基于生态安全格局的国土空间生态保护修复关键区域诊断与识别—

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方莹, 王静, 黄隆杨, 翟天林. 基于生态安全格局的国土空间生态保护修复关键区域诊断与识别——以烟台市为例[J].自然资源学报, 2020,35(1): 190-203
FANG Ying, WANG Jing, HUANG Long-yang, ZHAI Tian-lin. Determining and identifying key areas of ecosystempreservation and restoration for territorial spatial planning based on ecological security patterns: A case study of Yantai city[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020,35(1): 190-203 复制到剪切板

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200116

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基于生态安全格局的国土空间生态保护修复关键区域诊断与识别——以烟台市为例

方莹, 王静, 黄隆杨, 翟天林

武汉大学资源与环境科学学院,武汉 430079

通讯作者：王静（1966- ）,女,浙江天台人,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为土地生态系统管理与土地资源可持续利用。E-mail: wangjing-whu@whu.edu.cn

作者简介：方莹（1995- ）,女,浙江衢州人,硕士,研究方向为土地生态与土地资源可持续利用。E-mail: yingfang@whu.edu.cn

收稿日期:2019-05-05 网络出版日期:2020-01-28

基金:国家自然科学基金项目（41871203）; 自然资源部项目（DD20190518）

摘要

山水林田湖草系统生态保护修复是维护国家生态安全的重要保障。当前国土空间生态保护修复研究缺乏从生态系统的完整性和结构连通性角度对国土空间生态保护修复关键区域进行诊断和识别。烟台市作为我国典型滨海城市,湿地退化,生境类型单一造成景观稳定性差,国土空间生态保护修复刻不容缓。为全面识别烟台市国土空间生态保护修复关键区域,利用生境质量模型、生境风险评估模型、粒度反推法、最小累积阻力模型和电路理论,通过构建区域生态安全格局,诊断生态“夹点”、生态障碍点、生态断裂点等,识别和确定研究区域的国土空间生态保护修复关键区域。研究发现：（1）烟台市生态源地共计668.85 km²,主要为林地、水域,源间廊道共计1548.36 km,呈现“两横两纵”的空间特征;（2）基于生态安全格局识别烟台生态保护修复关键区域,包括13处生态“夹点”区域、8处生态障碍点区域、39处生态断裂点区域、破碎生态空间1308.66 km²;（3）结合各类生态保护修复关键区域的空间分布特征、土地利用现状,分别提出修复提升方向。研究可为国土空间生态保护修复关键区域识别、生态系统整体修复提升提供科学指导。

关键词: 国土空间生态保护修复; 关键区域识别; 生态安全格局; 生态"夹点"; 生态障碍点; 生态断裂点

Determining and identifying key areas of ecosystempreservation and restoration for territorial spatial planning based on ecological security patterns: A case study of Yantai city

FANG Ying, WANG Jing, HUANG Long-yang, ZHAI Tian-lin

School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

Abstract

Ecosystem preservation and restoration of Mountain-River-Forest-Farmland-Lake-Grass System is very important for national ecological security. Current researches on ecosystem preservation and restoration for territorial spatial planning lack the determination and identification of key areas from a perspective of ecosystem integrity and landscape connectivity. Due to wetland degradation and homogeneity of habitat types that resulted in the low ecosystem resilience, it is urgent for in Yantai, a typical bay city in China, to restore degraded ecosystem and preserve natural resources. In the study, a regional ecological security pattern was proposed and key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration including pinch points, barrier points, break points and fragmented ecological functional land were identified using habitat quality model, habitat risk assessment model, granularity inverse method, minimum cumulative resistance model and circuit theory. The results showed that the ecological hubs covered an area of 668.85 km², with a total of 1548.36 km corridors between them, and most of the hubs were water body and forests. All of them constructed a "two horizontal and two vertical" ecological security pattern. Key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration were identified based on the ecological security pattern, including a total of 13 ecological pinch points, 8 ecological barrier points, 39 ecological break points, and 1308.66 km² of fragmented ecological land. Suggestions of restoration were proposed, with a combination of the spatial distribution characteristics and land use status of various key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration. It would help to provide scientific guidance for identifying key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration for territorial spatial planning and sustainable ecosystem management.

Keyword: land space ecological restoration; identification of key areas; ecological security pattern; ecological pinch point; ecological barrier point; ecological break point

文章图片

国土空间生态保护修复是协助受损生态系统恢复或大体恢复到原有结构和功能状态的过程^[1], 起源于20世纪初欧美国家^[2]。随着全球和区域社会经济的迅猛发展, 不断加剧的人类活动已对自然资源和生态环境可持续发展构成了巨大威胁。因此, 需要自然或者人为干预开展生态修复与生态建设活动, 生态修复逐渐成为研究热点^{[2, 3, 4, 5]}。十八大以来, 人与自然和谐共生是新时代发展中国特色社会主义的总体方略, 生态文明建设上升为国家战略, 国土空间生态保护修复纳入自然资源部新职责, 将国土空间优化与生态保护修复放在前所未有的位置, 山水林田湖草系统生态保护修复受到高度关注^{[6, 7]}。山水林田湖草是相互依存、相互影响的系统, 如何从生态系统整体性、均衡性出发, 落实山水林田湖草生命共同体理念, 因地制宜地推进生态系统修复和综合治理, 识别生态安全关键区域并加强生态保护提升生态系统服务整体功能, 构建国土空间生态保护修复格局, 是当前国土空间生态保护修复系统工程面临的严峻挑战, 对系统维护国家生态安全具有重要意义。

当前, 国土空间生态保护修复研究主要侧重于小尺度受损空间的生态修复研究, 包括矿山煤矿废弃地复垦与生态恢复、河流湖泊等的富营养化治理、重金属污染场地修复、水土流失治理等^{[2, 3, 4, 5]}, 多以试点为主, 由于空间布局缺乏系统性考虑, 局部取得了良好效果而整体效应弱, 生态系统功能整体提升研究相对较少^[7]。有关宏观尺度研究侧重于国家生态保护和建设工程技术方法实施与工程效果评估, 中观尺度的研究主要落实区域的生态保护建设与修复工程, 较少从维持生态系统完整性角度进行研究。而针对受损空间和待修复区域的识别和诊断, 均基于站点观测和实测野外调查数据或者实践工作要求^{[2, 3, 4, 5]}, 缺乏基于生态系统的完整性和结构连通性来识别生态系统内部功能低下、连通性差的生态保护修复关键区域等方面的研究。

生态安全格局是对区域生态空间进行国土空间格局优化的空间配置方案, 对维护景观格局整体性及区域生态安全具有重要意义^{[8, 9]}。景观生态恢复与重建是构建生态安全格局的关键^[10], 故基于生态安全格局识别国土空间待修复关键区域更具系统性和生态学价值。当前, 生态安全格局研究已形成“ 源地— 阻力面— 生态廊道” 的研究范式^[8], 亦有学者将生态断裂点^[11]、生态“ 夹点” 纳入此领域研究中^[12]。如何科学地识别源地^{[13, 14]}、修正阻力面^[15]、确定廊道范围^[16]是近年来研究重点, 其研究成果主要应用于城市规划、城市增长边界划定^[17]、城市绿色基础设施网络构建^[18]与生态保护红线划定等^{[15, 19, 20]}。生态廊道表征了源地间生物流通的通道, 生态“ 夹点” 刻画了廊道中不可替代的关键区域^{[12, 21]}, 生态断裂点、生态障碍点是生态廊道中阻碍生物流动的区域^{[11, 22, 23, 24, 25]}, 均是国土空间生态保护与修复关键区域。而目前基于生态廊道、生态“ 夹点” 、生态断裂点和生态障碍点识别方法, 开展国土空间生态保护修复关键区域诊断和识别等方面研究仍较少。

烟台市为我国典型海湾城市, 陆海交错, 气候条件复杂, 沿岸地区受海水侵蚀严重, 生态景观稳定性较低。随着建设用地的快速扩张和掠夺性围垦, 城市绿色空间减少, 海湾湿地功能退化, 市域生境类型不断趋于简单化, 生物多样性严重受损, 生态环境自我修复能力不断减弱, 国土空间生态保护修复工作刻不容缓, 而如何从景观生态整体性出发, 准确识别生态保护修复关键区域更是工作的重点。故本文在总结分析国内外已有生态空间修复研究基础上, 选择烟台市为典型区域, 基于景观生态学理念, 从生境质量和生境风险出发, 结合电路理论, 构建生态廊道, 识别生态“ 夹点” 、生态障碍点、生态断裂点, 在构建生态安全格局框架下, 识别烟台市内国土生态保护修复关键区域, 提出相应的生态空间保护修复方式与策略, 以期为国土空间生态保护修复提供借鉴和参考。

