Archive

  • Select all
    |
    Earth Surface Processes
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHU Ji-wen, NI Shao-xiang, JIANG Chang-yu
    2012, 31(7): 1163-1172. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070001
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Professor Li Chunfen(1912-1996),one of the most well-known geographers in China,had his professional career in geography research and teaching as long as 60 years,and made a great contribution to the development of China's geography,especially the regional geography.His most brilliant academic ideas are that the physical structure of geographical environment has the distinct features,i.e.,'integrity and disparity',and'generality and individuality',and these ideas had been applied successfully in his research and teaching of regional geography.His well-known books'Physical Structure of South American Geographical Environment' and'Physical Structure of North American Geographical Environment' are commonly recognized as the classical monographs of regional geography.Besides,he published several influential papers on the theoretical plane such as 'Object,task and method of integrated physical geography based on its development course','Regional geography: problems and prospects','Recent developments of geography as against its traditions'.The major purpose of this paper is to give a brief introduction to the background for shaping Prof.Li's academic ideas,as well as the main content,scientific value and practical significance of his ideas.Prof.Li's innovative academic ideas on the physical structure of geographical environment have great significance in promoting and deepening the researches on planning and management of natural resources and environment,sustainable regional development,and human-environmental relationship in geography.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    YU Kong-jian, YOU Hong, XU Li-yan, YUAN Hong
    2012, 31(7): 1173-1184. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070002
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper proposed a new model of housing development location choice of metropolises based on classic urban economics theory.From the perspective of suppliers,the model took the current housing development projects as sources and the housing construction suitability as resistance surface,and simulated the future housing development pressure through Minimum Cumulative Resistance(MCR) analysis.The paper also conducted an empirical study using housing development data of Beijing municipality from 2005 to 2009.Results show that the spatial pattern of housing development in Beijing is evolving from a monocentric structure to a polycentric and hierarchical one.The preferred location of next round of housing development includes the center town of northern and northwestern districts,new towns in the southern city,and regions around economic development areas.These locations are therefore remarked to have a relatively high urban sprawl pressure.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    YANG Yu, LIU Yi, JIN Feng-jun, DONG Wen, LI Li
    2012, 31(7): 1185-1198. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070003
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Through Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and its Global Moran's I index and Getis-Ord Gi* index,and coordinatied development degree function land & water resources benefit and urbanization level from 1995 to 2008 are analyzed systematically.Especially,the paper focused on agglomeration diffusion condition,its spatial pattern evolution and space linkage development effect of cold and hot spots.Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.Due to differences in oasis natural and geographical conditions,the spatio-temporal variations of urbanization and land & water resources benefit of north slope of Tianshan Mountains are different.(1) Counties with similar land use benefits show obvious spatial differentiation.The spatial structures in different years present dispersed pattern and keep stable constantly.(2) Agglomeration and dispersion of water resources benefits are not stable.Differences of changes are significant during the study years.(3) The pattern and path of spatio-temporal variation of urbanization and land & water resources benefits are different.Space linkage development effects are obviously different.Specific circumstances of development of oasis cities determine the spatial evolution of cold and hot spots of urbanization and land & water resources benefits are more sensitive than the development level themselves.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Xue-ming, ZHANG Jian-li, YANG Jun, ZHANG Li
    2012, 31(7): 1199-1208. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070004
