The spatial interpolation of some physical geographical elements is becoming increasingly important nowadays in resources management, disaster control, environment improvement and the research of global change. The core of the spatial interpolation of those elements is to seek the functions that can reveal their characteristics of spatial distribution. But, as for specified regions and sample data, there are many functions in the list for choice. And the best choice is difficult to make because of the complex effects from theoretical foundation, algorithm, temporal spatial scale, and attributes of sample data. By referring to the major achievements in the interpolation research field, this paper comes to the point that the accuracy of certain spatial interpolation depends on its capability of reflecting the element's spatial variance and spatial correlation. Models using other elements as variables, when regression variable has high correlation with interpolation variable, will give more accurate results than others, because they have better reflection of spatial variance. Models without other element variables change in accuracy according to their consideration of the anisotropic characteristics or not. With spatial temporal scales' variance, the disposed spatial variance and correlations will be different, which affects the interpolation accuracy. The density, spatial distribution, data extent of sample points also makes the interpolation results different for the same reason. As for applications, the optimal interpolation method should be picked out after the analysis of those spatial characteristics embedded in the sample dataset.
Research on drainage basin erosion and sediment yield amount is not only an important task in physiognomy, but also an important one in river harnessing and water conservancy construction. Drainage basin runoff and sediment formation is a very complex physical process. The fundamental reason for it is the result of rainfall and drainage basin underlying horizon reciprocity. Mathematically, it is an altitudinal nonlinear mapping relation from drainage basin underlying horizon and rainfall conditions to drainage basin runoff and sediment transport. The structure of drainage basin sediment yield statistical models is simple, convenient to calculation and serves as a power tool available for sediment yield prediction. Many researchers according to their study region and measures, established different empirical statistical models. Although so many empirical statistical models were set up, the factors they considered were not the same. This paper tries to conducted an integrated analysis of the effect of rainfall, runoff and physiognomic forms on drainage basin sediment yield, on the basis of considering sediment yield mechanism and to establish sediment yield formula for single rainstorm in Chabagou drainage basin which will have a certain sediment yield mechanism. It is also hopefully to offer some references for other researchers in establishing drainage basin statistical models. Through integrated analysis of the effect of rainfall, runoff and physiognomic factors on sediment yield, we can find that as for the effect of rainfall amount and its temporal and spatial changes on drainage basin sediment, the correlation coefficient of rainfall amount and rainfall intensity product PI with drainage basin sediment yield modulus M s is the highest. But when we consider rainfall runoff effect on drainage basin sediment yield, rainfall action has become negligible, the main factors affecting sediment yield are runoff depth H and flood peak discharge Q W. The effect of runoff depth H on sediment yield is essential, but its effect on sediment yield of different scales of drainage basins is the same. Flood peak discharge Q W is mainly accountable for the remarkable difference in sediment yield of drainage basins of different scales. With the increase of area, the effect of flood peak discharge Q W on drainage basin sediment yield also weakens. Of the physiognomic factors, drainage basin area and ravine density play the leading role, and drainage basin channel gradient ratio is on the comparatively secondary position.