1 研究方法与数据来源

1.1 研究区概况

烟台市地处山东半岛东部, 位于119° 34′ ~121° 57′ E、36° 16′ ~38° 23′ N之间, 下辖四区、七市、一县, 总面积13853.84 km², 常住人口708.94万人。烟台市区域内地形复杂, 属典型山地— 丘陵— 平原复合区, 北部沿海地区以平原和低丘为主, 中部为山地丘陵区, 南部为平原丘陵区。全市生态空间占国土面积的25.6%, 各类林地、草地等基础性生态用地主要分布于中部低山丘陵区以及东部的牟平区。市域内海域和海岸带空间资源丰富, 北临黄海、渤海, 南临黄海, 海域面积2.6万km², 海岸线长1037.93 km, 全域属暖温带大陆性季风气候, 同时也具有明显的海洋性气候特征。

1.2 数据来源及处理

本文涉及到的数据包括土地利用数据、DEM数据及交通数据等。其中, 土地利用数据来自烟台市2017年土地利用变更调查数据库。将湿地、林地、草地和水域等划为生态用地。DEM数据来自地理空间数据云GDEM产品（分辨率为30 m× 30 m）。交通数据为烟台市高速公路、铁路分布数据, 来源于Open Street Map 数据平台。

1.3 研究方法

1.3.1 研究框架

本文基于生态学理论, 利用生态安全格局从景观层面识别国土空间生态保护修复关键区域。生态源地确定中, 综合了生境质量、生境风险、景观连通性、生态系统服务价值四个方面：首先基于InVEST模型中生物多样性服务价值模块^{[26, 27]}、生境风险模块^[28]测算烟台市生态用地的生境质量和生境风险系数, 以生境风险修正生境质量得到综合生境质量; 其次, 采用粒度反推法^[29]确定生境连通性最好的景观粒度, 确定初步生态源地; 最后, 基于谢高地等^[30]制定生态系统服务价值计算标准测算生态系统服务价值, 选取生态系统服务价值高的区域作为生态源地, 生态系统服务价值较低的生境破碎区域作为生态保护修复关键区域之一。构建生态阻力面时, 为更准确地模拟阻力面分布, 除传统基于景观类别的显性阻力面外, 借鉴相关研究, 引入隐性阻力面、坡度、起伏度因子, 测算综合阻力面^{[29, 31]}。以生态源地、综合生态阻力面为基础, 利用Circuitscape插件构建生态廊道, 识别待修复生态“ 夹点” 区域、生态障碍点区域及生态断裂点区域, 结合低生态系统服务价值的景观破碎区域, 共同构成研究区内亟需生态保护修复的关键区域。

1.3.2 生境质量模型（Habitat Quality Model）

InVEST模型中的生境质量模型通过栖息地受人类活动干扰程度计算生境质量值^{[26, 27]}。本文主要从三个方面考虑威胁源对生境斑块的干扰程度, 即每个威胁的相对影响, 每种生境类型对每种威胁的相对敏感度, 栖息地与威胁来源之间的距离。

根据InVSET模型指南、相关研究及烟台市自然条件^{[26, 27]}, 确定湿地、林地、草地和水域为生境, 其他用地为非生境; 将城镇建设用地、农村居民点、公路、铁路和农村道路定义为生境的威胁源; 根据模型推荐的参考值及相关文献, 确定模型的各类参数。生境质量计算公式如下：

$Q_{xj} = H_{j} [1 - (\frac{D_{xj}^{z}}{D_{xj}^{z} + k^{z}})]$ （1）

式中：Q_xj为地类j中栅格x的生境质量指数; H_j为地类j的生境适宜度; D_xj为地类j中栅格x的生境退化度; k为半饱和常数, 即退化度最大值的一半; z为模型默认参数。

1.3.3 生境风险评估模型（Habitat Risk Assessment Model）

HRA模型常用于评价人类活动对海域生态系统健康的影响^[28], 但其对生境风险的模拟同样适用于陆地生态系统。HRA基于生态风险理论与空间叠加分析, 结合生境威胁因子威胁的频率和程度、生境因子受影响的程度以及自我恢复能力来模拟和评估生态用地受到的风险划分等级^[28]。在本文中, 生境因子和威胁源的选取与生境质量评估模型保持一致, 并按照HRA模型指南设置基础参数, 暴露、影响及风险的计算公式如下：

$E = \frac{\overset{N}{\sum_{i = 1}} \frac{e_{i}}{d_{i} \times w_{i}}}{\overset{N}{\sum_{i = 1}} \frac{1}{d_{i} \times w_{i}}}$ （2）

$C = \frac{\overset{N}{\sum_{i = 1}} \frac{c_{i}}{d_{i} \times w_{i}}}{\overset{N}{\sum_{i = 1}} \frac{1}{d_{i} \times w_{i}}}$ （3）

$R_{ij} = \sqrt[]{{(E - 1)}^{2} + {(C - 1)}^{2}}$ （4）

$R_{i} = \overset{J}{\sum_{j = 1}} R_{ij}$ （5）

式中：E表示暴露; C表示影响; R_ij表示由生态威胁因子j造成的生境i的风险; R_i为生境i的生境风险值; e_i为该威胁地类所有斑块的平均生态威胁影响得分; N为每种生境评价标准数量; d_i为数据质量得分; w_i为每个栅格的威胁得分; c_i为生境因子所有斑块受影响程度得分。

1.3.4 粒度反推法

粒度反推法基于反证法思想, 通过测算不同粒度下景观格局指数确定最优景观组分, 从而根据该景观组分反选生态源地^[29]。本文选取斑块数、斑块密度、景观形状指数、蔓延度、连接度、斑块结合度六大指标表征景观整体性和连通性, 以提取的生态用地为基础, 生成100 m、200 m、400 m、600 m、800 m、1000 m、1200 m不同粒度栅格图, 利用Fragstats软件计算各粒度水平下的六大景观格局指数, 通过分析景观整体性和连通性选取最优景观组分的栅格粒度大小, 以该粒度水平为依据与生态用地相交得到初步生态源地。

1.3.5 生态阻力面和廊道构建

传统的阻力面构建主要根据斑块土地利用特征模拟生态阻力, 不能准确模拟阻力面分布, 本文借鉴相关研究, 除显性阻力面外, 利用Kriging 插值法生成不易直观判断的隐性生态阻力值并计算累积值得到隐性阻力面, 同时选取代表地貌条件的指标共同构建综合生态阻力面^{[29, 31]}, 各因子及权重设置主要参考已有研究, 如表1所示。最小累积阻力模型原理如下：

$MCR = f \min \overset{i = m}{\sum_{j = n}} D_{ij} \times R_{i}$ （6）

表1 综合生态阻力面因子权重与系数 Table 1 Weights and coefficients of comprehensive ecological resistance surface

式中：MCR为空间内某一景观到源的累积阻力值; f反映累积阻力值与景观生态过程的正相关关系; min表示取累积阻力最小值; D_ij表示空间景观单元i到源j的空间距离; R_i表示景观单元i对某目标单元运动扩散的阻力系数。本文利用Circuitscape插件中的Linkage Mapper模块构建生态廊道。

1.3.6 生态“ 夹点” 识别

生态“ 夹点” 是由McRae等^[21]基于电路理论提出的概念, 是表征生境连通性的景观关键点。在Circuitscape建模中, 生态“ 夹点” 为电流高度密集的区域, 表明该区域替代路径极少或不存在, 栖息地的退化或损失极大可能切断生境的连通性^{[12, 20, 24]}, 故生态“ 夹点” 可代表防止栖息地退化/改变的关键位置, 需优先考虑栖息地保护。若生态“ 夹点” 恰好处于生态阻力高值区, 则表明该区域退化/损失的概率较大, 应作为生态保护修复的关键区域。本文利用Circuitscape插件的Pinchpoint Mapper模块识别生态“ 夹点” 。

1.3.7 生态障碍点识别

生态障碍点是指生物在生境斑块间运动受到阻碍的区域, 移除这些区域会增加生态重要区间连通的可能性^{[24, 25]}。本文使用Circuitscape插件的Barrier Mapper模块识别生态障碍点, 并与土地利用现状叠加, 确定障碍点土地利用及与基础设施相交状况, 有针对性地提出生态保护修复措施。该工具通过计算清除障碍点后连通性恢复值的大小来识别生境内的对连通性影响最大的区域, 其中连通性恢复值由累积电流恢复值表征, 累积电流恢复值与区域对景观连通性的阻碍成正比^{[24, 25]}。

2 结果分析

2.1 生态源地诊断与识别

利用生境质量和生境风险评估模型综合确定烟台市综合生境质量如图1所示。烟台市综合生境质量较高, 平均值为0.90, 最低值为0.50, 低于0.60的不足0.03%, 总体呈现出以城区为中心向外增高的趋势, 其中质量高的区域主要位于市内的各大森林公园, 低值区零星镶嵌于高值区周围, 以蓬莱市、莱山区南部、莱州市南部最多。

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	图1 烟台市综合生境质量空间分布Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of comprehensive habitat quality in Yantai city

利用Fragstats计算得不同粒度水平下景观格局指数, 如图2所示, 400 m粒度是各景观指数发生突变的关键点（连接度指数除外）, 大于400 m后各指数均逐渐稳定, 连接度指数在400 m时达到最高, 即为该粒度时烟台市生态景观组分的整体性和连通性最佳, 故选取该粒度下的景观组分作为初步生态源地。

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	图2 烟台市景观格局指数Fig. 2 Landscape indices in Yantai city