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The attraction of human settlements is becoming an important theoretical issue in the study of urban human settlements.In this paper,we first proposed the concepts of human settlements' attraction and human settlements' gravity field.Then,we constructed an index system for the environmental satisfaction of human settlements community and calculated the gravity field strength of 184 communities in Dalian using the gravitational potential energy model.Finally,we developed an isogram and spatial distribution map of gravity field strength of urban human settlements in Dalian with Vertical Mapper provided in MapInfo.The main conclusions of this study are drawn as follows.(1) Gravity field theory proves to be an effective method in evaluating human settlements.(2) The supply and demand of the human settlements community graphically has two centers and one coastal zone.(3) The gravitational potential energy of the human settlements community differentiates greatly in space.(4) The supply and demand of the community human settlement is proportional to gravitational potential energy,but inversely proportional to the distance between the community and the center of gravitational potential energy.The space development of the city and its coastal habitat is the main factor driving the distribution of environment gravitational potential energy in Dalian.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Fa-zeng, WANG Sheng-nan, LI Meng
    2012, 31(7): 1209-1223. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070005
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Optimization of green open space plays a significant role in achieving sustainable development of ecological cities.Green open space system in Luoyang consists of 6 categories: product green area,farmland and forest,riparian area,garden,road landscape area and auxiliary green area.By using landscape pattern analysis,Structure Evenness Radio Index,Ecological Intensity Index,and Huff model,the paper examines the dynamic changes in area,shape and distribution of the green open space from 1988 to 2008.It evaluates service capacity of the green open space system before spatial distribution and demand-supply condition is optimized.Results are shown as follows.1) For the 20 years there is an increase in riparian areas,gardens,road landscape areas and auxiliary green areas,while a decrease in product green area,farmland and forest.Green space is abundant in Quadrants 2-5 and Rings 4-8,and less in Quadrants 7 and 8 and Rings 1,2,and 10.2) There are significant differences in Evenness Radio of all quadrants and rings.However,Quadrant 6 and Ring 5 show stable Evenness Radio,indicating gradual improvement of green space distribution in riparian areas,gardens,road landscape areas and auxiliary green areas.3) There is a notable increase in density of green patches,with areas along the Luohe River and west fringe of the city having the highest value.Many green patches have low Shape Index,though some regions see an increase.The patches generally display regular geometry shapes,which are obvious products of urban planning.4) Ecological Serving Intensity Index of 2008 is 0.288,and falls into Class III,being an ordinary level.Time costs for local residents visiting green open space are high.Demand and supply of green space service are out of balance for both the northern and southern parts of the city.5) The frame of overall design for green open space system optimization is "1 center with 3 rings,4 belts with 3 axes,and 3 mountains with 4 wedges".The four levels of optimizing distribution pattern are "green rings revolving,green corridors interweaving,green dots interspersing and green background extending".Residence location and green space distribution need to be modified to find the balance in demand and supply of green space.Concrete measures should be taken to optimize the distribution and functionality of public open green system.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHOU Nian-xing, HUANG Zhen-fang, JIANG Ming-ping, LIANG Yan-yan
    2012, 31(7): 1224-1232. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070006
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aesthetic appreciation and ecological sustainable development jointly mark the two key main goals in forest landscape management.However,how to reconcile the two goals has always been the crucial research issue on the relationship between landscape visual quality and spatial pattern index.More than 49 landscape pictures were taken from a wide range of Mount Lushan Scenic Area,and the spots represented in the photos were digitized on the forest field survey map.The Scenic Beauty Evaluation(SBE) of the 49 pictures were calculated according to the visual assessment test,the landscape spatial pattern index,such as patch density,large patch index,edge density,landscape shape index,Shannon's diversity index,have been calculated,and the relationship between landscape visual quality and landscape spatial pattern index have also been figured out.The results are shown as follows.(1) As far as the landscape composition is concerned,we find a significant positive correlation between SBE values and the percentage of water area(r=0.472,P<0.01),and a significant negative correlation between SBE values and the percentage of built-up area(r=-0.422,P<0.01).We also find a positive correlation between SBE values and the naturalness index(r=0.368,P<0.05).(2) With the point view of landscape pattern index,we find a significant negative correlation between SBE values and patch density(r=-0.489,P<0.01),and a significant positive correlation between the SBE values and the edge density(r=0.481,P<0.01) and Shannon's diversity index(r=0.602,P<0.01).(3) We find no correlation in the total dataset between SBE values and the openness index,large patch index and landscape shape index.The results of this study may be useful in forest landscape management for realizing the goal that landscape aesthetic appreciation can go well with ecological sustainable development.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    CHANG Gen-ying, HUANG Fu-peng, LI Man, LI Guo-jing
