Since the 1950s, Western economic geography has undergone major paradigmatic transformations, influenced in part by institutional and technical changes in global economic production. Mainstream economic geography has witnessed major epistemological shifts away from earlier "mere description" to logical positivism, and from meta-theorization aiming at scientific prediction to place- and region-centered analysis for hermeneutic understanding. A new economic geography has appeared characterized by institutionalism, "cultural turn" and pluralism. Geographers on both sides of the Taiwan Strait have not had significant interactions with mainstream economic geography. Not only should we be familiar with the theories of mainstream economic geography, we should also critique them and modify them using the findings of our fieldwork conducted on the Chinese mainland and in Taiwan. We should establish our own intellectual identity and internationalize our scholarship.
This paper analyzes how the globalization of producer services has reshaped China's regional markets and spatial structure from the perspective of advertising. Advertising is a highly internationalized and conglomerated sector. As a latecomer, the emergence of China's advertising after reform has occurred on a global stage. The major findings of this paper are: 1) As a result of the dominance of multinational agencies, China's advertising companies have been evolving into professional agencies. International standards and management practices have also been gradually adopted in China. That is to say, offices of multinational agencies in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have integrated China's advertising into a globalized institutional space over the past decade. 2) This spatial agglomeration of advertising in China's three major metropolitan regions has demonstrated the process of shifting from "serving markets and customers" to "the formation of a service market." 3) In terms of the production of advertising, China remains downstream in the global division of labor. However, with its large market and rising national brands, China may have increasing negotiation power, and, thus, push China's advertising industry into a position of greater prominence with respect to product placement and communicative strategies. 4) Due to the large scale of this national market, the advertising industry must develop localized media plans and promotional products when entering into specific regional markets within China. This has resulted in increasingly local versions of standardized global advertising products. In conclusion, this paper contributes to theoretical discussions of global city/world city networks. Through the development of producer services, we can see the specific routes through which globalization penetrates into localities. The entry of multinational businesses has compelled emerging markets to accept and adopt globalized institutions, procedures, and ideologies, and, furthermore, led to the integration of secondary regions and markets into this space. In short, global cities are mediating the globalization of metropolitan regions both institutionally and spatially.
This article focuses on analysis of status and characteristics of nutrient salts carried in typical rivers in the urban areas, the combination of urban and rural areas and the severely polluted agricultural areas by monitoring water quality and flow at outfall of rivers into lake after three rainfall events during early wet season in three different catchments of Dianchi Lake. The research result indicates that total quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the rivers into the lake in different catchments are generally controlled by rainfall process and characteristics of catchments, runoff flow and concentration of nutrient salts in runoff water. After three rainfall events, the maximum values of TP, KN, NH 3-N, NO 3-N and NO 2-N into lake appear in the river (Daqing river) at combination of urban and rural areas, with accumulated quantities of 11,374.3, 127,971.7, 85,365.4, 923.4 and 841.2 kg respectively, while the maximum unit area loadings of TP, KN, NH 3-N and NO 2-N into lake appear in the river (Wulong river) at urban area, with values of 535.7, 5,860.5, 3,821.9 and 24.6 kg/km 2. It is very complicated that the rainfall process influences the nitric and phosphoric nutrient salts which flow into Dianchi Lake by rivers in different typical catchments areas. Among the influencing factors, rainfall of the initial stage, rainfall frequency and rainfall intensity are very important. The runoff amount of nitric and phosphoric nutrient salts is controlled by changing curves of flux functional equation Q(t) and concentration functional equation C(t) finally during the rainfall process, with different conditions of dry time length, land use status, district draining status and properties of suspended particulate matter. So the total quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the rivers into the lake are different. Research reveals that the conception of total loading capacity in unit area in the rivers into the lake can simplify the calibration of important parameters of hydrological models and kinetics models which have all kinds of remove and transformation processes. The total amounts of nitrogen (counted as Kjedahl's N) in rivers into Dianchi Lake in unit area have such a sequence of Wulong river (5860.5kg/km 2)>Daqing river (1421.9kg/km 2)>Baoxiang river (129.0kg/km 2). The total quantities of phosphorus(counted as TP) in rivers into Dianchi Lake in unit area have such a sequence of Wulong river (535.7kg/km 2)>Daqing river (126.4kg/km 2)>Baoxiang river (22.2kg/km 2). The most highest total amounts of Kjedahl's N and TP in rivers into the lake appeared in the river at urban area and the most lowest total amounts appeared in the river at rural area. Although the amounts and concentration of NO 3-N and NO 2-N have been raised obviously, the amounts of NO 3-N and NO 2-N which flowed into Dianchi Lake in unit area are still the lowest. The amounts of NO 2-N observe a sequence of Wulong river (24.6kg/km 2)>Daqing river (9.35kg/km 2)>Baoxiang river (4.12kg/km 2). The amounts sequence of NO 3-N is arranged with Daqing river (10.3kg/km 2)>Wulong river (5.71kg/km 2)>Baoxiang river (5.10kg/km 2). All these evidences testify that the discharges of NO 3-N and NO 2-N are still influenced comparatively by city residential areas.