生态源地选取应兼顾斑块自身价值和不同生境在景观中的功能、结构, 生境质量、生境风险测算均基于栅格尺度, 主要考虑斑块自身的生态价值, 故本文在此基础上测算初步生态源地各斑块的生态系统服务价值并采用自然断点法划分等级, 选取生态系统服务价值前两级作为最终的生态源地（图3）。烟台市生态源地面积共计668.85 km², 包括湿地、林地、水域, 占生态用地面积的19.46%, 其中有林地为主要生态源地, 占生态源地总面积的82.52%。生态源地以牟平区最多, 达234.03 km², 莱山市、芝罘区和蓬莱市的生态源地面积最小, 均小于15 km²。

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	图3 烟台市生态源地空间分布Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of ecological hubs in Yantai city

2.2 区域基础生态安全格局构建

基于表1构建综合阻力面, 利用Linkage Mapper模块构建生态廊道, 形成由生态源地和生态廊道构成的基础生态安全格局, 如图4所示。烟台市高阻力值区域集中分布于龙口市、蓬莱市、福山区及芝罘区北部沿海地区、莱阳市西部地区和莱州市西南角, 主要受城市建设用地、交通用地的阻尼作用。生态源地主要包括昆嵛山、招虎山、牙山、罗山四大国家森林公园、门楼水库、沐浴水库和莱州西部沿海滩涂等。生态廊道连接各大生态源地, 呈现出两横两纵的空间特征, 共计1548.36 km, 其中河流廊道主要包括五龙河、大沾夹河、鱼鸟河、富水河等河流的部分河段。

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	图4 烟台市基础生态安全格局空间分布Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of basic ecological security pattern in Yantai city

2.3 国土空间生态保护修复关键区域识别

2.3.1 待修复生态“ 夹点” 区域识别

基于基础安全格局识别生态“ 夹点” 。烟台市内生态廊道的电流强度（即生物质流动强度）分布如图5a所示, 其中电流强度由绿色到深红色逐步增强, 深红色区域均为生态“ 夹点” , 对生态景观的重要性极高。叠加综合阻力面, 发现处于高阻力区域的生态“ 夹点” 。即待修复的生态“ 夹点” 区域共有13处（图5b）, 共计90.40 km。其中最长为36.11 km, 分布于莱阳市西部, 最短为0.73 km, 位于莱州市西北角处。待修复的13处生态“ 夹点” 区域中, 11处位于河流廊道上, 具体包括莱阳市2处、福山区1处、海阳市 1处、莱山区1处、招远市1处、莱州市2处、招远市、栖霞市2处（表2）。河流廊道作为天然廊道, 不可替代性极强, 受到建设用地侵占、填河造田等影响, 河流逐渐萎缩、狭窄, 加之部分工厂污染物的排放超过河流纳污能力, 二者共同造成河流廊道的风险高。在待修复的河流廊道“ 夹点” 区域应加强河流修复治理, 进行污染治理和清淤、建立河流保护区, 同时强化河流保护监督工作, 严禁任何破坏河流生态环境行为。河流入海口还应加强入海口整治, 做好土壤治理与保护。另有2处待修复的生态“ 夹点” 区域位于莱山区北部的马山寨高尔夫俱乐部和招远市北部海北咀村渔港, 破坏了原有岸线资源, 对沿海滩涂间大量的生物流动造成巨大的潜在威胁。高尔夫球场耗水量高、水污染严重, 对生态环境和生物流动的影响极大, 维护球场内生态环境、控制污染物排放、做好整治清理以保障区域生态环境质量不下降是该区域生态保护修复的首要工作。渔港地区应加强生态污染治理, 严格控制发展规模、人口规模、产业布局, 减少生活和生产污染。

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	图5 烟台市待修复生态“ 夹点” 区域空间分布Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of ecological pinch points to be remediated in Yantai city

表2 烟台市国土空间生态保护修复关键区域 Table 2 Key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration for territorial spatial planning in Yantai city

2.3.2 待修复生态障碍点区域识别

研究识别待修复生态障碍点区域8处, 如图6所示, 其中芝罘区3处、莱州市3处、栖霞市1处、莱阳市1处。空间分布上, 8处生态障碍点区域均处于低阻力值与高阻力值相交区域, 其中6处位于生态廊道与生态源地接壤处, 是廊道与源地的连通关键位置, 生态障碍点区域的保护修复对生态系统连通性和整体功能具有重要意义; 从土地利用类型来看, 待修复生态障碍点区域土地利用现状均为非生态用地, 主要为城市建设用地与耕地。故而在修复时可针对生态障碍点类别分类进行：对于城镇内部建设用地, 可加强绿带、绿心等城市绿地建设, 增加植被丰度^[22], 保障城市内部生态系统连续性; 对于滨海地区, 可拆除部分建筑, 同时沿岸线种植生态防护林, 恢复岸线资源; 对于耕地区域, 可开展退耕还林、退耕还湖, 加强源地— 廊道连接的生态稳定性。

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	图6 烟台市待修复生态障碍点区域空间分布Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of ecological barrier points to be remediated in Yantai city

2.3.3 待修复生态断裂点区域识别

本文待修复生态断裂点区域识别主要考虑大型交通道路（铁路和高速公路）对生态廊道的阻隔。纵横交错的交通设施加剧景观破碎化, 与廊道相交处直接或部分切断了景观连接度, 对生物流动的畅通和安全性造成威胁^[32]。如图7所示, 烟台市内生态断裂点区域共39处, 集中分布于芝罘、福山、莱山交界处, 其中与铁路相交23处, 与高速公路相交19处, 有3处因铁路、公路并行且相隔距离较近, 生态廊道与二者同时相交。铁路、高速公路均为重要交通设施, 不可直接拆除, 故应在生态断裂点处因地制宜地建立相关改良设施, 如管状涵洞、桥下涵洞、“ 过街天桥” 等野生动物通道, 并于通道旁竖立警示牌, 保证野生动物流动的畅通性, 同时定期开展野生动物通道监测, 及时排除干扰因素。

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	图7 烟台市待修复生态断裂点区域空间分布Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of ecological break points to be remediated in Yantai city

2.3.4 待修复破碎生态空间识别

初步生态源地中生态系统服务价值低的区域也应作为关键区域进行保护和修复。低质量破碎生态空间共1308.66 km², 镶嵌于耕地和园地中, 以栖霞市、海阳市分布最广, 分别为251.76 km²、219.36 km²（图8）。破碎生态空间由交通用地切割、地质灾害、城市建设侵占等多方面因素引起, 景观斑块分散, 难以统一进行修复, 应结合市（区）发展规划重组生态用地, 如可选取区域内斑块较大区域进行地形修复和岸线维护等, 以逐步恢复生态景观的连续性; 若区内生态用地过于分散无法集中修复, 可通过相关规划, 采取异地造林、异地复绿等措施整合绿地资源。

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	图8 烟台市破碎生态空间空间分布Fig. 8 Spatial distribution of fragmented ecological functional land in Yantai city

2.4 国土空间生态保护修复关键区域的生态修复策略

如图9所示, 基于生态安全格局, 结合生态阻力面、生态障碍点等相关概念, 识别出烟台市生态保护修复的关键区域, 汇总如表2所示。烟台市待修复生态“ 夹点” 区域、生态断裂点区域及生态障碍点区域多处有重叠或相交, 生态断裂点区域基本位于待修复生态“ 夹点” 区域中, 而生态障碍点区域大多处于生态源地与源间廊道接壤处, 三大类节点区域是保证生物在源间流通关键位置。整合修复三大类节点区域和破碎生态空间, 提高城市绿地、湿地等生态用地间的生态网络完整性^{[33, 34]}, 可保障和提高烟台市生态基质和生态空间的稳定性, 提升生态系统服务供给能力^[35]。

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	图9 烟台市国土空间生态保护修复关键区域空间分布Fig. 9 Spatial distribution of key areas of ecosystem preserva-tion and restoration for territoral spatial planing in Yantai city

考虑国土空间生态保护修复关键区域利用现状, 提出分类修复建议如下：关键区域中受损水域主要包含河流“ 夹点” 区域和破碎生态空间中沿海湿地等, 可开展湿地腾退工程、入河排污口综合整治工程、湿地恢复重建工程、水生态系统保护与修复工程、水源地保护工程以及水资源保护监测工程等生态保护修复项目, 并加强沿河绿道、湿地绿化工程建设, 全面清污截污, 提高受损河流和湿地的生态水平; 针对铁路、公路上的待修复生态断裂点区域, 可因地制宜建设野生动物通道并开展野生动物通道监测, 杜绝破坏通道、猎杀野生动物行为; 城镇地区生态保护修复除上文提及绿地、绿心建设外, 可通过开展垃圾、污水处理等综合整治工程, 建立环境监测网络, 提高建成区生态环境品质; 针对耕地, 基本农田保护区外耕地可适当退耕还林、还湖, 基本农田保护区内耕地可加强农田整治工程、防护林建设工程等环境建设, 并充分发挥耕地的生态功能, 改善区域内生态环境。