    2012, 31(7): 1233-1247. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070007
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on questionnaire survey conducted at irrigation and dry farming areas in Huining County of Gansu Province,and rural areas in Shanxian of southwestern Shandong Province,this paper dealt with understanding of global climate change of rural residents and their willingness to pay to mitigate climate change.It is found that although respondents showed great concern on global climate change,their understanding of what is global climate change and why it occurred was very limited.To some degree,the local residents considered global climate change as local climate change.The central government and international organizations were regarded to be responsible for global climate change,while perceived ability of individuals and families for mitigating climate change was low and the respondents showed low willingness to pay regardless of their self-claimed obligation to deal with climate change.Education and occupation differences in willingness to pay were significant.It is argued how the respondents understand occurrence of climate change affects their opinion on who are responsible for climate change,their perceived ability for mitigating climate change,and further willingness to pay.Finally,policy implications of this study were discussed.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    SU Xiao-dan, LUAN Zhao-qing, ZHANG Xue-ping
    2012, 31(7): 1248-1256. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070008
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Temperature and precipitation have great influence on ecological system and social economy.Under the background of the global warming,concerning the regional characteristics of regional land use and land cover change,the climate change in Jiansanjiang reclamation areas was analyzed. According to the monthly data of air temperature and precipitation of 15 meteorological stations from 1965 to 2002 in Jiansanjiang reclamation areas,some classical statistical methods were used to explore the characteristics of climate change,such as trend,correlative correlation,climate variation analyses and climate elements cumulative test curve and so on.The statistics of some climatic factors such as mean temperature,mean maximum temperature,mean minimum temperature and precipitation were gathered in the light of year and season,and their changes during 40 years were analyzed.The results showed that there was a 0.50℃/10a increase in the mean annual temperature in the last 40 years.Seasonal temperature had a rising trend,and the temperature increased by 0.82℃/10a in winter,higher than that in other seasons.In the southern margin area,the increase of temperature was higher than 0.60℃/10a,while in the northeastern part of the region,it was lower than 0.35℃/10a. There was only a slight increasing tendency for annual precipitation,and the tendency ratio was-1.90 mm/10a.Annual precipitation in northwest and southern rim was in the decline.Most of the rest of the regions were precipitation increasing areas.Spring,autumn and winter precipitation presented a reducing tendency except that of summer.Climate elements cumulative test curve and test signal of noise ratio(S/N) were used to analyze climate mutation.The result showed that precipitation mutation occurred in 1980 and 1997,and the precipitation had not a significant abrupt change. The increase of the temperature led to both an increase in crop yields and a crop pattern change,while the decrease of the precipitation caused a reduction in the natural wetland area.Thus the methods of land use were changed.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    CUI Yao-ping, LIU Ji-yuan, ZHANG Xue-zhen, HU Yun-feng, WANG Jun-bang
    2012, 31(7): 1257-1268. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070009
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Urban energy balance is a physical basis of studying urban heat island effect.Underlying surfaces have a significant effect on urban thermal budget.In this study,different types of underlying surface,namely vegetation cover types(forest and grassland),impervious overlay types(roads and houses),and meteorological data measured in Beijing teaching botanical garden in 2010,were used to study urban energy balance and temperature differences of different underlying surfaces with a local-scale urban meteorological parameterization scheme(LUMPS).The results showed that: 1) urban underlying surfaces had a large impact on energy expenditures.Therein,the annual average Bowen ratio of vegetation cover regions was 0.28,while that of impervious layer regions reached 4.60.Moreover,the differences of energy expenditure mainly appeared in the vegetation growing season;2) the common process of urban sprawl was that grassland or forest were replaced by houses and roads.This process was accompanied by the significant changes of energy expenditures,namely the process of sensible heat increased and latent heat decreased.For example,in the process of conversion of vegetation surface to impervious surface,the sensible heat flux increased by 32.74 W/m2,the latent heat flux decreased by 38.87 W/m2,and the surface heat flux increased by 7.95 W/m2;3) corresponding to the differences of latent heat and temperature,the results displayed that the vegetation cover regions had lower temperture than impervious cover regions due to their different specific heat capacity and energy assignment.And only the cooling effect of evapotranspiration could make the air temperature of vegetation cover regions 2.63℃ lower than impervious cover regions in theory.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    SHEN Yu-ming, DENG Xiu-li, REN Wang-bing, HUANG Lin