Landscape ecology could provide not only new theory and methods for scenic spot planning, but also scientific bases for improving the planning through study on the possible landscape ecological effects caused by implementing the planning. Taking Muyan Scenic Spot of Nanjing as an example, the possible changes before and after implementing the planning in such aspects as landscape pattern, landscape ecological quality, landscape stability are analysed. Based on this study, improvement of the scenic spot planning has been proposed. This paper contains the following contents: 1)According to the requirement of landscape evaluation and planning, landscape unit survey and mapping are carried out in Muyan Scenic Spot, and a landscape classification system in this area is established; 2)based on the scenic area planning, possible landscape changes are analyzed on the assumption that the planning has been implemented; 3)changes in landscape spatial structure after implementing the planning are analyzed by using landscape spatial pattern analysis method; 4)landscape ecological quality before and after implementing the planning is qualitatively and quantitatively estimated; 5)based on the analyses of recovery, persistence, and noise immunity of the landscape, landscape stability before and after implementing the planning is evaluated; and 6)according to the above evaluation and analysis, landscape ecological effects of the scenic spot are concluded and suggestions on planning improvement are made.
Wetlands serve as source, sink or transfer of nitrogen(N), and spatial distribution of N in wetlands also significantly influences most ecological processes of wetlands. Some researchers have testified that soil nutrients in wetlands had higher spatial heterogeneity. Geostatistics have been successfully used in soil science and become an efficient tool to research spatial heterogeneity of soils since the 1970s. Xianghai wetland is a one of international importance, which is located at the downstream of Huolin river catchment of semi-arid area and is a typical agriculture/pastoral ecotone and ecological fragibility zone in the west of Jilin province. Xianghai wetland has been the important factor keeping ecological balance and one of the natural barriers for eastern ecological environment in this region. At present, Xianghai wetlands are potentially threatened as a result of such human activities as overgrazing, building large-scale irrigation works and unreasonable reclamation. Spatial distribution pattern of total N and N forms in marsh soils during plant budding were studied using geostatistics of Xianghai wetlands in May, 2001. The results showed that, with the exception of ammonium N, other forms of N and total N were mainly distributed on surface soils, appearing a decreasing tendency gradually with the increase of soil depth; the total N and all forms of N contents had higher statistical variations; on surface soils, the statistical variation of the available N was the highest, but ammonium N the lowest, with variation coefficients of 65.64%and 49.51%, respectively. For other soil layers, soil organic N, total N and nitrate N had higher statistical variations, but available N and ammonium N had lower statistical variations. The spatial distribution pattern of total N was similar to that of organic N; it was highly consistent in distribution areas with higher or lower contents of N forms; with the except of the fact that available N concentrated on top soils, other forms of N appeared accumulation peaks in deeper layers of soil profiles. Both N behavioral processes and environmental factors controlled spatial distribution pattern of N, but quantifying their influences on spatial distribution pattern needed further studies.