同时, 为保证生态保护修复效果, 可建立长期生态监测体系, 及时发现各类生态用地恢复中的问题并完善生态修复手段; 建立面向公众的生态修复交流和信息分享平台, 发展生态教育, 提高人们的生态保护意识; 加强社区保护, 保障生态修复区域居民的利益, 提高居民生态保护意愿等。

3 结论与讨论

本文以我国典型海湾城市烟台为研究区, 基于景观生态学, 采用InVEST中生境质量、生境风险评估模型评估烟台综合生境质量和风险, 结合粒度反推法、生态系统服务价值评估识别生态源地和破碎生态空间, 构建综合阻力面, 识别生态廊道、生态“ 夹点” 、生态障碍点、生态断裂点, 创新性地利用生态安全格局识别市域国土空间生态保护修复关键区域, 并针对各类关键修复区域提出生态保护修复措施。得到结论如下：

（1）烟台市生态源地共计668.85 km², 占生态用地面积的19.46%, 主要为林地和水域; 源间廊道包括河流廊道和人工廊道, 共计1548.36 km, 呈现“ 两横两纵” 的空间特征。

（2）研究识别出烟台生态保护修复关键区域包括：待修复生态“ 夹点” 区域13处, 其中11处位于河流廊道; 待修复生态障碍点区域8处, 均处于低阻力值与高阻力值相交区域; 待修复生态断裂点区域39处, 集中分布于芝罘、福山、莱山交界处, 与铁路相交23处, 与高速公路相交19处, 有3处与铁路、公路同时相交; 破碎生态空间以栖霞市、海阳市分布最广, 共1308.66 km²。

（3）结合各类生态保护修复关键区域的空间分布特征、土地利用现状, 分别提出针对各类生态保护修复关键区域的修复提升方向和待修复生态空间各类用地的针对性修复工程和长期监测工程等。

本文基于生态安全格局理论识别生态保护修复关键区域, 融入景观格局优化理念, 全面考虑了生态系统的整体性和连通性, 相较传统的针对某一具体待修复区域设立生态保护修复工程更具全局性、系统性和理论性：生态源地选取上, 生境质量、生境风险、粒度反推法和生态系统服务价值评估的综合运用测算了生态用地为人类提供的服务和遭受风险的大小, 全面考虑了斑块自身价值、斑块大小、粒度水平对生态源地选取的影响; 待修复生态“ 夹点” 区域、生态障碍点区域、生态断裂点区域均为景观格局中的关键区域, 对山水林田湖草生态系统修复和综合治理具有重要意义。最后, 需指出本文存在的一些问题：识别了生态断裂点、生态“ 夹点” 、生态障碍点三类关键待修复区域, 修复这些区域后景观连通性的提升程度仍有待进一步研究; 同时本文未确定生态保护修复关键区域的修复优先顺序, 今后应结合关键区域的地理位置、社会经济条件及生态需求, 明确关键区域生态保护修复的先后顺序, 以期达到更高效的生态保护修复效果。

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[17]	丛佃敏, 赵书河, 于涛, 等. 综合生态安全格局构建与城市扩张模拟的城市增长边界划定: 以天水市规划区(2015-2030年)为例. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(1): 14-26. [CONG D M, ZHAO S H, YU T, et al. Urban growth boundary delimitation method integrating comprehensive ecological security pattern and urban expansion simulation: A case study of planning areas in Tianshui city (2015-2030). Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(1): 14-26. ] [本文引用:1]
[18]	刘佳, 尹海伟, 孔繁花, 等. 基于电路理论的南京城市绿色基础设施格局优化. 生态学报, 2018, 38(12): 4363-4372. [LIU J, YIN H W, KONG F H, et al. Structure optimization of circuit theory: Based green infrastructure in Nanjing, China. Acta Ecologica Sinlea, 2018, 38(12): 4363-4372. ] [本文引用:1]
[19]	程迎轩, 王红梅, 刘光盛, 等. 基于最小累计阻力模型的生态用地空间布局优化. 农业工程学报, 2016, 32(16): 248-257. [CHENG Y X, WANG H M, LIU G S, et al. Spatial layout optimization for ecological land based on minimum cumulative resistance model. Transactions of the CSAE, 2016, 32(16): 248-257. ] [本文引用:1]
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2004

0.0

... 国土空间生态保护修复是协助受损生态系统恢复或大体恢复到原有结构和功能状态的过程^[1],起源于20世纪初欧美国家^[2] ...

2016

0.0

曹永强, 郭明, 刘思然, 等. 基于文献计量分析的生态修复现状研究. 生态学报, 2016, 36(8): 2442-2450.

[CAO

Y Q

, GUO

, LIU

S R

, et al. Current status of ecological restoration based on bibliometric analysis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(8): 2442-2450. ]

This paper is based on the WEB OF SCIENCE and CNKI general network publishing database as the data source in 1997-2015 , searching with “ecological restoration (ecological remediation and ecological restoration) as the keyword , by co-word analysis, while the retrieval results were analyzed by Bibexcel software, finally draw a visibility graph of co-word network using Ucinet and Netdraw software, meanwhile, multidimensional scaling analysis by SPSS software, in order to research the relationship between high frequency keywords, explore the research hotspots and research status at home and abroad in the field of ecological restoration. The information of the bibliometric analysis is expected to objectively evaluate the research situation and research hotspots of domestic and international ecological restoration, and provide the basis for strengthening the research of ecological restoration technology.

以中国知网学术期刊网络出版总库和WEB OF SCIENCE中1997-2015年的期刊论文为数据源,以"生态修复(ecological remediation和ecological restoration)"为关键词进行检索,利用共词分析方法,同时结合Bibexcel软件对检索结果进行分析,利用Ucinet和Netdraw软件绘制出共词网络可视图,并通过SPSS软件进行多维尺度分析,以此来研究高频关键词之间的内在联系,探讨国内外生态修复领域中的研究热点以及研究现状。以文献计量学的分析方法客观的评价国内外生态修复的研究概况及研究热点,明确生态修复技术研究探索的方向,从而为加强生态修复技术的研究提供理论依据。

... 国土空间生态保护修复是协助受损生态系统恢复或大体恢复到原有结构和功能状态的过程^[1],起源于20世纪初欧美国家^[2] ...

... 因此,需要自然或者人为干预开展生态修复与生态建设活动,生态修复逐渐成为研究热点^[2,3,4,5] ...

... 当前,国土空间生态保护修复研究主要侧重于小尺度受损空间的生态修复研究,包括矿山煤矿废弃地复垦与生态恢复、河流湖泊等的富营养化治理、重金属污染场地修复、水土流失治理等^[2,3,4,5],多以试点为主,由于空间布局缺乏系统性考虑,局部取得了良好效果而整体效应弱,生态系统功能整体提升研究相对较少^[7] ...

... 而针对受损空间和待修复区域的识别和诊断,均基于站点观测和实测野外调查数据或者实践工作要求^[2,3,4,5],缺乏基于生态系统的完整性和结构连通性来识别生态系统内部功能低下、连通性差的生态保护修复关键区域等方面的研究 ...

2018

0.0

... 因此,需要自然或者人为干预开展生态修复与生态建设活动,生态修复逐渐成为研究热点^[2,3,4,5] ...

2017

0.0

王志强, 崔爱花, 缪建群, 等. 淡水湖泊生态系统退化驱动因子及修复技术研究进展. 生态学报, 2017, 37(18): 6253-6264.

[WANG

Z Q

, CUI

A H

, MIU

J Q

, et al. Research progress on the driving factors of freshwater lake ecosystem degradation and associated restoration techniques. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(18): 6253-6264. ]

At present, most freshwater lakes in China are severely polluted and degraded. In this regard, we have achieved considerable initial success using a number of restoration techniques. There are many factors that affect the degradation of freshwater lake ecosystems, including both biotic and abiotic factors. These factors are interrelated and interact with each other, and thus causal mechanisms are complicated. In this paper, we initially introduce the meaning and degenerate forms of freshwater lake ecosystem degradation. We then summarize the factors driving the degradation of freshwater lake ecosystems. From the perspectives of ecological integrity and degradation restoration techniques, freshwater lake ecosystems are mainly affected by three types of driving factors (physical, chemical, and biological), which essentially follow the "environmental change-driving force-pressure (threshold)-state-response" principle. We then construct a technical system for a freshwater lake ecosystem restoration module, based on functional modules of freshwater lake ecological systems and practical experience of lake ecosystem restoration, to clarify the driving principle of lake ecosystem degradation, and subsequently discuss and compare degenerate restoration techniques in water eutrophication and freshwater lakeside wetland ecosystems. Finally, we present an outlook of the long-effect mechanism of remediation technology, and the future mechanisms of action and pathways of the driving factors of environmental change in freshwater lake ecological restoration.

