With ′99 list of crude oil balancing in provinces and current trade and transport information of crude oil,this paper analyses the spatial structure of crude oil flow,the characteristic of its flow field and the form of its flow track in China. (1) Based upon a set of balance equations of crude oil,this paper analyses the characteristics of oil production,consumption and flow in 26 provinces in which the oil flow exists.And then with the concept of self-sufficiency,these 26 provinces are divided into 4 oil balancing types: basic self-sufficiency,half self-sufficiency,net payout and net supply. (2) After calculating the liquidity ratios,the 26 provinces are divided into tree flow function types: output center,input center and exchanging center.Based upon this,this paper concludes that crude oil demand exceeds supply on the whole. (3) The spatial structure of source-region system of crude oil flow appears like a right-angle triangle which is composed of Heilongjiang,Shandong and Xinjiang.The spatial structure of collection-region system of crude oil flow appears like an isosceles-trapezium which is composed of five centers of Jilin-Liaoning,Beijing-Hebei,Gansu,Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai delta and four provinces along the middle Yangtse River. (4) According to the potential value pattern of crude oil,this paper divides the oil-flowed space into four oil flow fields of the North,the Northwest,the East and the South.Among them,the North and the Northwest flow fields are national ones,and the East and the South are regional ones. (5) The huge flow of crude oil and large flow area,from five cluster regions of the Northeast,the North,the East,the Northwest and the South.In Northeast China,the density of the oil flow circuitry is quite high,and its track appears like a dendriform network with Tieling city as its major node.In North China,the track of oil flow appears like a monaxial-bintree with Beijing as its major node.In East China,the track of oil flow appears like a "Ⅲ-shaped" pattern with cities of Linyi,Puyang and Nanjing as its hinges.In South China,the track of oil flow appears like a "Y-shaped" pattern with Guangzhou and Zhanjiang cities as its dual centers. (6) The types of oil flow routes in China are diversiform,including petroleum pipelines,railways,internal navigation route,ocean shipping route and highways.The different types of flow routes are either parallelly connected or serally connected each other,bringing into full play the multi-flow-route benefits.
Since the migration is a complex economic and social driving phenomenon,to fully understand the relationship between the changes of migrants distribution and the changes of regional economic development is difficult and needs to be considered carefully.Based on the data base compiled from "The Fourth Population Census of China" and "The Fifth Population Census of China" and the relevant data from the statistical yearbooks of China in relevant years,this paper analyzed the regional changes of migrant population distribution of East,Central and West China as well as the regional changes of migrant population distribution in sub-regions of Bohai Rim,the Yangtze and Pearl river deltas from 1990 to 2000.In this paper the relationships between the regional changes of migrant population distribution and the changes of economic development in the corresponding regions were analyzed.It is found out that there is a high coincidence between the regional changes of migrant population distribution and the economic development at macro regions of East,Central and West China,i.e.the concentration of migrant population distribution depends on the regional economic development from 1990 to 2000.The distribution of migrants were in the order of East,Central and West China both in 1990 and 2000,which was just similar to the GDP,investment in fixed assets and level of industrial structure.However,there is only partly coincidence relationship between the two at the sub-regions of Bohai Rim,the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.The growth of GDP and the investment in fixed assets in the Pearl River Delta resulted in disproportional sharp growth of local migrants from 1990 to 2000.Except for the great amount of labor-intensive industries in the Pearl Delta,this phenomenon may be explained by the social and human factors and costumes which determine the local development systems.Further investigations on the relation,data-based model building and the migration forecast in China may be the future research focus.