Desertification issue of farming pastoral interlaced area has been paid attention to by the whole society In different areas, the developing mode and process of desertification are quite different It is characterized by distinct regionality and differences in the cause of desertification. A noticeable scientific subject is the role of seasonal rivers in the evolution of desertified landforms in semi arid region Siziwang county located in the central part of Inner Mongolia and to the northwest of Ulanqab League lies between 110°20′～113°00′E and 41°10′～43°22′N It covers an area of 24016 km 2 , and topographically,it is higher in the southern part than in the northern Tabu river has many seasonal branches It is the longest river in Siziwang county In Tabu river basin, there are abundant outcrops of Tertiary and Quaternary fluvial lacustrine facies, and there are many sandbelts and ridges along the branch rivers At present, the most serious desertification process is in Ulanqab League of Inner Mongolia Taking Tabu river basin of Siziwang county as an example, and based on RS image processing and analyzing, the paper researches the role of seasonal rivers in the evolution of desertification in semi arid area, and analyzes idiographic mechanism and pattern of desertification development under combined action of wind water integration In arid and semi arid areas, especially when anthropogenic activities are involved, surface vegetation is sparse, and even barren ground is seen. Under the effect of rainstorms in summer, a great deal of mud and debris materials are transported by torrents, and these materials accumulated in the broad valleys of the middle and lower reaches of the rivers With the silting up of mud and sand, and the broadening of the river courses, driftsand is spreading to both banks In spring, with the co operation function of "the narrow tube effect of wind" and the partial circulation of air current, the sand spreads further around, and connects with the alluvial fans, resulting in the formation and development of large scale desertification. It eventually may lead to desertification in the whole area
Nowadays, great efforts have been made on distributed hydrological modeling It is believed that distributed hydrological model can describe the hydrological processes in more detail and more physically On the other hand, the rapid development of computer and information technology has turned distributed hydrological model from scientific concepts to application reality In this paper, we have applied the macro scale distributed hydrological model SVAT&HYCY to Lushi Basin, which is located at the upstream of Luohe River Firstly, we have established a graphic user interface integrated three major components including SVAT, HYCY and ROUTING With the support of GIS, the basin has been divided into 54 10km×10km grids based on 100×100m DEM Also, the Thissen method has been applied for spatial interpolation of meteorological data, such as precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration, atmospheric pressure, vapor pressure and wind speed For the whole basin, data from three meteorological stations and 33 rain gauges have been used From the model, we have obtained evapotranspiration of the basin Comparing with precipitation patterns, we found that evapotranspiration is not only under the impact of precipitation but also influenced by terrain, land use and land cover, etc Furthermore, comparing the simulated runoff with observed one from 1990 to 1996, we found that in some years (1990, 1992,1994,1995 and 1996), the simulated runoff is quite close to the observed one However, in 1991 and 1993, the difference is quite significant The differences implied that the structure and parameters of the model may not fit with the real hydrological processes exactly On the other hand, the availability of model input, especially precipitation information, may also have great impact on the results Though there is still deficit in the distributed hydrological model, it has a bright future It is believed that with the development of GIS and RS, the distributed hydrological model will be improved widely.
Occurrence of sand dust storms is a process that accelerates land desertification, and can also be considered as an indicator of land desertification at a certain stage Thus, it is of significance both in theory and practice to reveal the interaction between these two phenomena Based on the data from the Erdos Plateau and its surrounding areas, a study has been made of the effect of land desertification on sand dust storms A non linear relationship has been established between sand dust storm frequency and the index of land desertification (I ld ), which is defined as the percentage of the area of desertified land of the total This relationship indicates a threshold at I ld = 30% When I ld < 30%, the sand dust storm frequency did not change with an increasing I ld ; however, when I ld > 30%, the sand dust storm frequency increased rapidly This threshold means that the sand dust storm frequency would increase abruptly when the man induced I ld exceeds 30% This study also deals with sand dust storm frequency in response to the change in the area of cultivated land The time series of annual number of sand dust storm days in the neighboring area has been related with the time series in the annual number of strong wind days and the time series in the area of cultivated land. As a result, a multi regression equation has been established, based on which the relative contributions of the changes in land use and in number of strong wind have been estimated as 59 7% and 40 3%, respectively This result indicates that the frequency of sand dust storm may be effectively decreased by reducing the area of cultivated land and restoring steppe ecosystem in the ecologically fragile areas in arid and semi arid climates
Land consolidation (LC) in rural residential areas is one of the important measurements or techniques of readjusting rural land use structure and of keeping the balance of arable land The characters of land use for rural residential areas in hilly and mountainous regions of Southwest China are greatly different from that in other regions of China. A survey of hilly and mountainous regions in Chongqing shows the following features of the land use system of rural residential spots: (1) the scale of residential plots is very small, mostly, only one to three families reside in one residential plot; (2) the average density is 30 plots per square kilometers in the Three Gorges region, such as Fengdu county of Chongqing ; (3) the residential plots are greatly scattered and the mean distance of plots is from tens to hundreds meters, and usually no more than 500 meters; (4) land use is so extensive that near 12% of the residential areas is unused This paper presents two feasible models of land consolidation for villages in hilly and mountainous regions of Southwest China, which could be used in various regions according to local characters One is the constructing of new hamlet and the other is the multiple development of agriculture and forestry The former is suitable for the mountainous regions and the latter is feasible in hilly regions where the economy is relatively developed Case study of Xinchun village in Chongqing shows, that the intensive target of land use can be realized through the planning and constructing of new hamlets After the land consolidation, the density of residential plots becomes lower and the area is decreased, and the net area of arable land increases 7 06 hm 2 which is 6 31% of the total area of Xinchun village Conclusions have been drawn as follows: (1) it is necessary that the effects of environment, economy and society are concerned synthetically when the model of LC in rural residential area; (2) it is very important to choose the model of LC of rural residential areas according to local physical conditions and social economic development level in the hilly and mountainous region of Southwest China; and (3) the policy guidelines of local governments and the investment of collective economic organizations play the key roles in the operating of land consolidation project (LCP) for rural residential areas