目前我国多数淡水湖泊污染、退化问题非常严重，诸多修复技术也已初见成效。影响淡水湖泊生态系统退化的驱动因子众多，既有生物因素也有非生物因素，它们之间相互联系，相互作用，且作用机理错综复杂。首先介绍了淡水湖泊生态系统退化的含义及形式；其次，分析、总结了淡水湖泊生态系统退化的驱动因子，从退化的生态学完整性意义和退化修复的技术手段上看，淡水湖泊生态系统主要受物理、化学和生物三大驱动因子影响，且基本遵循"环境变化-驱动力-压力（阈值）-状态-响应"原理；再次，在厘清湖泊生态系统退化驱动原理的基础上，从淡水湖泊生态系统功能模块和湖泊生态系统修复实践经验总结的角度出发，构建了淡水湖泊生态系统修复模块技术体系，并就湖泊富营养化和湖滨湿地生态系统退化修复的技术进行了讨论和对比；最后，对淡水湖泊生态系统修复的环境变化驱动因子的作用机制、作用途径和修复技术的长效机制等方面进行了展望。

... 因此,需要自然或者人为干预开展生态修复与生态建设活动,生态修复逐渐成为研究热点^[2,3,4,5] ...

2016

0.0

刘国彬, 王兵, 卫伟, 等. 黄土高原水土流失综合治理技术及示范. 生态学报, 2016, 36(22): 7074-7077.

[LIU

G B

, WANG

, WEI

, et al. Technique and demonstration of water and soil loss comprehensive harness on the Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(22): 7074-7077. ]

On the loess plateau of China, soil and water losses are serious and the ecological environment is fragile. This region is also considered as an integral part of the Strategy of Ecological Security of China.To recovery the ecosystem and to develop the industry on the Loess Plateau, researching and integrating technology and establishing experiment and demonstration prototype are urgent affairs in this region.The specific project of "Technology and demonstration of water and soil loss comprehensive harness on the Loess Plateau (2016YFC0501700)" is a part of the national key research and development plan of "Restoration and Protection of Typical Fragile Ecology".In this project, the main issue is to solve the Scientific and technical problems for the ecology sustained restoration and ecology security, based on the soil and water conservation technology developing and integrating though the six typical regions in the regional scale.

黄土高原是我国水土流失严重和生态环境极为脆弱的地区，也是我国“两屏三带”生态安全战略格局的重要组成部分。研发及集成相关技术，建立试验示范样板，为该区生态修复与产业发展提供技术支撑成为亟待解决的重要问题。“黄土高原水土流失综合治理技术及示范”项目（2016YFC0501700）属于国家重点研发计划“典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究”专项。该项目通过6个类型区水土流失治理相关技术的研究及区域尺度上的集成研发，阐明黄土高原脆弱区域生态持续恢复与生态安全中的主要学科发展及相关技术问题。

... 因此,需要自然或者人为干预开展生态修复与生态建设活动,生态修复逐渐成为研究热点^[2,3,4,5] ...

2018

0.0

... 十八大以来,人与自然和谐共生是新时代发展中国特色社会主义的总体方略,生态文明建设上升为国家战略,国土空间生态保护修复纳入自然资源部新职责,将国土空间优化与生态保护修复放在前所未有的位置,山水林田湖草系统生态保护修复受到高度关注^[6,7] ...

2018

0.0

2017

0.0

彭建, 赵会娟, 刘焱序, 等. 区域生态安全格局构建研究进展与展望. 地理研究, 2017, 36(3): 407-419.

[PENG

, ZHAO

H J

, LIU

Y X

, et al. Research progress and prospect on regional ecological security pattern construction. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3): 407-419. ]

In recent years, due to the continuous urbanization, natural ecosystems are under enormous pressure, even resulting in ecological catastrophes. Moreover, with the start of the New Urbanization and Ecological Civilization Construction work in China, the demand for improvement of ecosystem services to promote human well-being is increasing. Hence, there is an intensifying contradiction between economic development and ecological protection. Ecological security patterns (ESPs) as a bridge linking ecosystem services and human society, has become one of the effective ways of constructing the protective barriers for terrestrial ecosystems. The ESPs construction directly affects the balance between social development and ecological conservation, and thus it has become the key to solving ecological problems and improving human well-being. To improve and enrich the theory of ESPs, we systematically combed the similarities and differences in the connotation of ESPs and other four main relevant concepts, namely urban growth boundary (UGB), ecological networks (EN), green infrastructure (GI), and ecological control lines (ECL). Furthermore, a research paradigm of regional ESPs construction was proposed based on literature review. According to this paradigm, research progresses on four main aspects were summarized systematically. These four aspects were research hotspots, ecological sources identification, ecological resistance surface setting, and practical application. Then the main deficiencies were indicated and summarized as follows: (1) The research objects selected in previous studies were mainly concentrated in the province, city and county levels, and were more confined to a specific administrative region, lacking larger-scale researches across administrative boundaries. (2) The selection of ecological index was mostly based on the intrinsic characteristics of ecological patches, less considering its relationship with surrounding objects and its status and functions in the whole pattern. And many studies ignored the coupling of human ecological demand and ecological processes. (3) The ecological resistance surface was assigned mainly based on land-use type, which covered up the difference between the internal space of the same land use type. The amended case studies based on impervious surface area and nighttime light were still insufficient to reveal the real situation. (4) Most of the provided policy recommendations for the protection and management of ESPs were broad and lack of the effective real-time monitoring and comparison to ecological security pattern. Based on the main disadvantage of regional ESPs construction in the current researches, we put forward four main directions for future research: setting important thresholds, evaluating the effectiveness of ESPs, constructing ESPs across multi-scales, and coupling the ESPs with ecological processes.

1. Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 2. Key Laboratory for Environmental and Urban Sciences, School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China

近年来,城市化的不断推进使得生态系统面临巨大压力甚至诱发生态灾难,而另一方面人类对于生态系统服务福祉的提升提出了新要求,因此经济发展和生态保护两者之间的矛盾不断激化。生态安全格局作为沟通生态系统服务和人类社会发展的桥梁,目前被视为区域生态安全保障和人类福祉提升的关键环节。在系统梳理生态安全格局与城市增长边界、生态网络、绿色基础设施和生态控制线等概念内涵异同的基础上,从热点区域、生态源地指标筛选、生态阻力面设置与修正、相关研究成果应用等方面阐释区域生态安全格局构建的近今研究进展,并指出当前研究的主要不足;同时提出了区域生态安全格局构建的重点方向,即生态安全格局构建的重要阈值设定、有效性评价、多尺度关联和生态过程耦合等四个方面。

... 生态安全格局是对区域生态空间进行国土空间格局优化的空间配置方案,对维护景观格局整体性及区域生态安全具有重要意义^[8,9] ...

... 的研究范式^[8],亦有学者将生态断裂点^[11]、生态#cod#x0201c ...

2016

0.0

... 生态安全格局是对区域生态空间进行国土空间格局优化的空间配置方案,对维护景观格局整体性及区域生态安全具有重要意义^[8,9] ...

2003

0.0

... 景观生态恢复与重建是构建生态安全格局的关键^[10],故基于生态安全格局识别国土空间待修复关键区域更具系统性和生态学价值 ...

2016

0.0

陈小平, 陈文波. 鄱阳湖生态经济区生态网络构建与评价. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(5): 1611-1618.

[CHEN

X P

, CHEN

W B

. Construction and evaluation of ecological network in Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(5): 1611-1618. ]

Large-scale ecological patches play an important role in regional biodiversity conservation. However, with the rapid progress of China’s urbanization, human disturbance on the environment is becoming stronger. Largescale ecological patches will degrade not only in quantity, but also in quality, threatening the connections among them due to isolation and seriously affecting the biodiversity protection. Taking Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone as a case, this paper established the potential ecological corridors by minimum cost model and GIS technique taking the impacts of landscape types, slope and human disturbance into consideration. Then, based on gravity quantitative model, we analyzed the intensity of ecological interactions between patches, and the potential ecological corridors were divided into two classes for sake of protection. Finally, the important ecological nodes and breaking points were identified, and the structure of the potential ecological network was analyzed. The results showed that forest and cropland were the main landscape types of ecological corridor composition, interaction between ecological patches differed obviously and the structure of the composed regional ecological network was complex with high connectivity and closure. It might provide a scientific basis for the protection of biodiversity and ecological network optimization in Poyang Lake Ecoeconomic Zone.

(Nanchang Key Laboratory of Environment and Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China).

大型生态斑块是区域生物多样性保护的重要基础.然而，随着我国城镇化的快速推进，人类活动对环境的干扰越来越强烈，不仅大型生态斑块数量不断减少、质量不断下降，而且斑块之间连接出现弱化， “孤岛化”现象严重，严重影响区域生物多样性保护.本文以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例，通过GIS技术手段，充分考虑景观类型、坡度和人类活动干扰的影响，采用最小费用模型构建了该区域的潜在生态廊道.基于重力模型定量分析了生态斑块间的相互作用强度，并以此将潜在生态廊道分成2级以便区别保护，识别了研究区重要生态节点和生态断裂点，分析了该潜在生态网络结构的连通性.结果表明：森林和农田是构成研究区生态廊道的主要景观类型；生态斑块之间的相互作用强度差异显著；区域生态网络结构较复杂，网络连接度和闭合度较高.研究结果可为鄱阳湖生态经济区生物多样性保护和生态网络优化提供科学依据.

... 的研究范式^[8],亦有学者将生态断裂点^[11]、生态#cod#x0201c ...

... 刻画了廊道中不可替代的关键区域^[12,21],生态断裂点、生态障碍点是生态廊道中阻碍生物流动的区域^{[11,22,23,24,25]},均是国土空间生态保护与修复关键区域 ...

