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    Earth Surface Processes
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHUANG Li, LIU Yang, LIANG Jin-she
    2011, 30(8): 1351-1360. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080001
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    With the rapid growth of China's national economy, natural resources scarcity has become an increasingly serious constraint on the social and economic development. The integrated evaluation on natural resources from multiple perspectives has become a focus in the area of resources utilization. This paper analyses the penetration of natural resources into economic development in China by the induction coefficient calculated using China's input and output data in 1997, 2002 and 2007. The results show that the penetration of petroleum and natural gas, cultivated land and coal resources is most powerful. This paper explores whether the natural resources in China are relatively scarce compared with the world level by the relative scarcity index (RSI). Based on the data such as consumption and reserves in both China and the world, this paper calculates the RSI of natural resources in China. The results show that petroleum is the scarcest among energy resources, the sylvine, trona, cobalt, nickel and aluminum are the scarcest among metals and non-metallic mineral resources, all of the renewable resources are relatively scarce, and the degree of cultivated land resource's relative scarcity is more serious. The scatter plot of penetration versus relative scarcity of natural resources illustrates that China is faced with overall scarcity of natural resources, and the energy and cultivated land resources have a higher degree of both penetration and relative scarcity. The diverse energy strategies and the most stringent farmland protection system are imperative.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Xun-gui, WEI Xia
    2011, 30(8): 1361-1369. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080002
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    Evolution risk of soil erosion is defined as a time changing relationship of soil erosion risk within a certain spatial extent, which is a dynamic evolution process of soil erosion possibility. It is important to evaluate the rationality and benefit of soil and water conservation measures with the notion of evolution risk of soil erosion on different temporal and spatial scales. The study took the Jinghe River Basin located in the center of the Chinese Loess Plateau as an example. Three space data of land use in 1986, 1995 and 2000 were considered. A notion of evolution risk factor and its calculation formula were presented to analyze the evolution risks of soil erosion (ERSE) over the 1986-2000 period in the Jinghe River Basin based on GIS technique, information theory and the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Results demonstrate that there is close relationship between the ERSR and the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity factor. The ERSE shows an increasing trend firstly and then a decreasing one. The soil and water conservation measures for more than 20 years are effective in general. This study could offer a new tool to analyze regional ERSE.
  • Land Resource and Use
  • Land Resource and Use
    HOU Xi-yong, XU Xin-liang
    2011, 30(8): 1370-1379. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080003
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    In this paper, we took the terrestrial part of a 30-km buffer zone of coastline as the study area. Land use data in 2005 obtained based on Landsat images were available, and based on the spatial analyst techniques in GIS and Zonal Statistics Method, the Dominance Degree and Land Use Degree Index were calculated for the study area and its 15 sub-zones. Then, the structures and spatial patterns of land use in coastal zones were analyzed. The result shows that, farmland, forest, built-up and residential areas are dominant land use types in Chinese coastal zones; and remarkable sea-land gradient characteristics of land use can be found because following the changes of distance to coastline, the quantity structure and spatial patterns of land use change correspondingly. Water body, built-up and residential areas show the most notable seaward characters. There is much higher intensity of land use in coastal zones than that in the whole country and coastal provinces, and the zone of 2-6 kilometers away from the coastline has the most prominent land use intensity. Furthermore, there are remarkable administrative differences and altitudinal differences of land use in Chinese coastal zones.
  • Land Resource and Use
    WU Yu-qin, YAN Mao-chao
    2011, 30(8): 1380-1390. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080004
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    The study on the interaction between land use change and urban metabolism, which is the core of Global Change Programme, has currently come into lively discussion in the field of ecological research. On the whole ecologic-economic-social system of Guangzhou, this paper analyzes the emergy-based urban metabolism in the past 17 years with reference to the resource flows from 1990 to 2006 and investigates this interaction of the metabolism and land-change of Guangzhou. It finds out the truth that various types of land-use changes had remarkable influence on the material and energy flows during the metabolic course, especially the fast rise of the construction land. The more construction land the city increases, the more total solar emergy it consumes, which makes a decline in the emergy sustainable indices. The per unit area energy consumption also increases in the process of urban expansion with a large amount of depletion of minerals, fuels and building resources. Because of the growing environmental load, the emergy yield ratio is decreasing year by year. At the same time, the emergy efficiency of farmland has been enhanced while there has been a decrease in the amount of farmland and a downward trend of emergy density since 1990. The results can provide an important basis and new ideas for the land planning and management of Guangzhou.