With the support of GIS information, a process-based crop growth model is designed to estimate the spatial pattern of dry matter accumulation, seed yield and evapotranspiration of winter wheat in the Hebei Plain, from October, 1989 to June, 1990. The crop leaf area index in the model is retrieved from NOAA-AVHRR monthly maximum composite NDVI and the daily meteorological variables are scaled up with gradient inverse distance square method. The simulated domain ranges from 113°E to 118°E and 36°N to 41°N with an area of about 60,000 km 2. The grid resolution is 1 km 2 and time step is daily in this paper. The model was tested with field sampled dry matter data of five varieties and the district statistical economic yields. The absolute bias between the simulated and the statistical yields is about 12% in the domain. The simulated results show that the high yields are located in Baoding, Shijiazhuang, the central part of Xingtai and the eastern part of Handan districts from North to South with values of 6000 to 8400 kg hm -2. The low yields are shown at the eastern part of Langfang, Cangzhou, Hengshui and the eastern part of Xingtai with values lower than 3000 kg hm -2. Compared with the simulated potential yield, it is found that the differences between actual yields and potential yields are significant in this region, of which 72% shows a yield gap as large as 5000 kg hm -2. The simulated amounts of evapotranspiration over the growing season are from 310 to 500 mm, and the water use efficiency (WUE) in the irrigated fields is about 10 to 17 kg ha -2 mm -1. Low WUE area (<8 kg hm -2mm -1) occupies 42% of the whole area. The spatial pattern of WUE is similar to that of yield. As suggestion, some water conservancy techniques should be taken to increase the water use efficiency in this area, such as stalk cover, new irrigation projects,etc.
Accumulated temperature is an important heat resource and one of the key factors for crop growth. Accumulated temperature is of significance in guiding agricultural production. Usually, accumulated temperature data from meteorological stations can only reflect heat regimes of areas close to meteorological stations. In areas far from meteorological stations, it is by interpolation that accumulated temperature can be calculated. Rasterizing is one of the means for interpolating accumulated temperature data. Accumulated temperature is influenced by longitude, latitude and altitude to a great extent. There is a close linear relationship between accumulated temperature and longitude, latitude and altitude. By analyzing data from more than four hundred national meteorological stations in China, it was found that the ≥0℃ accumulated temperature and ≥10℃ accumulated temperature in 1995 had correlation coefficients of r 2= 0.9656 and r 2= 0.9402 with longitude, latitude and altitude respectively. In order to explore ways to process rasterized accumulated temperature data products, the ≥0℃ accumulated temperature was taken as an example. China was divided into seven different accumulated temperature regions by means of cluster analysis, seven models suitable for each region were established respectively, and the method of "model based computation result plus spatialized residues "was used to rasterize accumulated temperature data in China. Data from 436 of 481 meteorological stations were used to establish rasterizing models, and accumulated temperature data in whole China were calculated. 45 meteorological stations, which were distributed countrywide evenly and were not used to establish the models and to calculate accumulated temperature, were selected to test and verify precision of the rasterizing method. The result showed that there was a close relationship of r 2 = 0.9889 between actual observed accumulated temperatures and calculated temperature by rasterizing with mean relative deviation equal to 3.56%, and the meteorological stations with deviation less than 5% occupied 86% of the total meteorological stations used for testing and verifying. It was demonstrated that the rasterizing method used in the study is more accurate and it can be used for rasterizing of accumulated temperature data at large scale.
We have worked out quite a few pollens and spores from the commonly sporopollen poor loess, and plotted some concentration sporopollen diagrams of the loess strata for the first time. The evolution of vegetation and corresponding climate in time and space in the region has been brought to light by an analysis of the variation of sporopollen assemblages in many sections. There are three interstadials, warmer than present and two cooler stadials in the last interglaciation. They are correlated with the substages 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d and 5e of the deep sea oxygen isotopic curves. The climate in the stadials was severely cold, with a mean annual temperature 14℃ lower than the present. The climate in the interstadials was relatively warmer, with a mean annual temperature 3-9℃ lower than the present. The temperature in the stadials of the last interglaciation was the same as that in the interstadials of the last glaciation. The temperature in the interstadials was 1-3℃ higher than the present. It is known by comparing the sporopollen dliagrams from ten sections in the Loess Plateau that the changes of vegetation in time are very similar, implying that they were controlled by the same global climatic change. But the vegetation may vary from place to place due to changes of local natural environment. Vegetation during the late Pleistocene in the Loess Plateau is familiar with vegetation types of the warm-belt generally. When in the case of stadials of the interglaciation and interstadials of the glaciation, the alpine vegetation was descended to the land level, and in the stadials of the last glaciation, steppe or desert steppe landscapes were commonly seen.