Urban image is an important index for decoding the urban environment.Analysis and research of urban image will help decode and evaluate advantages and disadvantages of urban landscape,levels of quality of the living environment,and also help decode and make the full use of urban space structure.This paper firstly reviews the research of related urban image at home and abroad.Urban image factors and urban image elements in the main districts of Chongqing are selected according to the related field experts′ evaluation of investigation,then the survey questionnaire of urban image is built to analyze and evaluate urban image elements.A scattered diagram of urban image elements is gained from the survey results;then this diagram is applied by using the image index as vertical axle and quality index as horizon axle to have four quadrants.By analyzing the position of each urban image element in this diagram,the relationship between quality sorting and perception of residents about urban image elements can be realized,thus this research can be helpful to urban planning and design and construction in Chongqing.The authors draw the following conclusions: (1) The order on the importance of 8 urban image factors is gained according to the residents′ evaluation: firstly,important roads and bridges and traffic joints;secondly,mountains and rivers;thirdly,squares and pedestrian streets;fourthly,cultural heritage and historical relics;and fifthly,marked buildings and public green space. (2) 76 important image elements approved by residents are the key elements that are used to perfect urban image of the main districts of Chongqing,and these elements are of important help to the urban development and construction in the future. (3) 63 inferior quality image elements approved by residents are the key elements that are improved in the future. This paper puts forward also identifies the problems concerning the 8 urban image factors and relevant countermeasures.
This paper takes the urban public service industry as its study object to comment the process of industrilization occurring in recent years.Guangzhou city is taken as a study case for discussing the supplying modes and governance forms of public service or goods.Moreover we discuss the right governance structure and rules under de-regulation condition which leads us to draw the following conclusions: The supplying of public service industry in Guangzhou city has four modes which are government-supplying-leading mode,market-supplying-leading mode,grass-root mode and mixed mode.Because of the limited level of recent social development,we still can not evaluate value of various modes.But the social practice shows that all the modes should need governance with government participation although the modes are different. In space distribution,the transformation from urban centre to the marginal rural area in the governance mode changes from government-supplying-leading mode,market-supplying-leading mode to grass-root mode in turn.The diversification of geographical space results in the differentiation of the governance structure and mode of the public service industry.In old or traditional areas which have rich public service resources,the government-supplying-leading and non-government-assisting mixed mode should be chosen.Whereas in the newly developing town,urbanized or suburban areas,the communities should exert adequately the social wealth,and the non-government-leading mode should be chosen in combination with the social and economic bases of these areas. According to the developing process of Guangzhou city and common governance theory,put forward five principles of governance including service first,government controling,good governance,regional equality and sustainable development are put forward.These five principles partly embody the "five overall considerations" idea according to the need of scientific developing theory.Furthermore how to develop the governance modes of public service industry under its guidence is our future research field. The governance of public service industry's influence on and function to the urban development is also discussed with special emphasis on the aspect of geographical space and its geographical meaning for the purpose of attracting the concerns of more researchers.
Having been invited as a member of the project of global nutrient export from watersheds（Global NEWS） by UNESCO-IOC （2002-2005）,the author summarizes progresses of human activities on global nutrient export from watersheds.Human activities,such as production and consumption of food and energy to supply the increasing demands of the human population,have markedly altered the Earth's N,P,C and Si cycles.Consequently,many terrestrial,freshwater and marine ecosystems are being significantly altered.Nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems are not evenly distributed globally.The uneven spatial pattern,in part,the result of the global distribution of human population,and activities associated with the production and consumption of food to feed those people and support their energy needs,has made nutrient enrichment contribute to increased algal growth,loss of seagrass habitats,increases in anoxic water,harmful algal blooms,coral reef degradation,and increased anthropogenic emissions of CO2,N2O and CH4 among other effects.Marked increases in human population are predicted over the next 50 years in certain world regions（e.g.,S.and E.Asia,S.America,and Africa）.Industrialization is also predicted in many of these same regions.Both will undoubtedly lead to increased export of N and P to coastal ecosystems,as well as changes in the ratio of N:P:Si exported.The purpose of the project is to develop spatially explicit global models to hindcast,nowcast and forecast under a range of potential scenarios the export of N,P,C and Si to coastal ecosystems as a function human activities and natural processes in watersheds.Dissolved inorganic N,P and Si;dissolved organic N,P;and particulates N,P and Si are being explicitly modeled.Progress in the development of these model systems will be presented.