  • Land Resource and Use
    XIN Liang-jie, LI Xiu-bin, TAN Ming-hong, HAO Hai-guang
    2011, 30(8): 1391-1400. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080005
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    China is one of the most populous countries in the world. Like other developing countries, huge population and its rapid growth are intensifying food insecurity. Cropland intensification driven by the government and rural households plays a key role in food production and provision at national level. However, since the implementation of reform and opening up, more and more rural workers have shifted to non-agricultural industries. Meanwhile, the wage increase rate of the ordinary labor in China is much higher than that of the prices of farm produce and also faster that of agricultural means of production. The increasing off-farm migration and rising wage make the shares of farm income in the total family income decline even further. So farmers' pursuance has turned from maximizing the output of land to maximizing the income of labor force with the development of market economy. The wage rise and the change of farmers' goal have exerted a great effect on agricultural land use in some parts of China, especially in the developed provinces of eastern China, which is mainly embodied in two aspects: decreases of multi-cropping index and labor input. Meanwhile, due to the high labor productivity, the agricultural restructuring with more vegetables, tea and fruit trees has been very apparent. And the spatial-temporal expansion of this trend will continue for a long time. To ensure grain production, the national grain subsidy programme introduced in 2004 has achieved initial targets, so future work and potential development in this field should be done to encourage scale management of farmland.
  • Hydrology and Water Resources
  • Hydrology and Water Resources
    LI Jing-yi, SHI Chang-wei, FU Zhi-jun, GAO Lei, QU Kang-qing
    2011, 30(8): 1401-1411. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080006
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    The shortage precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Weihe River and its nonuniformity in space-time location have caused frequent occurrence of flood and drought in recent years. This resulted in not only the shortage of total amount of water resource, but also some serious problems related with water quality, water distribution and water engineering. Accordingly, floodwater utilization plays an important part in environmental protection and economic development, and it will get benefits in many aspects such as sedimentation reduction, flood control and economic growth. In this paper, integrated benefits of floodwater utilization were calculated by benefit\\sharing coefficient based on analysis of characteristics of channel deformation, flood loss criteria, dam building and land use. The results are obtained as follows. The greater the flood flux, the more the riverbed erosion. The sediment reduction benefit will be 6200×104 yuan per year by decreasing the sediment deposition, the flood control benefits will be 24618×104 yuan per year, including 1926×104 yuan in the middle reaches and 22692×104 yuan in the lower reaches. The economic benefits will be 7743×104 yuan per year, including 1194×104 yuan of breed aquatics and 6549×104 yuan of irrigated farming. All the above indicated that the total benefits of floodwater utilization in the middle and lower reaches of Weihe River can reach 38561×104 yuan per year.
  • Hydrology and Water Resources
    PAN Yun, GONG Hui-li, ZHU Lin, LI Xiao-juan, ZHAO Wen-ji, GONG Zhao-ning
    2011, 30(8): 1412-1420. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080007
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    Traditional groundwater resources management tends to focus on the fluctuation of water table itself while rarely care about the impact on the ecosystem caused by water table change. This paper developed the ecohydrology-based groundwater resources management approach through ecohydrological modeling. This approach integrates soil water content and groundwater level, taking into account the evapotranspiration under plant water stress. The process-based and distributed ecohydrological modeling is achieved via coupling soil water deficit and plant water stress. The simulated plant water stress index is used as an ecological indicator for groundwater mining management. The Yanqing Basin is taken as an example in this paper to demonstrate how this approach works. The impact of groundwater exploitation on ecohydrological processes is analyzed through the modeling for the years 1981-2000. Although it still needs further research on the ecological implications of plant water stress index, and model uncertainties and sensitivities, this study provides a quantitative ecohydrological indicator that could be used for sustainable groundwater resources management.
  • Hydrology and Water Resources
    ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Bo, ZHAO Chuan-yan
    2011, 30(8): 1421-1430. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080008
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    Base flow is one of the most important river hydrological characteristics in dry season. In recent years, with the global water issues becoming more prominent, base flow has become research focus in eco-hydrology. For the stability and hysteresis, base flow is significant to maintain river's ecological functions, determines river's ecological water requirement, and provides food and service for the locals in arid and semi-arid regions. The study area, upper reaches of Heihe River Basin, is located in the Qilian Mountains, northern part of Tibetan Plateau, China, with elevations of 2300-4000 m. The watershed area is 1.0009×104 km2.