Chen Co lake is located at northern slope of the Himalayas. The geographical location of Chen Co lake is 28°53′～28°59′N,90°28′～90°35′E . The maximums of length and width are 11km and 7.8km respectively. The area of lake is about 37km 2. The maximum of depth is 31m. In lacustrine delta of Chen Co lake, 2 boreholes were drilled. In addition, using piston sampling method, 2.16m sedimentary core was gathered at 8m of the lake water depth. In laboratory, the time scale was established by 14C and ESR dating. On the basis of core description, grain size distribution, and CaCO 3 content analysis, the sedimentary environments and facies of lacustrine delta were explained. The 36.70m longer drilling core on the lacustrine delta plain recorded the sedimentary history since about 55000 aBP. The mean sedimentary rate of the whole borehole is about 0.667mm/a. Since 16920 aBP, the sedimentary rate rose and reached up to 1.27mm/a or so. The sediments of Chen Co delta indicate a complex of depositional processes. The main body of sediment consists of debris deposition of land-origin. The sedimentary strata sequence and sub-environment of deposition were recognized according to the colour, lithology, grain size, sedimentary structure, etc. Due to the multi-provenance of sediment material, the CaCO 3 content of lacustrine sediment showed ruleless change on profile. But, the grain size and sedimentary sequence indicated that the total sediment consisted of alluvial fan, subaquatic alluvial fan (fan delta) and delta sediment from bottom to upper. The sedimentary environment of delta also changed among delta front, delta plain and prodelta. Up to now, it presented the nature of delta plain environment. During 17500aBP～14000aBP, Chen Co lake witnessed the greatest lake period. In addition, the sedimentary sequence recorded the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Younger Dryas cold event. The sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary environment were controlled by lake-level fluctuations.The authors suggested the driving factor of lake-level fluctuation is climate, especially the change of summer monsoon.
Analysis on the changes of the characteristics of runoff and sediment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is necessary to the operation and management of the Three Gorges Project. Zhutuo and Cuntan hydro-stations are the major water and sediment reference points for the Yangtze River and the Three Gorges Reservoir. Through analyzing the field data of the annual runoff and the pebble bed load (the PBL) across Zhutuo hydro-station from 1975 to 2001 and Cuntan hydro-station from 1966 to 2001,we concluded that the characteristics of the PBL of the upper reaches of Yangtze River change markedly. First of all, the mean annual transportation amount decreased distinctly: the transportation amount at Zhutuo station from 1992 to 2001 decreased by 46.9% compared with that from 1975 to 1991;and the transportation amount at Cuntan station from 1982 to 2001 decreased by 40.6% compared with that from 1966 to 1981. Secondly, the grading sizes of the PBL became smaller: the median granule diameter decreases 11 mm. Thirdly, the relationship between bed load rate and hydraulic factors changed obviously: the parameters B decreased by 47.5% at Zhutuo hydro-station and 41.1% at Cuntan hydro-station. Finally, the sediment discharge imbalance increased: the calculated abrasion parameter between Zhutuo and Cuntan hydro-stations increased by about 70%. Based on the fore study, the driving causes for the changes of the characteristics of the PBL in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were analyzed. Firstly, the measures adopted such as soil and water conservation are the direct reason. Next, because the runoff keeps the same during different periods, the runoff has nothing to do with the above changes. Thirdly, it was concluded that the main causes are that more sediments which are being used as timbering are excavated from the watercourse and soil and water conservation prevent sediments from entering the main channel of the Yangtze River. Based on the above analysis,it is pointed out that soil and water conservation should be strengthened.And it is important for us to investigate the current conditions and the patterns of siltation and silt movement in tributaries of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Finally, it is suggested that the sands excavation should be confined strictly according to the capacity of sand that can be excavated.