Principal components analysis(PCA) is a statistical technique used to investigate the structure of a data set,in an effort to identify the procedures controlling the scores of the variables in the data.PCA produces several linear combinations of observed variables,each linear combination being a component or factor.The factors summarize the patterns of the correlations in the observed correlation matrix and can in fact be used to reproduce the observed correlation matrix.Since the number of factors is usually far fewer than the number of the observed variables,there is a considerable parsimony in factor analysis.Furthermore,when scores on factors are estimated for each subject,they are often more reliable than scores on individual observed variables.The advantages of PCA are particularly useful in soil complex contamination studies,especially in poorly recorded areas historically,and could be further used for the spatial assessment.Now PCA has been used in the fields of resource exploitation and protection,environmental degradation and quantitative soil contamination assessment. In this paper,data structure of soil contaminations,relationships and differences of soil pollutions were discovered,and the major components of soil pollutions were identified.The result of agriculture field quality classified with component scores showed that paddy field irrigated with clean water was on the top of the six types of land,and soil environment of sewage irrigated paddy field had worst quality.The relationships with and contribution to contamination of soil pollutants were reflected well.The effect of heavy metals inputting was higher than organic pesticide,and is the major factor of soil contamination. The study implied that PCA is advantageous in the assessment on complex soil contamination and classification of soil environmental quality,and could be used in soil pollutants identify ication and soil environment assessment as well. The method could simplify the process of major soil pollutants identification,especially in cases of complex or poorly recorded contamination.
As is known,urban soil has an important effect on the urban sustainable development ant its conteminations have been paid more and more attention.To investigate the impact of mining activities on soil contamination and environmental risk,the present study was undertaken as a preliminary survey on an urban scale in Jinchang,Northwest China.Because of mining and smelting,the soils were severely contaminated by Ni and Cu,70% and 57% of which in samples exceeded the limit values（GB15618-1995 III）.The soil contaminated areas with Ni and Cu were estimated to be 26 and 24 km2,respectively.Cd and As concentrations in urban soils exhibited the anthropogenic induced increasing values around industrial districts and tailing pools.Fortunately,the values were in most cases below tolerable values of soil in the residential areas.The Cr contaminated soils were mostly distributed in places near tailing pools and mining areas. According to the results of statistical analysis,heavy metals were classified into three groups: 1) Co,Cu,Cd,Pb and Zn;2) As and Ni;and 3) Cr.The major sources for the heavy metal contamination in Jinchang city are released from the smelting industrial district to the east of the city,tailing pools to the north of the city and mining district to the south west of the city,to which the highest concentrations of heavy metals are generally located.Based on heavy metals in the soils investigated,the results of Nemero index assessment suggested that the health risk in the residential areas seems to be of minor importance.However,direct ingestion of soil and inhalation of dust coming from seriously contaminated areas may contribute largely to the accumulation of heavy metals in human bodies.
Shibanqiao Reservoir（25°56′56.5″N,105°26′44.5″E,1400 m a.s.l.） was built in Guanling County which is one of the areas where the worst soil erosion and rocky desertification have been taking place in Guizhou Province,Southwest China.The catchment(6.00 km2,1452-1630 m a.s.l.) of the reservoir is largely underlain with carbonate-rocks,being mainly dolomite.A 24-cm long sediment-core was sampled from the reservoir.Some mineral-magnetic parameters(χlf,ARM,IRM20mT,SIRM and IRM-100mT) are measured with these sediments and furthermore ARM/SIRM,HIRM and IRM-100mT/SIRM are calculated for them.Soil-erosion occurring during the past 42 years（1960-2002） in the drainage basin is inferred by interpreting the mineral-magnetic characteristics in combination with results of analyses of 137Cs,grain-size,and TOC and C/N simultaneously made and depositional rates calculated for these sediments.Soil erosion seems to have generally intensified in spite of some sub-order fluctuations in its intensity during this period.Causes of the inferred changes in soil erosion are deduced by combining the interpretation with the collected rainfall and land use/land cover change（LUCC） data.The overall intensification of soil erosion may be caused by the decrease of woodland area and the increase of cropland area since 1960 and the occurrence of looser soil scarified in the mass tree-planting initiated since 1990 in the catchment.The minor fluctuations in intensity of soil erosion may be attributed to those in rainfall.In other words,soil-erosion intensity is controlled predominantly by human activities（i.e.land use） while rainfall is likely to influence intensity of soil erosion only relatively moderately,which is generally in agreement with conclusions derived by some other investigators in doing similar studies in other areas.