    The recursive digital filter technique was used to separate annual base flow of three main hydrological stations in the upper reaches of Heihe River. The methods of moving average, Mann-Kendall abrupt test and wavelet variance were employed to explain the characteristics of the annual change of base flow. Precipitation and temperature data of six adjacent meteorological observational stations and human activities were used to analyze the influencing factor of base flow. The results indicated that the Base flow Index (BFI) was greater than 0.4 in Qilian, Zhamashike and Yingluoxia stations. The notable increase of base flow was observed in 1979, when there was an abrupt point at Qilian and Yingluoxia stations. The base flow fluctuated at Zhamashike station. The periods of base flow were 11, 6 and 15 years respectively at Qilian, Zhamashike and Yingluoxia stations. The change of base flow was mainly affected by precipitation. The influence of human activities on base flow was another factor. The forest areas were decreased by human activities, which made the capacity of recharging and adjusting base flow in decline. In turn, the base flow went down and was greatly influenced by climatic change. The base flow change showed the consistency with the response of Northwest China to the global climate change and also reflects the differences in response to global climate change.
  • Climate and Global Change
  • Climate and Global Change
    CHEN Ming-hui, CHEN Ying-biao, GUO Guan-huan, FENG Zhi-xin
    2011, 30(8): 1431-1438. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080009
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    This paper takes Dongguan with rapid urbanization development as a typical example. It uses Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images as data sources to calculate the land surface temperature in the study area. After having the land surface temperature normalized we analyzed the spatial pattern changes of heat environment. What's more, we introduced built-up density and main roads to explore the mechanism of heat environment spatial pattern and find the relationship between these factors and urban heat pattern. The results showed that the spatial pattern of urban thermal environment in Dongguan changed a lot in the past 15 years. With the expansion of urban areas, heat island changed from a diffuse heat spot to a strip or zonal shape. Relativity analysis showed that the urban heat spatial pattern in Donguang is closely related with built-up density. Urban heat effect became feeble as the distance far from the main roads.
  • Climate and Global Change
    HUANG Zhong-yan
    2011, 30(8): 1439-1448. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080010
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    The research mainly focuses on improving the effect of crop-climate regionalization and promoting perfect meteorological service. Based on a large sample of metorological data and chemical composition contents of tobacco leaf, the dynamic climate zoning evaluation of tobacco planting was accomplished by improving quantificational estimate criterion about climatic suitability in tobacco planting, constituting qualificationally-graded evaluation criteria about the effects of meteorological condition on tobacco ingredients, subtly simulating and calculating the geographical distribution of essential meteorological elements with the support of GIS software. With a view to speaking concisely and clearly, two typical years with different climates were taken as examples to demonstrate the two refined dynamic regionalization estimates considering mainly the temporal and spatial changes of meteorological conditions. On one hand, the paper carried out climate-suitability zoning evaluation, in which the proportion of each suitability-grade subarea for the two typical years was compared with the zoning results of the climatic mean in Yunnan. On the other hand, the zoning maps of the relative change grades for two chemical ingredients of tobacco between the two typical years were given. Here, just to speak the results of the climate-suitability zoning: in comparison with 1994, the most appropriate area for tobacco-planting climate in 2008 was decreased by 40.1% and fitting zoning area was reduced by 21.7%, but the second suitable zoning area was increased by 1.9% and not-suitable zoning area increased by 35.6%. These analytical results were based on the fact that the illumination condition during later period of tobacco growing season in 1994 was much better than that in 2008. As a whole, the results of both of the two divisional methods were consistent with the routine analytical results based on data from representative stations of tobacco-planting areas. The paper showed the climatic characteristics of the two typical years in different regions and their influences on tobacco-planting suitability and tobacco quality. By combining two dynamic regionalization evaluations together, it provided some guides to the tobacco production in Yunnan and was helpful to further studies on crop-climate regionalization and meteorological service.
  • Economy and Regional Development
  • Economy and Regional Development
    ZHAN Jin-yan, LIN Ying-zhi, GE Quan-sheng, XU Zhi-gang
    2011, 30(8): 1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080011
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    According to the partial equilibrium theory, this paper built an agricultural equilibrium model which was used to simulate the impacts on the market price of agricultural products due to the occurrence of natural disasters. This model was used in the case study area, the quake-hit region Wenchuan, to simulate and evaluate the influences on market price fluctuation of agricultural products nationwide on the basis of data from Sichuan provincial statistical yearbook, survey data in the quake-hit region and data supplied by relevant agencies for the local government and departments concerned. The simulation results indicate the Wenchuan Earthquake has had only marginal impacts on the fluctuations of market price of agricultural products such as rice, wheat, corn and pork and have had no strong disturbance on the stability of the prices of agricultural products at national level. Wenchuan Earthquake, however, undoubtedly, resulted in some effects on the local agricultural production. It brought significantly negative impacts on both planting industry and breeding industry in the severe disaster areas. The research results of this paper provides information of decision-making for the disaster areas in scientifically evaluating earthquake influences on the changes of market prices of agricultural products, laying down planning of earthquake preparedness and disaster reduction and the recovery of agricultural production for the quake-hit region.