    2012, 31(7): 1269-1279. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070010
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Creative industry has attracted more and more attentions across the world since it was proposed.At the same time,many countries have developed creative industry as a strategic industry.Creative industry is highly regarded as an important way to promote the state economy and soft power in various countries in the forthcoming global competition.This article,based on the reviews of characteristics of spatial distribution and influencing factors of creative industry at home and abroad,summarizes the support conditions of the development of creative industry,and further selects the appropriate indicators to structure the index system to evaluate the support conditions of creative industry development in China.By conducting calculation and analysis with the help of SPSS and the statistical software,principal component analysis is used to make quantitative evaluation of the development support conditions of creative industry in 35 major cities of China.As a result,the 35 major cities are classified into four types by the grading of comprehensive factor score of support conditions: good,fairly good,average and poor levels.At the same time,it is proposed to layout the spatial development strategy of creative industry in China at present.The spatial strategies of creative industry development are as follows: Proceeding in the light of local conditions,outstanding feature and making scientific planning;Focusing on the development of several cluster regions of key creative industry so as to enhance the accumulative effect.In combination of some results at present investigation with assessment of current status,eight key cluster areas of creative industry are identified,they are the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan creative cluster areas,Yangtze River Delta creative cluster areas,Pearl River Delta creative cluster areas,Kunming and Lijiang creative cluster areas,Chengdu and Chongqing creative cluster areas,Guanzhong creative cluster areas,Central China creative cluster areas and the Liaodong Peninsula creative cluster areas.This paper strengthens the leading roles of Pearl River Delta,Yangtze River Delta,and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in developing creative industry.Central and western China is encouraged,based on regional central cities,to combine creative industry with leading roles in upgrading the local industry,developing specialty creative industry and forming a distinctive regional creative hubs.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    SHEN Jing-hong, LU Yu-qi, LAN Xiao-ji, LIU De-er
    2012, 31(7): 1280-1293. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070011
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The authors evaluate the provincial accessibility,county accessibility,opening accessibility between adjoining districts,two fare costs and probability of attraction based on social and economic factors of districts in Anhui Province,point out spatial accessibility structure of diversified indexes of towns in this province,and build a model of comprehensive accessibility indexes,and achieve spatial structure of comprehensive accessibility of the towns.We find that spatial pattern of the towns in Anhui is taking Hefei as the center and extending toward edge by and large,but the spatial pattern does not constitute regular concentric circles;county analysis reflects distinct differences between south towns and north towns.Accessibility of south and southwest towns is bad and good in the north towns,respectively;the towns are identified as severe shrinkage,sharp expansion,substantial stabilization and fluctuation in the opening analysis;spatial structure of fare cost based on the shortest line forms circularities centered embayment towards northeast;analysis of the least fare cost testifies spatial structure of accessibility of the towns following with extension of railway network;attractive indexes of probability indicate that the towns with high attractive indexes of probability present a shape of "¥";comprehensive accessibility indexes of the towns reveal symmetry between north and south in Anhui,but the pattern is broken by mountains of South Anhui.In the end,the researchers offer some proposals on some flaws of road network: promote new regional growth poles in north central Anhui for further strengthening their internal relations;accelerate the construction of high-grade highways in Huaibei plain,in particular strengthen lateral ties between the towns of North Jiangsu and South Henan provinces;extend connectivity of high grade roads in the northern and southern parts of Maanshan;improve the road facilities of the Wanjiang City Belt.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    XIA Li-li, ZHAO Yao-long, OUYANG Jun, LIU Wang-bao
    2012, 31(7): 1294-1304. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070012