Under joint effect of atmospheric circulation and topography,the distribution of water/thermal elements and vegetation bears a three-dimensional zonal characteristic in Tibetan Plateau.As we know,within the vast expanse of the Tibetan Plateau with undulating terrain,the spatial distribution of water/thermal elements and vegetation has strong local impressions,which are different in one location from the other.This paper aims to explore such a spatial pattern in central and eastern Tibetan Plateau,with ground collected data of air temperature and precipitation from 100 meteorological stations and remotely sensed NDVI data by NOAA AVHRR during 1982-2000.Firstly,latitudinal and longitudinal transects are designed to analyze the role of altitude in spatial distribution of water/thermal elements.Secondly,to focus on roles of latitude and longitude in the above-mentioned spatial pattern,these 100 stations are divided into 5 groups with altitudes restricted nearly within a range of 500 m so as to restrain the influence of altitude. The study shows that 1) because of sharp altitudinal variation,the thermal element in the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau firstly follows the adiabatic lapse rate of air temperature while solar radiation variation over latitudes is the second thermal control factor;2) the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation is relatively complex,which is dominated by the distance to and the accessibility of vapor sources;and 3)finally the annual mean NDVI,the indicator of general vegetation condition,is governed jointly by precipitation and accumulated air temperature,so its spatial variation is the combination of those of the two climate elements.
Field investigation,magnetic susceptibility,grain-size analysis and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating in a loess profile of Holocene on north bank of the Yangtze River,Nanjing,have revealed the characteristics of aeolian dust deposition and pedogenic environmental change during the formation of the first paleosol.The results show that a layer of paleosol(yellow-brown soil) was formed during the Holocene climate optimum(8500-3100 aBP) on north bank of the Yangtze River,and the climate became warmer and wetter,the proxy index such as magnetic susceptibility is generally higher than other layers,and frequency graphs of grain-size distribution have double peak values,the peak values of grain size(<1 um) have been formed during pedogenic processes.but only a peak value in loess layer,so the pedogenic rate was much faster than aeolian dust deposition rate.The optically stimulated luminescence(OSL age) dating indicated the loess formed in the last glacial became the parent matters that the paleosol re-developed.On the grounds of the sediments chronology and the sediment thickness,deposition rate was 12cm/ka in the last glacial on the north bank of the Yangtze River,which can deduce that serious soil erosion happened in top paleosol during Holocene climate optimum(8500-3100 aBP) and the thickness of soil erosion was at least 1 meter.The matters eroded redeposited on the lower place and formed the secondary loess.This means that the source of the secondary loess and Xiashu loess were the same,but the secondary loess redeveloped due to heavy precipitation.There was a transformation period at 3100 aBP,representing a climate change from the period dominated by the southern monsoon to the period dominated by the northern monsoon.A layer of modern loess(about 50cm) have been accumulated since 3100 aBP,this means that the period of the last 3100 years was a one with intensified dust accumulation.