Agriculture is the basic industry in mountainous area, it is also the economic mainstay in most mountainous regions Meanwhile, mountain agricultural ecosystem is much more sensitive to global change and fragile in global change process Any types of mountain agricultural resources development will lead to change of original ecosystem and its material retention The past violent agricultural development based on changing landscape, increasing material and energy consumption has weakened the basis of agricultural sustainable development, affected stability of mountain ecosystem and biological biodiversity seriously, at the same time, it has also brought harmful effects on the surroundings Therefore, sustainable development of mountain agriculture is facing the severe challenges from both global change and mountain environment protection In order to reply the challenges above, we have to adjust the structure of mountainous agricultural economy, and establish the agricultural ecosystem that will not cause environmental deterioration, suitable in technique, feasible in economic, accepted by society, which will assure sustainable development of mountain agriculture This paper analyzes the problems that China mountain agricultural sustainable development is facing under the conditions of market economy, puts forwards the conception of designing model for mountain land agricultural use It has concluded that it is the physical geographical factors, market and land system that affect the model of mountain agricultural land use, especially market and land system are much more conspicuous in the new historic period This paper also stresses that the design of mountain agricultural land use model should obey the rule of physical variation in different regions, combination of biodiversity and size management of agricultural economy, and widening the market of agricultural products Finally we take Luoning county, located in western part of Henan province, as an example to explain the technique routine for designing mountain agricultural land use model on the basis of analysis of its present situation of agricultural land use in details But there are 3 questions remained to discuss, i e , how to play market's role to adjust and revise mountain agricultural land use model, how to organize and arrange agricultural land management in size, and how to coordinate the relationship between ecologic conservation and economic development in the process of mountain agricultural land use
Land is one of the most important natural resources for human existence Although the development of modern technology has greatly promoted the economic level and improved people's standard of living, the dependence of human beings on land has not been decreased at all As a result of the rapid growth of population and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the land problems have become more and more acute Keeping certain amount of farmland is the fundamental condition for human living and the key issue of affecting regional sustainable development Yet, owing to the ever increasing demand of the socioeconomic development, oasis population and town construction for farmland, the contradictions between population and food supplies, and between population and farmland are becoming more and more severe. Therefore, to intensify dynamic research on changes of farmland, find out its distribution rules and driving factors for the changes are of great significance to the proper utilization and conservation of the farmland resources According to the detailed statistical data and general survey data from 1950 to 2000, this paper analyzed farmland changes in recent 5 decades and regional differences such as the relative changes of cultivated land in each county, irrigated land and paddy field , the per capita cultivated land ,the multiple crop index in the delta oases of Weigan and Kuqa rivers, discussed the driving factors accountable for the farmland dynamic changes in the delta oases of Weigan and Kuqa rivers Results showed that the cultivated land of delta oases of Weigan and Kuqa rivers has undergone three growth times and two falling times The author pointed out the driving factors causing cultivated land dynamic changes are related to such problems as the five times of drastic changes in politics, the ever increasing demand for farmland, the degrading soil fertility, desertification, saline land and identified some feasible countermeasures
Based on the monitoring of the results of atmospheric pollutants from 1981 to 1997 and the climatic data from similar years in Guangzhou city, the distribution regularity of the air pollution in this city is researched The results are described as follows: 1) There was clear cut seasonal changes of the atmospheric pollution in Guangzhou, the highest concentration of contaminants was monitored in winter and the lowest one in summer 2) During the past 15 years, the pollutant load rates of NOx and CO were on the rise while those of the SO 2 and DF ware on the decline each year,which showed that optical chemical pollution had been strengthening year after year since the late 1980s in Guangzhou 3) The pollutant load rate of each atmospheric contamination changed as the function and administration of the areas studied changed. The highest values of SO 2 and DF always appeared in the Industrial Area while CO and NOx in the Heavy Traffic Area In terms of Pollutant Synthetical Index, the Heavy Traffic Area was the maximum and Industrial Area took second place for the functional area. Liwan district was the maximum, Yuexiu and Fangcun took second place and Baiyun was the minimum for administration district, which showed that both Industrial pollution and Traffic pollution were equally heavy and that the atmospheric pollution was gradually aggravated from east and north to west and south in Guangzhou 4) Acid rain was very serious especially in spring 5) The distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants in Guangzhou both in time and in space are closely related to the weather factors (wind speed and wind direction, air temperature and so on) and the source of pollutants In order to reach the goal of protecting urban environment from being atmospherically polluted, the author thinks rational urban planning measures should be adopted so as to improve urban atmospheric environment, and specific countermeasures are put forward.