  • Economy and Regional Development
    ZHANG Wei-li, QIN Cheng-lin, LI Xiao-jian
    2011, 30(8): 1457-1470. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080012
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    The paper examines the spatial club convergence hypothesis of economic growth based on 329 Chinese prefectures by using spatial econometrics model and ESDA method. The paper also compares it with provincial data, and finally explores the formation mechanism. The results show that there are more regional groups identified through prefecture ESDA analysis in terms of club characteristics of "within group convergence and between groups divergence". There are two types of spatial club convergence in prefecture economic growth. The forming mechanism can be stated that uneven spatial distributions emerge under the effects of spatial heterogeneous of economic behaviors and local geographic spatial spillovers of growth, and form two different regional groups named HH and LL. The interaction strength within groups was higher than that between groups (unified force was stronger than separation force), therefore, it induces growth aggregations within each HH and LL group. With the succession of growth and the degree of aggregations within each HH and LL group increase, the differences of economic growth between the two groups continue to expand and then form two spatial convergence clubs.
  • Economy and Regional Development
    LV Tao, CAO You-hui, CHEN Wen, WU Wei
    2011, 30(8): 1471-1482. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080013
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    The dynamic mechanism of spatial-temporal evolution of regional service industry is an exploration for the evolution law of service industry, which is one of the important contents of service industry. At present, most of researches on the dynamic mechanism of evolution of service industry are about the interpretation of the effects of one or several factors on evolution of service industry. Based on service products theory, equilibrium theory, location theory and industrial agglomeration theory, we construct a theoretical framework for explaining the dynamic mechanism of spatial-temporal evolution of regional service industry by integrating three factors of supply-demand, spatial agglomeration-diffusion and government regulation from the two dimensions of time and space. Then, empirical analysis is made on the dynamic mechanism of spatial-temporal evolution of service industry in the Yangtze River Delta by applying the above-mentioned framework. The results indicate that spatial-temporal evolution of service industry in the Yangtze Delta results from the interaction of the three mechanisms, among which the mechanism of supply-demand plays a leading role, and the mechanism of spatial agglomeration-diffusion plays a certain role, especially in producer services and consumer services, and the mechanism of government regulation reflects the favorable influence on some services.
  • Economy and Regional Development
    AI Shao-wei, MIAO Chang-hong
    2011, 30(8): 1483-1498. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080014
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    In the era of economic globalization, transnational corporations are the key driving forces of formation, development and evolution of development zones. In the "learning field" of the interaction of a variety of heterogeneous actors, TNCs must establish an effective localized nexus "channels" between local governments and local enterprises in order to achieve its globalization and localization strategy. First of all, "policy-channel" provides the most basic "channel" protection for TNCs, and becomes the first motivation of TNCs entering development zones. Secondly, the agglomeration-associated becomes the main type of TNCs in the development zones through the expansion of economic and social relations of technology, market and other aspects of "associated-channel". Finally, "value-chain-channel" will contribute to the fusion between the global forces and local forces. Therefore, to a large extent, the localized networking process of TNCs in the development zones is the evolutionary process of "policy-channel", "associated-channel" and "value-chain-channel". Seen from a perspective of evolution mechanism, the localized networking of TNCs is characterized by the "reverse" feature of "geographical proximity-relational proximity-institutional proximity" mechanism. In the combination of proximity mechanisms, the "heterogeneous channel networks" comprising " policy-channel", "associated-channel" and "value-chain-channel" play a crucial role in the localized networking process of TNCs.
  • Urban and Rural Studies
  • Urban and Rural Studies
    CHEN Ming-xing, YE Chao, ZHOU Yi
    2011, 30(8): 1499-1507. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080015
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    Northam's curve of urbanization shaping "S" is one of the most important classical theories in urban geography. For common misreading about Northam's curve, this paper compiled original theory contents. The results indicated that the urbanization level can not reach 100% in all the countries; and the urbanization process between 30% and 70% is not always in a state of acceleration. Urbanization rate curve was put forward, which is shaped by an inverted "U". The evolution of urbanization rate was identified into four stages: embryonic stage, acceleration stage, deceleration stage, approaches zero stage. In different stages the changes have different characteristics. There are five important inspirations for policies: first, the urbanization rate of change has its laws, and cannot pluck up a crop to help it grow; second, China has crossed the turning point, "accelerated urbanization" should not be the main theme of the national long-term development strategy; third, China should maintain the steady development orientation for urbanization; fourth, China's urban concept and focus should be in transition; fifth, urbanization, inclusive growth, coordinating urban-rural development, as well as migrant labors becoming city and town dwellers are the primary targets during "the 12th Five-Year Plan" period.