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Villages-in-the-city(i.e.Chengzhongcun),as distinctive urban spaces in Chinese cities,has attracted great attentions during the last two decades.Few literatures,however,have focused on the basically economic characteristics and spatial distribution of informal sectors run by migrants in Chengzhongcun.In fact,due to non-strict regulated situation,low-rent housing market and favorable location,Chengzhongcun has become ideal areas for the agglomeration of informal economic sectors.Although most of these informal economic sectors are sorts of neighborhood service,there are probably some manufacturing industries.Based on a case study of Kangle village in Guangzhou,a typical Chengzhongcun with booming manufacturing factories,this research tries to explore the basic economic characteristics and spatial distribution of manufacturing factories in Chengzhongcun.Field work is carried out to obtain economic data using semi-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews with 428 owners or responsible persons of the enterprises selected by convenient and snowball sampling.Location of the samples covers major manufacturing area in the village.In addition,land-use pattern of the village is investigated by dividing the whole village into small grids to describe the spatial distribution of manufacturing enterprises.The results show that most of the factories in the center of Kangle village are garment processing workshops built by migrants.The factories have the attributes of temporality,endogeneity,the diversity of native places of owners,and informality,and the basic economic characteristics of which are small scale,loosing production linkage with each other,and lack of technological innovation.Moreover,many workshops are situated in residential buildings and significantly influenced by the road and alley network in the village.Industrial,residential and commercial land is mixed in vertical space,and factories with similar products are relatively agglomerated.The manufacturing enterprises in Kangle village are not passively isolated only by low cost,but are actively agglomerated because of both low cost and favorable location.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Yang, FANG Chuang-lin, WANG Zhen-bo
    2012, 31(7): 1305-1316. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070013
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The China's urbanization,which is in rapid development stage,presents significant regional inequality.Using the counties as basic units can reflect the spatial pattern of China's urbanization,raise the level of understanding of spatial inequality of China's urbanization,and be beneficial to the sound development of China's urbanization. This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation system for China's county urbanization level in three aspects of urbanization connotation: population,economy and society.Entropy method is adopted to evaluate the comprehensive urbanization levels of 2289 county units in China and levels of their subsystems.Then we transform calculated values into urbanization rate based on min-max normalization and dimensionless method.Urbanization type regions are constructed according to the relationships between population urbanization and economic-social urbanization.The driving force of each urbanization type region is evaluated by partial correlation analysis.Finally,the method of spatial autocorrelation is used to regionalize the level of China's comprehensive urbanization,population urbanization,economic urbanization and social urbanization. The results show that population and economy are two major subtypes reflecting the comprehensive urbanization level of China;the spatial distribution of China's comprehensive urbanization represents a clear administrative hierarchy;China can be divided into four urbanization types,namely,population urbanization lag region;economic-social urbanization lag region,population and economic-social urbanization lag region and comprehensive urbanization non-lag region;spatial autocorrelation is an alternative approach for regionalization researches in the field of human geography.Regionalization of four kinds of urbanization types is different in pattern,mechanism and mode.In regionalization mode of population urbanization type regions,the northern region is higher than the southern region while in regionalization mode of economic and social urbanization type regions,the eastern region is higher than the western region.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIU Tao, CAO Guang-zhong
    2012, 31(7): 1317-1327. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070014
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Using the spatial autocorrelation analysis,this paper investigates the regional and local influence of cities of different sizes from the influenced rather than influencing perspective,which also indicates the agglomeration and dispersion of different sized cities.The empirical study on China's 637 cities with urban land sizes proves the integrated approach feasible and effective.Considering the effect of scales on interaction among cities and the hierarchy of urban service functions,we analyze the issue on regional and local scales with the inverse distance and inverse distance squared as the spatial weight matrix.Regardless their own sizes of investigated cities,as long as most cities are surrounded by large cities,it is indicated that large cities with powerful regional or local influence are dominant in the region.Otherwise,the radiation effect of central cities is limited and agglomeration of small cities is the typical characteristic of regional urban system.Cities with the most