2019

0.0

... 纳入此领域研究中^[12] ...

... 为电流高度密集的区域,表明该区域替代路径极少或不存在,栖息地的退化或损失极大可能切断生境的连通性^[12,20,24],故生态#cod#x0201c ...

2015

0.0

彭建, 汪安, 刘焱序, 等. 城市生态用地需求测算研究进展与展望. 地理学报, 2015, 70(2): 333-346.

[PENG

, WANG

, LIU

Y X

, et al. Research progress and prospect on measuring urban ecological land demand . Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(2): 333-346. ]

As a fundamental supplying carrier of natural ecosystem services in urban areas, ecological land couples human social development and natural ecological succession based on the inherent correlation between land use and land cover. Thus spatial optimization of ecological land has gradually become a vital and comprehensive approach to address the conflicts between urban development and ecological conservation. The measurement of urban ecological land demand can directly determine the equilibrium between supply and demand for ecological land, which is a significant step in overall planning and management of urban ecological land. After a systematic review of the concept of ecological land, the similarities and differences between ecological demands and ecological land demands are discussed in this paper. Then a conceptual space-function framework for measuring urban ecological land demand is proposed. Within this framework methodologies of measuring urban ecological land fall into three categories, namely experimental predication, ecosystem services and spatial patterns. In details, the category of experimental predication includes legal quota and historical trend methods. The methods of ecological footprint and carbon-oxygen equilibrium belong to the category of ecosystem services, while the method of ecological security pattern is included in the spatial patterns category. By methodological principles analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are comparatively discussed and summarized in terms of comprehensiveness, representativeness, threshold and area, and location. Finally, four key directions of future research are presented: urban ecological land classification related to ecological functions, comprehensive efficiency measurement on urban ecological land focusing on spatial patterns of ecological land, functional tradeoff of urban ecological land using multi-target scenarios, and urban ecological hinterland recognition based on ecological land supply-demand balance analysis.

作为城市地域自然生态系统服务供给的基本载体,生态用地基于土地利用/土地覆被的内在关联将人类社会发展与自然生态演替耦合关联在一起,已成为统筹解决城市建设扩展与自然生态保护矛盾的重要综合途径;城市生态用地的需求测算直接决定供需均衡分析结果,是城乡统筹生态用地规划与管理的关键环节。本文在系统梳理生态用地概念内涵的基础上,对比分析了生态需求与生态用地需求的概念异同;提出基于空间与功能的城市生态用地需求测算概念框架,并据此将已有测算方法归并为经验判定法、生态系统服务法、空间格局法3大类,从综合性、代表性、阈值与规模、位置等方面对比分析了法定定额法、历史趋势预判法、生态足迹法、碳氧平衡法、生态安全格局法等具体方法的基本特征及其优缺点;最后将下一步研究的重点趋向概括为基于土地生态功能的城市生态用地分类、基于土地生态格局的城市生态用地效益综合测算、基于多目标情景的城市生态用地功能综合权衡、基于生态用地供需平衡分析的城市生态腹地识别4个方面。

... 如何科学地识别源地^[13,14]、修正阻力面^[15]、确定廊道范围^[16]是近年来研究重点,其研究成果主要应用于城市规划、城市增长边界划定^[17]、城市绿色基础设施网络构建^[18]与生态保护红线划定等^[15,19,20] ...

2018

0.0

2018

0.0

彭建, 李慧蕾, 刘焱序, 等. 雄安新区生态安全格局识别与优化策略. 地理学报, 2018, 73(4): 701-710.

[PENG

, LI

H L

, LIU

Y X

, et al. Identification and optimization of ecological security pattern in Xiong'an New Area. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(4): 701-710. ]

The establishment of Xiong'an New Area has far-reaching historical significance for adjusting and optimizing the urban layout and spatial structure of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Under the construction concept of ecological benchmark, the identification and optimization of ecological security pattern is the basic spatial approach to ensuring the ecological security and realizing sustainable development in Xiong'an New Area. Based on the ecological background characteristics of Xiongxian, Rongcheng and Anxin, this study quantified and mapped five ecosystem services, namely grain yield, water yield, soil conservation, habitat conservation and near water recreation, and identified the ecological sources. Using the VIIRS/DNB Nighttime Light data, ecological resistance surface based on land-use types assignment was modified. The minimum cumulative resistance model was used to identify the ecological corridors. Based on the current ecological security pattern, the optimization strategy of the ecological security pattern was discussed under the goal of green, ecological and livable city. The results showed that, ecological sources, which accounted for 41.88% of the total area and contained 14 major ecological patches, were mainly distributed in the areas surrounding the Baiyangdian Lake. The total length of ecological corridors was 107.21 km, which was divided into four groups with a circle distribution. The radiating area of existing ecological sources reached 70.6% of the total area. Therefore, it is necessary to build a new ecological source with a radiating area of 227 km 2 to meet the demand for 85% of radiating area of the ecological source. The ecological security pattern scheme proposed in this study can provide spatial guidance for the construction of green, ecological, and livable city in Xiong'an New Area.

1. Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 2. Key Laboratory for Environmental and Urban Sciences, School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China

雄安新区的设立对于调整、优化京津冀城市空间结构具有深远的历史意义。面向“生态标杆”的新区建设理念,生态安全格局识别及优化是保障雄安新区生态安全、实现可持续发展的基本空间途径。本文基于雄县、容城、安新三县生态本底特征,选取并定量评估粮食供给、产水、土壤保持、生境维持和近水游憩5种生态系统服务,识别生态源地;利用VIIRS/DNB夜间灯光数据修正基于地类赋值的基本阻力面,并运用最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道;最后基于现状生态安全格局,探讨绿色生态宜居新城目标下的生态安全格局优化策略。研究结果表明：雄安三县生态源地占到全区土地总面积的41.88%,包含14个生态源地斑块,主要分布在白洋淀周边;生态廊道总长度107.21 km,分4大组团呈环状分布;现有生态源地辐射面积占到全区的70.6%,在雄县县城周边新建辐射面积为227 km 2 的生态源地可满足全区85%的源地辐射面积规模要求。本文提出的生态安全格局优化方案可为雄安新区开发建设提供空间指引。

2019

0.0

2018

0.0

2018

0.0

刘佳, 尹海伟, 孔繁花, 等. 基于电路理论的南京城市绿色基础设施格局优化. 生态学报, 2018, 38(12): 4363-4372.

[LIU

, YIN

H W

, KONG

F H

, et al. Structure optimization of circuit theory: Based green infrastructure in Nanjing, China. Acta Ecologica Sinlea, 2018, 38(12): 4363-4372. ]

The connectivity of urban green infrastructure (UGI) can significantly improve the biodiversity and sustainable development ability of cities, which is of great significance to maintaining the health and stability of urban ecosystems. In the present study, we used circuit theory to map the landscape connectivity of UGI in the main urban area of Nanjing and identify the important patches and corridors according to current density, and then used a search window to detect barriers and to develop a landscape connectivity optimization strategy for Nanjing. 1) Habitat fragmentation in the main urban area of Nanjing was significant. The total area of the patches was about 70.45 km 2 , and 40% of patches area had a low contribution to connectivity. The southern part of the study area exhibited the best landscape connectivity, followed by the middle and northern parts. In the south, numerous corridors clustered into net structure, and the network structure is complex. In the middle of the study area, the Qinhuai River mainly formed a circular corridor. Relatively few corridors were observed in the northern part of the study area, and the patches were isolated. 2)There were 155 barriers in the study area, and 84.5% of those barriers were >5 hm 2 , so the landscape connectivity in the main urban area of Nanjing can still improve greatly. Although many methods have been developed and used for predicting connectivity, circuit theory has rarely been used to map connectivity in urban areas. The present study demonstrates how circuit theory can be used to map connectivity in complex landscape and to identify important habitat patches and movement corridors for conservation planning, which is an advance in mapping the landscape connectivity of UGI. The circuit theory incorporates all possible pathways and combines structural and functional corridors, which improves corridor redundancy and provides an efficient and cost-effective tool for mapping UGI landscape connectivity. The results of this study provided an important reference for Nanjing UGI networks.

城市绿色基础设施的连通性与格局优化能显著提升城市的生物多样性和可持续发展能力，对维持城市生态系统的健康与稳定具有重要意义。基于电路理论构建了南京市主城区绿色基础设施景观格局，根据电流密度分析斑块、廊道重要性，并借助移动窗口搜索法识别障碍点，提出南京市景观格局优化策略。研究结果表明：（1）南京主城区景观破碎化程度较高，40%的生境斑块（约为28.18 km 2 ）对连通性的贡献较低，南部重要廊道的数量最多，局部簇团成网，网络结构较为复杂，其次为中部，且河流廊道（秦淮河）是其主要廊道类型，北部廊道数量最少，斑块多呈孤岛分布；（2）研究区共有155处障碍点，其中84.5%面积小于5hm 2 ，可见主城区景观连通性仍有较大的提升空间。研究丰富了城市绿色基础设施景观格局的构建方法，对南京主城区绿色基础设施的连通性与格局优化具有一定的实践指导意义与参考价值。

2016

0.0

程迎轩, 王红梅, 刘光盛, 等. 基于最小累计阻力模型的生态用地空间布局优化. 农业工程学报, 2016, 32(16): 248-257.