  • Urban and Rural Studies
    HE Shen-jing, QIAN Jun-xi, WU Min-hua
    2011, 30(8): 1508-1519. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080016
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    Studentification is a newly emerged form of gentrification. It refers to a particular type of urban spatial and residential restructuring under the context of higher education expansion, particularly in the UK. Through the production of residential spaces by rent-seekers such as private investors and landlords catering to the specific lifestyle and cultural identity of university students, the residential pattern of students is transformed into a high-degree geographical concentration across several areas in the city. These student residential areas are often in the form of HMO (House in Multiple Occupation), equipped with cultural and retail services, such as theme bars, restaurants, and recreational facilities. The influx of students into local neighborhoods has given rise to residential displacement and a series of social, economic and cultural consequences. This paper starts with a literature review on the concepts, causes, social impacts and mutations of the process of studentification, which are mainly drawn from case studies in the UK and Australia. In the second half of this paper, we present a line of empirical evidence based on our research on Xiadu Village, a studentified urban village close to the main campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. Our findings suggest that the studentifcation process in Xiadu Village shares similarities with western experiences, while demonstrating clear incongruence. These similarities and differences between the west and China are summarized in four aspects: economic, social, economic and physical landscapes. The differences also lie in the prospects of studentification and its connection with other forms of gentrification. China's studentification process seems to prolong after students graduate from university, and this unique experience rarely transforms into or has influence on other forms of gentrification. We also points out that the research on studentification would be instrumental to understand the complex dynamics of China's rapid urban transformation. Meanwhile, in the light of the rapid expansion of higher education in China, the research on studentification will be of practical significance.
  • Culture and Tourism
  • Culture and Tourism
    LIU Bai-ping
    2011, 30(8): 1520-1527. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080017
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    Based on the theory of primate city distribution and rank-size distribution which have been frequently used in urban geography, this paper makes an analysis of tourism revenue from domestic tourism in 17 cities of Anhui Province from 1999 to 2009. The paper analyzes the difference of tourism size among the cities in this province with four criteria consisting of standard deviation, coefficient of variation, primacy ratio and Herfindahi Index. The result shows that the tourism development is unbalanced and that the absolute difference of the urban tourism scale is expanding. However, the relative difference is reducing; the urban tourism primacy ratio is smaller; the tourism size of higher order cities is concentrated in recent years. Through regression analysis of the data of rank-size, the paper indicates that the tourism size of cities in Anhui Province presents a rank-size distribution. The change of the tourism size and rank shows two forms and four types. Two forms are balanced-development and wandered-development. Four types are higher order balanced-development, lower order balanced-development, wandered-development "M" type and wandered-development "W" type. Based on this judgment, the paper studies some factors including resource, urban economy, location and traffic. The tourism size distribution is controlled obviously by single factor. Tourism of rank over years in few cities displays a unilateral upward or downward trend, which indicates that the tourism development is relatively immature in Anhui Province. The purpose of the study is to provide reference for a strategic decision on the local tourism development.
  • Culture and Tourism
    WANG Shi-jin, ZHAO Jing-dong
    2011, 30(8): 1528-1542. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011080018
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    This paper takes location and transportation, resources and environment, infrastructure and development, and socio-economic potential as important factors, and constructs a potential assessment system of glacier tourism development. Employing hierarchical analysis and analytic hierarch process, this paper evaluates synthetically glacier tourism development potential of 32 administrative units at prefectural level in China's glacier area, and puts forward some relevant spatial development strategies. Some results are obtained as follows. (1) The regions with higher potential index of location and transportation are concentrated mainly in provincial capitals and their surrounding cities, which are characterized by geographical advantages. (2) The regions with richer glacier resource, bigger glacier scale, or better combination advantage between glaciers and the surrounding landscapes, or most enriched tourism resources have mostly higher potential index of resources and environment. (3) The regions with ongoing glacier tourism have higher potential index of infrastructure and development. (4) The regions with higher potential index of socio-economy include mainly provincial capitals and surrounding cities with better industrial bases, and some of the regions have taken tourism industry as a pillar. Generally, the regions with higher comprehensive potential index have better traffic conditions, richer glacier resources, better economic and social background, closer tourist market, better access to glacier area, or richer regional tourism resources.