Regionalization is an important research topic in geography and ecology. The realization of biodiversity conservation and the sustainable development of socio economy must be based on geographical location. County level regionalization can provide support on macroscopic decision making such as land resources allocation, economic development, biodiversity conservation, and industrial development. Based on 20 indicators of biodiversity and socio economic development, this study adopted fuzzy clustering algorithm as the computational tool for the comprehensive regionalization of Wenchuan County. The results indicated that Wenchuan County could be divided into 4 types of comprehensive zones: the Development Dominant Zone(Ⅰ), including Weizhou Township and Xuankou Township, accounting for 4 3% of the total county area; the Development Zone with Local Characteristics(Ⅱ), including Mianchi Township, Longxi Township, Keku Township, Yanmen Township, and Yinxing Township, accounting for 23.5% of the total county area; the Development Support Zone(Ⅲ), including Yingxiu Township, Shuimo Township and Baihua Township, accounting for 6.5% of the total county area; the Ecological Conservation and Restrictive Development Zone(Ⅳ), including Wolong Special Administration for Nature Conservation(WSANC), Caopo Township, and Sanjiang Township, accounting for 65.7% of the total county area. WSANC is the core of Ⅳ with Caopo Township and Sanjiang Township as the buffers. The spatial strategy on coordinating biodiversity conservation and regional development is to develop mainly from the east(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ) and to conserve mainly in the west(Ⅳ). Eco industry, such as eco tourism, eco agriculture, etc., need to be emphasized in the process of regional development.
Study of the archaeological sediment plays an important role in the human earth relationship study Huang Xixuan et al (1984) madea study on the environmental changes since the Neolithic cultural periods in the Hai'an region by pollen analysis However, single proxy indicator analysis makes the research result, to some degree, uncertain As such, the authors employ the sedimentary dynamics, environmental magnetism, microorganism and chronology, etc., interdisciplinary methodology and multiproxy indicators to study the coupled relationship between human activities and environmental changes during the Neolithic cultural period in the study region Magnetic susceptibility, grain size, pollen and 14 C dating analysis results indicate that there occurred a degression process from layer 8 to layer 7 microorganism analysis suggests that the study region is relatively far away from the ocean Pollen analysis result indicates the existence of halophyte Chenopodiaceae, suggesting the soil contains high content of salt, which indicate frequent transgression occurrence to this study region The climate grows warmer and more humid from layer 8 to layer 7, suitable climatic environment provides good living conditions for human settlement in this study region 14 C dating analysis shows that the layer 6 is 3790±105 14 C aB.P., being in a sub stable climate warm and wet climatic periods with little fluctuations in climatic changes Suitable climatic environment offer good conditions for great progress in human civilization There occurred a great flood period in the layers 3, 4, 5 of the site, about 4000 14 C aB.P. from analysis of grain size and micro fabric of the layers, which leads to the collapse of the human civilization in this region
Based on the Pole axis Theory, "T" development pattern was put forward in 1984, which established the primary industrial axes in China from two levels But the precise location of these industrial axes is absent hitherto and there is only sketch map of this pattern Two reasons are accountable for the problems mentioned above: the disproportion between arterial axis and second level axis on the spatial scale; and the detailed relocation of some industrial axes Through the organic amalgamation of Dual nuclei Structure pattern and Pole axis Theory, this paper resolves the problem of the spatial location of primary industrial axes in China, also measures and analyzes in detail their development situation from 1990 to 2000 Besides, based on the clarity of the logistic relationship between Dual nuclei Structure pattern and Pole axis Theory, the primary industrial axes' revolution tendency was further analyzed in this paper It was indicated that Dual nuclei Structure pattern can deepen the existing "T" development pattern, and it is an effective theoretical tool to promote the raise and the spread of coastal belt and the region along the Yangtze River in China From the viewpoint of revolution tendency, it can be drawn that while the three growth poles of the Yangtze River Delta, Zhujiang Delta and the Bohai Sea Rimland are developing fast, the Han Triangle Area with Wuhan as its core is rising in the central part of China, that will be the fourth growth pole In the regional spatial situation described in this paper, the regional dual nuclei structure which is composed of Wuhan and Shanghai should be "the Chinese Economic Geography Axis" to push the economic development of China, and it is no less than "the American Economic Geography Axis" that was makeup by Chicago New York dual nuclei structure