[CHENG

Y X

, WANG

H M

, LIU

G S

, et al. Spatial layout optimization for ecological land based on minimum cumulative resistance model. Transactions of the CSAE, 2016, 32(16): 248-257. ]

综合分析生态用地保护重要性与建设用地扩张的经济潜力、耕地保护的政策约束，协调社会经济发展与生态保护的矛盾。运用景观安全格局分析方法，结合最小累计阻力模型，从水资源安全、生物多样性保护、灾害防护和景观游憩4个层面，采用累计修正求和的方式构成高明区重要生态用地空间。其次，以核心型生态用地为生态保护的源，以生态系统服务功能和生态价值当量作为生态保护的阻力，以基本农田保护区作为来自农业生产的阻力，以建设用地开发经济适宜性作为来自建设用地扩张的阻力，综合考虑三者间的平衡。结果表明，综合3种过程的生态重要性分区结果从数量上和空间分布上均与实际情况和规划目标吻合度较高，生态核心区和控制区为实施生态空间保护提供重要依据。

2012

0.0

... 为电流高度密集的区域,表明该区域替代路径极少或不存在,栖息地的退化或损失极大可能切断生境的连通性^[12,20,24],故生态#cod#x0201c ...

2008

0.0

... 是由McRae等^[21]基于电路理论提出的概念,是表征生境连通性的景观关键点 ...

2018

0.0

... 故而在修复时可针对生态障碍点类别分类进行：对于城镇内部建设用地,可加强绿带、绿心等城市绿地建设,增加植被丰度^[22],保障城市内部生态系统连续性 ...

2018

0.0

2012

0.0

... 为电流高度密集的区域,表明该区域替代路径极少或不存在,栖息地的退化或损失极大可能切断生境的连通性^[12,20,24],故生态#cod#x0201c ...

... 生态障碍点是指生物在生境斑块间运动受到阻碍的区域,移除这些区域会增加生态重要区间连通的可能性^[24,25] ...

... 该工具通过计算清除障碍点后连通性恢复值的大小来识别生境内的对连通性影响最大的区域,其中连通性恢复值由累积电流恢复值表征,累积电流恢复值与区域对景观连通性的阻碍成正比^[24,25] ...

2013

0.0

... 生态障碍点是指生物在生境斑块间运动受到阻碍的区域,移除这些区域会增加生态重要区间连通的可能性^[24,25] ...

2009

0.0

... 生态源地确定中,综合了生境质量、生境风险、景观连通性、生态系统服务价值四个方面：首先基于InVEST模型中生物多样性服务价值模块^[26,27]、生境风险模块^[28]测算烟台市生态用地的生境质量和生境风险系数,以生境风险修正生境质量得到综合生境质量 ...

... InVEST模型中的生境质量模型通过栖息地受人类活动干扰程度计算生境质量值^[26,27] ...

... 根据InVSET模型指南、相关研究及烟台市自然条件^[26,27],确定湿地、林地、草地和水域为生境,其他用地为非生境 ...

2017

0.0

吴健生, 毛家颖, 林倩, 等. 基于生境质量的城市增长边界研究: 以长三角地区为例. 地理科学, 2017, 37(1): 28-36.

[WU

J S

, MAO

J Y

, LIN

, et al. Urban growth boundary based on the evaluation of habitat quality: Taking the Yangtze River Delta as an example. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(1): 28-36. ]

The world’s natural ecosystem provides products of 15 trillion pounds annually, but with the universal urban expansion caused by economic development, ecological balance is gradually disrupted. Therefore, it’s critical to maintain ecosystem stability in the identification of urban growth boundary, which is regarded as an effective tool to control urban sprawl. However, very few methods, currently, have taken ecosystem into their account. With the concept that “ecology goes first”, this article put forward a method to identify the urban growth boundary based on the evaluation of habitat quality. Using the platform of ArcGIS and InVEST model, two aspects of habitat quality were considered in the assessment: the quality of habitat itself and the quality under threats. As a representative of the former quality, ecosystem service value of each cell was calculated. As to the latter one, InVEST model was used to assess cells’ threatened degree. In the prediction of the amount of future construction land, three scenarios were developed. The first scenario was based on the assumption that cities had separate development and urban planning. The second scenario assumed that in spite of the separate planning, it’s possible to conduct the redistribution of construction land index. The third scenario ignored the boundaries of administrative jurisdiction and regarded the study area as a single. By selecting districts with lower habitat quality as construction land, the simulated urban growth boundary of the Yangtze River Delta in 2024 and 2034 were determined. The conclusions showed that habitat quality in the south of the Yangtze River Delta was overall higher than that in the north and the average density of ecosystem service values was 10 770.6 yuan/(hm2?yr). Habitat with higher quality was located in the southwest area, while the lower one was in the eastern district and Round Hangzhou Bay. By 2024, the predicted quantity of construction land have been to 10 583.27 km2 (scenario 1 and 2) and 10 489.09 km2 (scenario 3), and then have been to 13 603.53 km2 (scenario 1 and 2) and 13 252.37 km2 (scenario 3) by 2034. East coastal area would be the center of construction land, and the northern districts and Round Hangzhou Bay were considered to be the main expansion area. In order to avoid the occupation of construction land on habitats with higher quality as a whole, 9 cities were classified as emigration region of construction land index, and 5 cities were categorized as immigration area, and the left 2 cities were transition regions. Moreover, regional integration of the Yangtze River Delta could also helpfully mollify the contradictions between urban development and ecological protection. Policy recommendations on the identification of urban growth boundary were proposed at the end, while possible innovations and inadequacies of this article were also concluded.

1.Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China 2.Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 3.Ningbo Urban-Rural Planning Research Center, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China 4.Department of Urban Development and Land Policy, Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518028, Guangdong, China;

基于“生态优先”理念,提出一种利用生境质量评估策略的城市增长边界划定方法。结合ArcGIS和InVEST模型,通过综合评估生境自身及其在威胁情境下的质量,模拟各市独立规划、建设用地指标再分配及区域一体化发展的三类建设用地扩张情景,分别划定2024和2034年的长三角地区城市增长边界。结果表明：研究区生境质量总体呈南高北低格局,平均生态系统服务价值密度为10 770.604元/（hm 2 ·a）,高质生境位于西南地区;根据指标再分配及一体化发展情景模拟的2024年研究区建设用地总量分别为10 583.273 km2和10 489.090 km2,2034年达到13 603.535 km2和13 252.370 km2;模拟的建设用地集中在东部沿海地区,并向北部及环杭州湾区域拓展;建设用地指标再分配能从整体上减少建设用地对优质生境的占用,区域一体化发展则能进一步降低城市发展造成的生态压力。

... InVEST模型中的生境质量模型通过栖息地受人类活动干扰程度计算生境质量值^[26,27] ...

... 根据InVSET模型指南、相关研究及烟台市自然条件^[26,27],确定湿地、林地、草地和水域为生境,其他用地为非生境 ...

2018

0.0

陈晔倩, 李杨帆, 祁新华, 等. 基于栖息地风险评价模型的海岸带滩涂湿地风险评价: 以闽三角为例. 生态学报, 2018, 38(12): 4214-4225.

[CHEN

Y Q

, LI

Y F

, QI

X H

, et al. Assessing ecosystem risk in coastal wetland of the South Fujian Golden Delta using a habitat risk assessment model based on the land -use effect on tidal flat wetland . Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(12): 4214-4225. ]

Coastal wetlands are one of our most valuable ecosystems; they have high biodiversity and productivity. In recent years, with the development of urbanization and the acceleration of industry progress, the land use in China has undergone some prominent and profound changes, and the ecological risk is becoming increasingly obvious. Here, using original Landsat TM/ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI satellite images from the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, and merging administrative and topographic maps, we introduce a model which assesses the risk of multiple marine and coastal utilization projects to habitats, called the Habitat Risk Assessment (HRA) model. We use this model to reflect the current ecosystem risk in the South Fujian Golden Delta so that managers of the area can take adaptive measures. The results show that (1) overall, the risk to tidal flat wetland in the coastal South Fujian Golden Delta is mainly low; (2) the risk area in Quanzhou is the largest (about 4389.91 hm 2 ) while the risk area in Zhangzhou is the smallest (about 4630.73 hm 2 ); (3) after correcting for the influence of each land-use type's area, other construction land has the greatest exposure and consequence to coastal tidal wetlands, whereas plantation has the least exposure and consequence. The visualization of tidal flat wetland risk in different areas enables us to monitor high risk areas, and determine factors that cause high risk areas. Thus, it is more convenient for managers to take adaptive conservation measures.