significant regional influence agglomerate in the Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan area.Among the five metropolitan areas in eastern China,super-cities are dominant in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Pearl River Delta without the following development of small and medium-sized cities;the Yangtze River Delta and Central-Southern Liaoning are characterized by the collaborative development of different sized cities led by super-cities;cities in Shandong Peninsula cooperate well with each other without a distinguished leading city.The regional influence of central cities in central and western China is limited.There are relatively large numbers of cities in central China,whose local influence domains can completely cover the whole region.At the same time,the regional influence of some(joint) central cities may increase by leaps and bounds.However,the urban size hierarchy is dominated by small cities due to lacking large cities in the vast western China.Since the influence of a specific central city on non-central cities cannot be separated from that of other cities,this integrated approach of inspecting the influence domain of central cities through their influences accepted by others is not perfectly accurate.However,it provides a new perspective for the study on city's influence domain,which is to combine the regional influence of central cities with the spatial distribution of cities of different sizes through the interaction among them.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Zhao-feng
    2012, 31(7): 1328-1338. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070015
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    One of the typical characteristics of inbound tourist behavior is that tourists often travel for a long distance in the tourism destination and choose efficient and convenient transportation mode.Air transport,a timely,convenient,efficient and comfortable mode,is playing an increasingly important role in inbound tourists' travel.As a result,airport becomes an important and basic condition for cities to develop inbound tourism industry.Improvement in air transport condition can enhance the possibility of inbound tourists' entry.Meanwhile,growth of inbound tourist flow also results in increasing demand for air transport,which in turn improves the flow efficiency of inbound tourists. Although there is a close relationship between inbound tourism industry and air transport,there have been few researches on disparities and co-evolution between inbound tourist flow and air transport network.This paper firstly analyzes the mechanism of spatial evolution between inbound tourist flow and air transport network,then constructs mechanism model of co-evolution,and studies the disparities and characteristics of co-evolution from 1999 to 2009,which concentrates on the network feature of flows,spatial structure,and node linkage. The conclusions imply that inbound tourist flow and air passenger flow are increasing in Southwest China,and there is a strong correlation(Pearson=0.963).The change characteristics and trends of spatial structure are consistent.In addition,there is a strong coupling relationship in the network node linkage.But Tibet has no obvious interrelation between inbound tourism flow and air passenger flow,and its correlation level is low,while other areas have significant interrelation along with a great internal difference.Therefore,air transport condition in Southwest China should be improved based on the spatial dynamic change of inbound tourism flow.Besides air transport links should be enhanced between provinces to improve flow efficiency of inbound tourism flow and comprehensive tourism benefit.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    CHEN Zhi-gang, BAO Ji-gang
    2012, 31(7): 1339-1351. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012070016
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the definition of RBD and in-depth interviews,this paper describes the emergence and development of a RBD in Yangshuo County,a typical scenic tourist city,using the shape index and land-use dynamic index,and also analyzes its determining factors and development trajectory.The findings are as follows.1.The formation of the RBD originated from West Street and fueled by the development of tourism.With West Street as its core,the RBD springs out and form spatial patterns like a cross shape,an H shape,north and south bisected rectangle shapes,and a checkerboard shape.During 1979 and 2005,spatial configuration of the RBD transformed from a linear pattern to a network one.And the land use change dynamic has picked up speed since 2003 after a long period of slow and steady growth.2.Influenced by the land market,local government policies,mega-events,control and so on,the RBD shows a temporary equilibrium under the dual impact of positive feedbacks such as "tourism investment and the size of tourism industry," and "the number of visitors and the size of tourism industry," and negative feedbacks such as "consumer expectations and the number of visitors," "destination reputation and the number of visitors," and "the size of tourism industry and land price." 3.Due to the presence of bid rent and collective choice action of interested groups,the morphological change of RBDs is an invariable outcome of spatial reconfiguration.Quantitative delineation of their boundaries and measurement of their externalities are issues worth exploring in follow-up studies.