Exploration and summarization of the laws of migration is one of the important topics in the historical migration study. Long history and complexity of migrating movements which happened in ancient China provides abundant sources for our research. Chinese scholars paid more attention to case studies of migration and have published a lot of papers and works (e.g. Chinese History of Migration, 1997), but little progress has been made on presentation of migration theories. As an tentative work, using the foreign scholars' successful experience (e. g. Ravenstein's laws of migration) for reference, basing on many other Chinese scholars' achievement in this field, the author of this paper deduces five categories of migration laws from Chinese history: 1. Political dominance . Political factors usually play the most important role in many mass migrations. It is easily found that in many dynasties forced migration and free migration made the capital the most populous region. Chaos in transition of dynasties produced a large numbers of refugees and forced them leave their homeland to find shelters. Forced current inevitably produced a compensating countercurrent. 2. Density of population and carrying capacity . Carrying capacity is the key factor for the quantity of population who lived in a certain place. People tend to move to those regions of low population density. On the other hand, overcrowding would force some inhabitants to move to other places. 3. Impelling of disaster and famine .Chinese people were subject to repeated natural disasters in long history. Fierce disaster would damage agriculture badly and lack of food often threatened peoples' lives. Fleeing to other places to seek food gave people a way of saving their lives. The more fierce famine emerged, the more residents left their hometown. 4. Migration of ethnic groups . The basic distribution pattern of ethnic groups in ancient China was formed from pre-Qin period. The Han people gathered in the Central Plain and other ethnic groups scattered the frontiers and border regions. As a moving trend, people of other ethnic groups tried to move into the Central Plain, while the Han people escaped to border regions to avoid heavy taxation and corvee. 5. Migrant and regional characteristics of culture . Migrants are the most important carrier of culture and customs. The cultural characteristics of migrant region were determined by the selection of migrants. Most migrants liked to accept the elegant culture achievement of the Han people while they kept their original customs and dialects.
In Liao and Jin Dynasties, shifts of the agricultural core area in West Liaohe River valley was interrelated to population, resources and pressure on the environment exerted by the fore two aspects. Difference in resources and environment between the northern and the southern parts of the West Liao River caused the disparity of the population that the two parts could support. In the middle of Liao Dynasty, the population of Shang Jin, which centered the valley of Xilamulun River, was similar to that of Zhong Jin, which centered the valley of Laoha River.However, the population of Shang Jin may approach to or reach the limit (or deadline) of the population capacity. The environment could not meet the requirement of subsistence for all the population.And the balance between the population and the resources could be only preserved by emigration. On the contrary, the balance could be well maintained because of the better resources and environment in Zhong Jin area. The situation that the resources could not meet the requirement of subsistence only happened in part of the area. At this background, the choice of the subsistent environment in new period was made by the second emigration.
Ancient Huizhou once was an administrative unit,which governed six counties. They were Shexian, Xiuning, Qimen, Yixian, Jixi, and Wuyuan.This kind of administrative structure—six counties under Huizhou Prefecture had continued till the mid 19th century. Living through more than one thousand years,a stable integrated regional culture—Huizhou culture had come into being. Huizhou ancient village, as a main media of Huizhou culture and one of the ancient village complexes, is most abundant in number and best preserved in China. The most typical ones are the residential houses of Xidi Village and the paleo-ox-shaped Hongcun Village in Yixian County. Xidi and Hongcun are the only ancient village-style World Cultural Heritage sites in China.A vast amount of historical information is well preserved in Huizhou ancient villages, which provide substantial data for studying aspects such as Chinese history, society, economy,culture, geography, etc. From the point of view of the settlement and culture geography, the study on evolution process and mechanism of Huizhou ancient villages is of significant academic and practical value. Surrounded by continuous stretch of mountains, ancient Huizhou, which abounds in bright mountains and limpid waters, was an important settlement for people migrating from northern China in Chinese history. They established early-period villages. With time passing on, people had gradually migrated from original villages and built new ones within Huizhou boundary. From Eastern Jin Dynasty to Southern Song Dynasty, namely the early-period villages stage, the people lived a simple and unsophisticated life.From Southern Song Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty and then middle-period of Ming Dynasty, the stable development in Huizhou villages was gained in society, culture and economy. Accordingly, Huizhou villages entered the stable development stage,during which the basic characteristics of valuing agriculture and learning are embodied. After that, with Hui-merchants starting up, Huizhou villages entered a flourishing age and city-like villages with beautiful mountains and rivers were well developed. But after middle-period of Qing Dynasty, owing to Hui-merchants losing their power and wars during Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Huizhou villages gradually declined. However, in the 1990s and early stage of the 21st century, Huizhou ancient villages are considered as a media of traditional culture. Typical villages,such as Chengkan, Tangyue in Shexian County and Hongoun Village, Xidi in Yixian County and so on,are the well-kept representatives of old villages in Ming and Qing dynasties. The primitive flavor deriving from 2000 years of history makes the people simple and unsophisticated, and the beauty landscape unpolluted. Most of them are listed as nationally important culture protected units and world cultural heritage sites. These beautiful architecture and special characteristics also arose people's attention and interest.