The study of regional economic variation and disparity is an important issue in the international field In this paper, firstly we introduce an important economic spatio temporal process model developed by Fingleton B ,a professor of British Cambridge University The model based on new theoretical economic geography and endogenetic growth theory is a three period simultaneous model and can be applied to real socio economy to find the dynamic variation law of manufacturing productivity growth rate Then we apply Fingleton empirical model to the economic data from year 1978 to 1998 of China's secondary industryin 30 provincies (municipalies,regions) Since the fit result of period 1991～1998 is not very good, we add two territorial variables: preferential open policy and geographic predominance And the fit result of period 1991～1998 is improved significantly Technologic gap of regions, namely post advantage has become one of the first important factors in China's economic development in recent two decades, which indicates that regional disparity in China is significant at present Preferential open policy that is Chinese economic characteristic has very important effect in promoting China's economic development, and the positive effect has been increasing over the past two decades; therefore, preferential open policy should be applied in the central and western China as soon as possible But in China the increase of production is not necessarily doomed to result in the improvement of productivity because in recent two decades only in the period of 1984 1991 the former has a positive effect on the latter, while in the other two periods, namely, 1978 1984 and 1991 1998 such an effect is even not statistically significant This phenomenon disaccords with the economic law prevailing in the western countries, so we also should pay more attention to it According to the analysis results we arrive at a conclusion that despite the regional unevenness there is a general evolution pattern of regional economy in China different from that in EU regions Furthermore in our future research on regional economy we can not simply copy the economic formula to China's economy and the Chinese characteristics must be taken into account
According to the regionalism in 1990, this paper takes the urban district of each prefecture level city and county (city) region in Jiangsu as the absolute research unit, and there are 76 research units point region(PR) Every research unit is acted as the point factor to research the regional spatial structure (RSS) By studying the evolution of every PR, the relationship between the regional development (RD) and RSS are established To proceed from the difference of these points in development, this paper chooses 19 indexes of every county in 1980, 1990 and 2000 in Jiangsu, and uses the method of rotated factor loading matrix to get the comprehensive strength evolution of RD of every research unit in different periods In the light of this, the cause of RD of spatial structure evolution is analyzed The research result shows that the change of spatial elements is different in different phases; regions are the main change factors in the 1980s, meanwhile the main change factors are points in the 1990s The difference of RD leads to the transformation of spatial factors, and consequently to the change of RSS RD is the essential reason causing the change of RSS, and the change of the regional spatial factors especially that of point is the direct reason causing the change of RSS Finally, the spatial mechanism of region developing discrepancy in Jiangsu is expounded in this paper Inclination to Sunan of RD in space is apparent in Jingsu According to the distribution of research units in different districts during different period, the cities in Sunan(southern Jiangsu) mainly focus on the third class, the cities in Suzhong(central Jiangsu)mainly focus on the fourth and fifth classes, and the cities in Subei (northern Jiangsu) mainly focus on the sixth class At present, the developmental difference of each axis is obvious, the one along the Yangtze River being the main axis, and the driving effect of East Longhai axis, Subei canal axis and coastal axis are indistinctive At the same time, the developing degree of spatial structure in each region is different Taking the Shanghai Nanjing railway as the main axis, the southern,central and northern part of Jiangsu is respectively in the developing stage from the axis to network, from the point to axis and growth pole