The history of the land use of many developed countries shows that the courses of industrialization of economy and urbanization of population are usually accompanied by marginalization of agricultural land use.China is now in a developing stage with rapid industrialization and urbanization,and changes such as "the more rapid non-agriculturalization of agricultural land,the continuous loss of farmland,abandonment of arable land,the substantial loss of labor force sources from rural areas,the shrinkage of agriculture in the eastern littoral,etc." has occurred in the process of agricultural land use in recent years.Many scholars have studied these changes and their driving forces,mostly adopting a correlation analysis in statistics.These researches encountered a lot of criticism,deeper analyses of the mechanism are called,but little progress has been made.So seeking a new synthetical research approach is especially important. This paper firstly defined the essence of the marginalisation of arable land and its criterion to diagnose.Then,based on the cost-income data of three kinds of grain crops such as paddy,wheat and maize during the period 1980-2002, this paper diagnosed the marginalisation phenomena of cultivated land use in China.The results show that there were once suspicious marginalisation evidence and two times obvious marginalisation phenomena of the cultivated land utilization in the last two decades in China.The suspicious evidence only had a faint trace in 1987,and the first and the second ones were in evidence in 1991 and 1996,but the second one was wider and more serious.The marked decline of the degree of intensity of the cultivated land use,the notable shrinkage of the sown area of the grain crops and the severe abandonment of the cultivated land had causal relations with the action of the margilisation of arable land.Theory of the marginalisation of arable land use is useful to explain the changes of arable land use in China.
Since the 1990s,the city of Beijing has entered into a centrifugal acentric phase of suburbanization,and the expansion of construction land in Beijing mountainous area will take up an important position.So study on the expansion of construction land is of great significance.Some indexes were created to indicate the expansion of construction land,such as the growth intensity index,the relative growth rate,etc.and they have their(unique) advantages and disadvantages.To overcome their shortcomings and make the expansion differentiate among different districts in Beijing mountainous area notably,we put forward the growth degree index along with the above two indexes to depict the spatial differentiation of construction land expansion comprehensively. Based on the land use shift data and land use change data,these indexes in three successive phasesi.e.,from 1993 to 1996,1996 to 1999 and 1999 to 2002 respectively,were calculated and the characteristics and spatial difference of land use expansion of different construction land types were analyzed.The results indicated that since the 1990s,the suburbanization has been extending to the outer suburbs,and great changes have taken place in Beijing mountainous area,the expansion degree became increasingly great.And the spatial expansion of construction land has the characteristics of both difference and abnormity, which expanded everywhere taking irregular expansion as the characteristics and suburbanization here was still in an initial phase.At the same time,the expansion has an outwards trend.Also because of the restriction of natural conditions and the orientated function of different districts,the regional spatial difference is evident.We hold that with the maturity of pole-axis system,the process of suburbanization in Beijing mountainous area will be entering a more active phase.Relevant measures should be taken to direct the expansion to a move active way.
Vegetation coverage and surface temperature(Ts) are important parameters to describe characters of land covers.More useful information will be created by integrated analyses of these two kinds of data together,which will help us to find out main principles of the temporal and spatial variation of surface soil moisture.The present paper aims at demonstrating how Terra/MODIS data may be used to estimate spatial patterns of soil moisture,a key variable in distributed hydrological models.The basic approach is to interpret the so-called Ts/NDVI space in terms of surface soil moisture status.To understand the relationship between them and landuse types on the Loess Plateau,a simplified land surface dryness index(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index,TVDI) based on an empirical parameterization of the relationship between surface temperature and vegetation index is suggested. Based on examination of Terra/MODIS image of the Loess Plateau,acquired in September,2003,NDVI(MOD11) and Ts(MOD13) are investigated as an alternative indicator of vegetation abundance and land surface temperature.Based on Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+) image,the landscape classification map is conducted on supervised classification and interactive modification.To examine soil moisture conditions at the surface,TVDI is conducted with Ts and NDVI. Then,we evaluate change of TVDI under different landuse types formed by both natural and human activities.First,TVDI was divided into 10 levels to describe the spatial variability of surface soil moisture on the Loess Plateau.Second, we evaluated the water-holding capacity of each landuse type to different dryness degrees. The results are as follows:(1) Based on satellite derived information only, TVDI is conceptually and computationally straightforward,and the potential for operational application of the index is therefore large.(2)The spatial variation in TVDI reflects the variation in moisture on a finer scale than can be derived from the hydrological model in this case.(3)It can be inferred that the water-holding capacity in forestland and sparse woodland is better than farmland and grassland in relatively wet condition,and grassland is better than forestland and sparse woodland in relatively dry condition.(4) From the aspect of vegetative restoration on the Loess Plateau,according to variability of water-holding capacity in different landuse types,it could be suggested that increasing forestland and sparse woodland area in relatively wet region,increasing grassland area and reducing land reclamation in dry region can promote the process of ecological pattern optimization.