Chinese tourist market is mainly constituted of domestic tourists. Rationalization on regional tourism organization can be reached through rational analysis on spatial structure of tourism origin. Based on the analysis of tourism market, origins on domestic tourism market of Xi'an can be divided by different provinces. By using three years' tourism statistics (1995,1998,2001), different periods of radius of tourism abstraction and index of spatial affinity are calculated with the formula of "Central Destination Standard Distance", the results are compared and the regulation of distance attenuation of domestic tourism market is summarized, the trend of diversification of tourism abstraction in Xi'an is forecasted. Meanwhile, 2000 questionnaires are sent out to investigate the visitors in 10 scenic spots. 1780 valid responses are analyzed, the behavioral characteristics of domestic tourists in choosing scenic spots around Xi'an are found out, and the mode of space selecting is put forward. Conception of big tourism circle of Xi'an is established, and the boundary of circle is ascertained. The location, the condition of resource and the standard of utilities in Xi'an is considered, and the principle of big tourism circle development is proposed. Finally, five conclusions are summarized: 1) Distribution of domestic tourism origin is dispersing gradually; 2) current domestic tourism origin of Xi'an is mainly constituted of circumjacent provinces and provinces in eastern China, this phenomenon will remain in the future; 3) domestic tourism market of Xi'an can develop persistently via regional cooperation; 4) the preference of human tourism abstraction is apparent for tourists from other provinces; and 5) integrated development of tourism in Xi'an and Xianyang is the primary step to construct the big tourism circle of Xi'an.
Based on a sample survey of 702 Guangzhou residents from October 2001 to January 2002, and outbound travel data collected from Guangzhou Travel Agencies, the author analyzes the tourist behavior of outbound travel for Guangzhou residents in different aspects such as time variation, tourism purpose, organizing styles, destination choice behavior in the paper. Finally, the author sums up the following rules of tourist behavior of outbound travel for Guangzhou residents. Outbound travel will become a hotspot for Guangzhou residents as the total number of Guangzhou outbound visitors has been rising quickly. The main market of outbound travel for Guangzhou residents is distributed in Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR, the main markets of travel abroad in Guangzhou are distributed in the Southeast Asian countries, South Korea and Japan, indicating the number of the travelers is declining as the distance becomes longer.Some 53% of Guangzhou residents choose to travel within a distance less than 300 km and 87% within a distance less than 2500 km from Guangzhou. The first tourism purpose of Guangzhou residents for outbound travel is sightseeing, but the second tourism purpose to Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan is visiting relatives and friends there, which is obviously different from traveling to foreign countries, while traveling to foreign countries is for vacation and recreation purpose. The tourism organizing mode of Guangzhou residents to Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan is different from to foreign countries. The main organizing mode to Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan is by themselves, the second mode is by travel agencies, but the main tourism organizing mode to foreign countries is by travel agencies, the second mode is by themselves. Other tourism organizing mode of Guangzhou residents for outbound travel is not obviously different. There was a distinguished difference between destination choice behavior and attitude for Guangzhou residents. The destination choice attitude is higher than the destination choice behavior except traveling to some Southeast Asian countries. According to the visited-rate of Guangzhou residents, the top eight regions and countries are Hong Kong SAR(39%), Macao SAR(21.1%), Thailand(17.5%), Singapore(10.8%), Malaysia (8.7%), United States of America (5.4%), Vietnam (4.6%) and Japan (3.8%) and The top eight countries for expecting visited-rate of Guangzhou residents is France (22.5%), United States of America (21.8%), Australia (19.9%), Japan (16.8%), Singapore (12.1%),United Kingdom(11%), Canada (8.5%) and Thailand(7.3%).