Based on the idea that socioeconomic development and health of environment are two integral goals of sustainable regional development, a theoretical frame defined by two coordinate axes of development and sustainability is developed. Development consists of three sub goals of regional social development, economic development and demographic change; and sustainability concerns three subsystems: the health of environment or the support capability of resources, life support system and biodiversity. Using up down and bottom up approaches and this theoretical framework, the system of 18 indicators for evaluating sustainable development in Lhasa area was developed. The assessment of Lhasa area during 1960 to 1999 revealed that: 1) Socioeconomic development in Lhasa area (1995～1999)was remarkable, and the development index was improved by 36%. The index of economic development in the 1990s increased 3.9 times compared to that in the 1960s, and the index of demographic development increased 58% simultaneously. But the index of social development decreased due to the enlarging gap of resident incomes. 2) The index of sustainability reduced from 0.76 of 1960～1964 to 0.61 of 1995～1999, a decrease of 19.37%. That means the support capability of environment to the regional development decreased. 3) Using barometer of sustainability, regional development and its sustainability can be pictured in four different quadrants of this theoretical frame: weak sustainability, almost weak sustainability, almost unsustainability, and unsustainability. The assessment results show that regional development process of Lhasa area in the past 40 years was almost weak sustainable. Although the indices of development and sustainability fluctuated in different periods, the tendency of regional development can be clearly reflected. With the rapid socioeconomic development, the index of development will be improved highly in the future. But the index of sustainability cannot decrease further; otherwise Lhasa area cannot realize the goal of sustainable development. 4) To identify the unfavorable factors, indicators that score less than 0.75 or whose score decrease continuously are defined as unsustainable indicators. Thus the following unfavorable factors were recognized: the decrease of arable land per capita, land desertification, degradation of grassland, dependency of bio fuel, enlarging gap of resident incomes, high population growth rate, and high illiteracy rate and low education level of resident etc. The future development strategy should aim to alleviate the restrictions of these unfavorable factors.
As a large agriculture country, the problems of agriculture, country side, and farmers(ACF) affect the whole situation of reform and opening up and modernization construction Increasing farmers income is the core of ACF problems, while income structures and income sources of farmers (herdsmen) are the guarantee for agricultural and rural development and increase of farmers income Hence, the in depth analysis of the sampling data on income situation, sources and structure of the Tibet Autonomous Region is of great sighificance to the ACF work. The sampling survey involved 7 regional grade cities, 25 counties, 72 townships, 201 administrative villages, 763 households and 4660 people, of which 24 counties, 700 households and 4508 people are effective samples for analysis Looking from income level, the sampling involves both the absolute poor households with per capita net income less than 650 yuan, poor households with per capita net income about 650 1300 yuan, the moderate households with per capita net income about 1300 2000 yuan, and the rich households with per capita net income above 2000 yuan The number of persons surveyed in each income grade shows a spindle distribution of high representativeness Based on the sampling data this paper analyzes income structure of farmers (herdsmen) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, including sources, characteristics and wages in kind and in cash Situation of income structures and income source of the farmers in different areas (agricultural area, pastoral area and farming pastoral area, etc ) was approached The following characteristics were found through the analysis of surveyed data: ①In Tibet farmers income is mainly paid in kind with limited disposable personal income and ready money ② The variety index of income is higher in the outskirts than in the rural, the index has a direct bearing on net income ③The income sources are simplistic and outdate in the poor households, they have no ability to resist and guard against any risk, it is very difficult to increase their receipts ④ The living standard in the agricultural area is better than in the pastoral area, it is the worst in farming pastoral area. ⑤ The main elements affecting regional economic development involved the number of animals for sale, proportion of aquaculture, per capita productive investment, regional accessibility and the advantages of regional natural conditions