海岸带湿地是生物多样性最丰富、生产力最高、最具价值的生态系统之一。然而近年来，随着城市化和工业化进程的加快，我国海岸带地区的土地利用正发生深刻变化，生态风险凸显。利用2000、2005、2010和2015年的Landsat TM/ETM+和Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像，融合行政区划图与地形图，并引入一个评价多元海洋、海岸带利用对栖息地造成风险的模型，即Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs （InVEST）模型中的栖息地风险评价（Habitat Risk Assessment，HRA），模型评价闽三角海岸带滩涂湿地的生态风险。结果表明：（1）闽三角海岸带滩涂湿地风险以低风险为主；（2）泉州地区的风险面积最大（约4389.91 hm 2 ），漳州地区最小（约4630.73 hm 2 ）；（3）修正面积影响的情况下，其他建设用地造成的暴露和影响较大，耕地造成的暴露和影响最小。不同区域滩涂湿地风险程度的可视化表达，可以揭示滩涂湿地高风险地区以及高风险的产生原因，便于管理者对滩涂湿地采取精准的保育措施。

... HRA模型常用于评价人类活动对海域生态系统健康的影响^[28],但其对生境风险的模拟同样适用于陆地生态系统 ...

... HRA基于生态风险理论与空间叠加分析,结合生境威胁因子威胁的频率和程度、生境因子受影响的程度以及自我恢复能力来模拟和评估生态用地受到的风险划分等级^[28] ...

2015

0.0

陆禹, 佘济云, 陈彩虹, 等. 基于粒度反推法的景观生态安全格局优化: 以海口市秀英区为例. 生态学报, 2015, 35(19): 6384-6393.

[LU

, SHE

J Y

, CHEN

C H

, et al. Land scape ecological security pattern optimization based on the granularity inverse method: A case study in Xiuying district, Haikou. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(19): 6384-6393. ]

The Landscape Ecological Security Pattern Optimization Approach (LESPOA) is an effective way of promoting healthier ecosystems and harmonious relationships between people and their surrounding environment. Currently, there are shortcomings to this approach because it lacks objectivity in ecological site selection, and when simulating ecological resistances, it doesn't consider the interactions between these resistances. In order to address these issues, this paper uses the granularity inverse method and the comprehensive construction method of ecological surface resistance, which combines the technology of GIS with a least-cost distance model, to apply the LESPOA in Xiuying district. We aimed to provide a scientific basis for ecological environment construction and a method for improving the LESPOA. The results were: (1) When the granularity of ecological landscape component is 400 m, the ecological landscape component is an appropriate method for selecting ecological sources. According to the above appropriate method, there were 18 ecological sources (8 primary and 10 secondary), 17 ecological corridors, and 11 ecological nodes in Xiuying district. The reference scale of new ecological sources was 38.5 hm 2 . The maximum ecological service distance for whole ecological source structure was about 800 m. When the distance between different ecological patches is approximately 200 m, we should enhance the ecological connections between them. Currently, there are 11 non-ecological landscape patches (with a total area of 20.26 hm 2 ) in Xiuying district that need to be converted to ecological landscape patch;(2) The granularity inverse method has a stronger theoretical basis and greater objectivity than traditional methods of ecological source selection, and it also can reflects the connective characteristics of landscape pattern. Therefore, the results from this method can supply more accurate references for ecological construction than traditional methods. (3) The comprehensive ecological resistance surface considers the interaction between resistances and thus can better simulate the physical characteristics of ecological resistances than the traditional ecological resistance surface that just considers land use type. There are significant differences between dominant ecological resistance and recessive ecological resistance, which can reflect potential ecological weak points. Most of the ecological weak points in Xiuying district are woodlands that are surrounded by farmland, unused land, and construction land. Although these ecological weak points can easily be neglected, it is important to focus on enhancing the connections between the weak points and ecological sources in order to restore natural ecologic processes.

景观生态安全格局优化是改善生态环境、促进人与自然和谐发展的有效途径。为给海口市秀英区生态环境建设提供科学依据和景观生态安全格局优化方法改进提供参考,提出了粒度反推法和生态阻力面综合构建法,结合GIS技术和最小耗费距离模型探讨了海口市秀英区景观生态安全格局优化途径。结果表明:(1)400m粒度生态景观组分是秀英区生态源地选取的合适参照,秀英区有生态源地18块、生态廊道17条、生态节点11个,新增生态源地建设的参考规模为38.5hm 2 ,生态源地的生态服务极限距离为800m,需将现有的11块非生态景观类型斑块转换为生态景观类型,总面积20.26 hm 2 。(2)粒度反推法能为生态源地选取提供客观参考,在生态源地选择方面比传统方法具有更强的理论基础和客观性,解决了客观选取生态源地的问题。(3)综合生态阻力面能对生态阻力的实际情况进行较好地模拟。显、隐性生态阻力面之间存在显著差异,能反映生态系统中潜在的生态薄弱点,这些生态薄弱点往往是容易被忽略而又需要重点建设的区域。

... 其次,采用粒度反推法^[29]确定生境连通性最好的景观粒度,确定初步生态源地 ...

... 构建生态阻力面时,为更准确地模拟阻力面分布,除传统基于景观类别的显性阻力面外,借鉴相关研究,引入隐性阻力面、坡度、起伏度因子,测算综合阻力面^[29,31] ...

... 粒度反推法基于反证法思想,通过测算不同粒度下景观格局指数确定最优景观组分,从而根据该景观组分反选生态源地^[29] ...

... 传统的阻力面构建主要根据斑块土地利用特征模拟生态阻力,不能准确模拟阻力面分布,本文借鉴相关研究,除显性阻力面外,利用Kriging 插值法生成不易直观判断的隐性生态阻力值并计算累积值得到隐性阻力面,同时选取代表地貌条件的指标共同构建综合生态阻力面^[29,31],各因子及权重设置主要参考已有研究,如表1所示 ...

2015

0.0

谢高地, 张彩霞, 张昌顺, 等. 中国生态系统服务的价值. 资源科学, 2015, 37(9): 1740-1746.

[XIE

G D

, ZHANG

C X

, ZHANG

C S

, et al. The value of ecosystem services in China. Resources Science, 2015, 37(9): 1740-1746. ]

Ecosystem services with an extremely high economic value impact human well-being significantly. The practices of ecological system asset management,ecological compensation,and paid use of ecological system assets are urging to fully evaluate ecosystem service value. In this paper,the economic values of 11 types of ecosystem services are accounted based on the expansion of labor value theory and using the method of equivalent value factor per unit ecosystem area. We found that the total value of ecosystem services in China is 38.10×10 12 CNY,of which,forest ecosystem services value account for 46.00%,followed by aquatorium and grass ecosystem service value accounting for 21.16% and 19.68%,respectively. In terms of the economic value derived from different types of ecosystem services,support services accounted for 71.31%,regulation services accounted for 19.01%,provision services accounted for 5.87% and cultural services for 3.81%. The value of ecosystem services vary seasonally during a year,the value of ecosystem services during May to September is higher; from October to April the value of ecosystem services is relatively low. The ecosystems per unit area in southern and northeastern China supply higher ecosystem services values; the overall trend of the spatial distribution of ecosystem services value per unit of ecosystem area is gradual reduction from southeast to northwest. With comparison between per capita ecosystem service value and per capita GDP in different regions of China in 2010,the per capita ecosystem service value in China is 2.84×10 4 CNY,close to per capita GDP,which fully demonstrates the relative scarcity of China's ecosystem service,especially in economically developed and densely populated areas.

Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

生态系统服务有着极高甚至无法计量的价值，与人类福祉关系及其密切。充分评价生态系统服务价值现已成为生态系统资产化管理、生态补偿、生态服务有偿使用等政策执行的迫切需求。本文基于扩展的劳动价值论原理，主要采用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子的方法，对中国生态系统提供的11种生态服务类型价值进行核算，研究表明：①中国各种生态系统年提供总服务价值量为38.10万亿元。就生态系统而言，森林提供的总服务价值最高，占总价值的46.00%;其次是水域和草地，分别占总价值的21.16%和19.68%;②就生态系统服务类别而言，调节功能服务价值最高，占71.31%，支持服务占19.01%，供给服务占5.87%;文化服务占3.81%;③生态系统服务价值在年内随生长季节变化，中国生态系统在5-9月期间提供的生态服务价值较高，而在11-2月期间提供的生态服务价值较低;④生态系统服务单位面积价值最高的地区主要分布在南方和东北地区，在总体趋势上从东南向西北逐渐降低;⑤对中国不同地区人均生态服务价值和人均GDP进行对比发现，2010年中国人均生态价值量为2.84万元，人均GDP为2.99万元，总体而言中国人均GDP和人均生态服务价值接近1∶1，这表明中国生态系统服务价值相对社会经济价值的高度稀缺性，尤其在经济和人口密集的区域，这种相对稀缺性更为突出。

... 最后,基于谢高地等^[30]制定生态系统服务价值计算标准测算生态系统服务价值,选取生态系统服务价值高的区域作为生态源地,生态系统服务价值较低的生境破碎区域作为生态保护修复关键区域之一 ...

2017

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2007

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... 纵横交错的交通设施加剧景观破碎化,与廊道相交处直接或部分切断了景观连接度,对生物流动的畅通和安全性造成威胁^[32] ...

2018

0.0

... 整合修复三大类节点区域和破碎生态空间,提高城市绿地、湿地等生态用地间的生态网络完整性^[33,34],可保障和提高烟台市生态基质和生态空间的稳定性,提升生态系统服务供给能力^[35] ...

2018

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2019

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