to ecosystem restoration occur only through behavioral changes, such as land abandonment and threat removal. The intermediate-intensity approach applies when people only alter the environment during restoration. There is no direct intervention exerted on restoration targets. Some examples of intermediate intensity approaches include fertilizer application, the establishment of green corridors to improve habitat connectivity, and the addition of large deadwood to streams in order to improve habitat heterogeneity. A high-intensity approach is defined by direct human control on restoration targets. This approach usually involves anthropogenic biological recovery of a degraded ecosystem. Tree planting and species introduction are good examples of high-intensity approaches. The meta-analysis indicated that the median increment of ecosystem services and biodiversity in restored ecosystems was 45% and 151%, respectively, when compared to that of degraded ecosystems. The median enhancement of ecosystem services and biodiversity was 31% and 25%, respectively, for the low-intensity approach, and 31% and 22%, respectively, for the intermediate-intensity approach. A positive correlation was observed between biodiversity and ecosystem services, especially in restored versus degraded ecosystems. Further detailed analysis revealed a significant variation with regard to the effects of restoration approaches dependent on restoration goals (biodiversity or ecosystem services), referring systems (degraded or reference), climatic conditions, and time elapsed since restoration. However, some prominent differences were still found in tropical and terrestrial ecosystems. In this context, the high-intensity approach generally generated the best restoration effects when compared to degraded ecosystems. However, this approach may be suboptimal if the goal of restoration is to recreate the original environmental state. Indeed, the high complexity of reference ecosystems may be more easily recreated via intermediate intensity approaches. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering socioeconomic factors during restoration planning and creating a standard evaluation system for restoration effects and sustainability based on indicators of ecosystem services.

全球范围内关键生态系统服务的减少使人类社会面临巨大的威胁，生物多样性是生态系统提供各种产品和服务的基础。生态恢复工程对退化的生态系统服务和生物多样性进行修复，对于缓解人类环境压力具有非常重要的意义。长期的理论和实践工作形成了多种生态恢复措施：（1）单纯基于生态系统自我设计的自然恢复方式，（2）人为设计对环境条件进行干预，反馈影响生态系统的自我设计，（3）人为设计对目标种群和生态系统进行直接干预和重建。这3类恢复方式可以在不同程度上定向的影响生态系统的恢复进程，反映了人类对生态系统的低度、中度和高度介入。哪种恢复方式和介入程度能够实现更好的恢复效果，是生态恢复学中的一个关键问题，但到目前为止，虽广有争议，却无定量的分析和结论。针对这个空白，通过对ISI Web of Knowledge数据库中生态恢复相关文献的整合分析，基于数学统计的方法定量比较在不同条件下低度介入（自然恢复）、中度介入（环境干预）和高度介入（直接干预）3种恢复方式对生态系统服务与生物多样性的恢复效果。论文从4个方面展开研究：（1）低度、中度、高度介入生态恢复方式的划分，（2）比较3大类介入方式对生态系统服务和生物多样性恢复效果的差异，（3）不同气候条件、生态系统类型和恢复时间等背景因素的影响，（4）生物多样性恢复和生态系统服务恢复之间的关系。研究结果揭示了不同生态恢复方式的适用条件，以及对生物多样性和生态系统恢复相互关系的作用，对生态恢复实践中恢复方式的选择有指导作用。对未来的研究也有启示意义，如针对特定生态系统服务或具体研究问题进一步探索低度、中度和高度介入生态恢复方式的作用规律和机制；将地区的社会经济水平、生态系统的受损程度等因素纳入生态恢复方式的考察，以最优化生态恢复成本-效率等。

Ecosystem service is a very important issue for current, sustainable scientific research. Environmental protection and management requirements are increasing and policymakers hope to incorporate ecological service information into decision-making and consultations. Because of theory uncertainty and methods limitation, it is, at present, very difficult to accurately evaluate ecosystem services and extract important ecosystem services information that can help decision-makers meet the demands of various stakeholders. In this study, we first identified and defined ecosystem service potential supply, actual supply (flow), and human demand based on the processes and mechanisms involved in ecosystem service generation and delivery. Two indicators were then introduced, the supply rate and supply-demand ratio, which provide a mean that can be used to compare the status of natural capital between regions. We also investigated the ecosystem service matrix and GIS spatial simulation technology and used these indicators to investigate the Baiyangdian River Basin as a case study. The aim was to reveal the spatio-temporal characteristics of service supply and demand. The supply rate and supply-demand ratio for the Baiyangdian River Basin in 2010 were 0.4966 and 0.1131, respectively. This indicated that the ecosystem service supply status was good and in surplus. The places with high supply rate should be considered as hotspots for ecological protection and compensation. However, places with high ecosystem service demand should concentrate on ecological construction and restoration. The results provide a scientific basis for regional ecological environment management and policy-making.

生态系统服务是当前可持续科学研究的热点之一。随着环境保护与管理需求的不断增加，政策制定者希望将生态系统服务信息更多地融入管理实践中。由于理论的不确定性和研究方法的局限性，如何准确地评价生态系统服务、如何考虑不同利益相关者的需求，提取重要的生态系统服务信息给决策者参考，仍然是当前该领域研究的难点。基于生态系统服务的产生、传递和消耗过程，区分生态系统服务的潜在供给、实际供给和人类需求；引入生态系统服务供需比和供给率两个指标，为区域间自然资源资产的比较提供一种方法；以白洋淀流域为案例，采用生态系统服务矩阵法，结合GIS空间模拟技术，揭示生态系统服务供给与需求的空间特征。白洋淀流域2010年生态系统服务的供给率和供需比分别是：0.4966和0.1131，说明流域生态系统服务供给状态较好，且处于盈余状态。对流域内供给率较高且供给处于盈余的区域，应作为生态保护与补偿的主要区域；对生态系统服务需求较大的区域应进行必要的生态建设与修复。研究结果为区域生态环境管理和政策制定提供了实际的科学依据。