The coastal zone is the geographical unit where human activate most intensely.In recent years,with the rapid development of economy,the resources and environment of coastal zone have been greatly damaged due to the unreasonable utility of land resource.So the study on dynamic monitoring of the land use changes in coastal zone has became a hot topic of global changes.This paper uses the multi-time remote sensing data,integrates spectral values,texture data with the distance from coastline by BP Neural Network classifier,adopts visual interpretation and user interface computer classification technology to abstract the coastal zone land use information of Longkou city from 1984 to 2004.It analyzes the dynamic change characteristics of Longkou city's coastal zone on the aspects of land use total quantity change,land use changing rate,mutual transformation of land use types,coastal location effect of the change of land use types,and so on.The findings indicate that during the 20 years more than half of the coastal zone's land types in Longkou city have changed.There was a great decrease in sandy land and cultivated land and a remarkable increase in water area,orchard land and construction land;the rate of the land use change was up to 1.53% per year,the period of 1996-2000 saw obviously larger changing rate than that of the period before and after,and water area changed at the highest rate(among) all land-use types.Concerning conversion degree,cultivated land conversion to orchard land,occupies the greatest proportion,distributing extensively in both northern and western coastal zone;cultivated land convered to construction land comes the second distributing obviously in the western coastal zone due to southward expansion of Longkou,and the construction land converted from orchard and forest lands are distributed mainly in the northern part of the Longkou port and the Northern Sea Developing Zone of the Nanshan Group.However,the active land-use conversion was the sandy land turning to other land-use types in the region in a distance less than 500 m from the coastline.So the characteristic of the locational change is that the nearer to the sea,the more obvious the change of the coastal zone characteristic land-use type.On the contrary,the farther from the sea,the more prominent the characteristic of the inland land-use change presents.
A healthy ecosystem provides a fundamental basis for the realization of regional sustainable development.Using the theory and technique of ecosystem heath to estimate area ecosystem health will possess rather good significance in theory and practice for eco-environmental management and regional sustainable development.Based on RS & GIS technology,using the integration of multi-source and multi-period data and micro-catchment estimation section,this paper sets up an integrated assessment index system and assessment model with the concept of PSR（press-state-response）,and accomplishes driving force analysis of regional ecosystem health state change by representative correlation analysis technique. Qinhuangdao area,situated to the northeast of Hebei province,covers an area of about 7812km2.The assessment result showed that: the area of the first grade subarea of the ecosystem health state（very healthy state） is 1176.68km2,making up 15.08% of the total area of Qinhuangdao;the area of the second grade subarea（healthy state） is 1930.77km2,being 24.71%;the third grade subarea（sub-healthy state） is 1937.35km2,or 24.79%;the fourth grade subarea（non-healthy state） is 1805.47 km2,or 23.11%;and the fifth grade subarea（morbidity state） is 961.90 km2or 12.31%.The analysis of pattern of ecosystem health state from land use structure showed that the health state of woodland and grassland was the best,the health state of plantation was diverse for some acting factors.There are many forces acting on the changes of the ecosystem heath state such as adjusting industrial structure,distributing productivity reasonably,developing primary industry,applying fertilizer properly,controlling soil erosion and so on. The sticking point in this article was the selection and quantification of the ecosystem heath assessment index system in terms of ecological state,vigor and resilience with remote sensing data,GIS technique and landscape ecological indexes,so as to provide guidance for ecosystem heath assessment research in other districts.
In China,the rate of cybercrime to total crime raised from 0.6% in 2001 to 21% in 2004.The occurrence of cybercrime made great challenge to the whole society in terms of both government management and people's daily life.Therefore,new technology should be developed such as cybercrime spatial management information system to prevent and suppress it.It aims to establish an advanced information system based on GIS,network seeking,IP tracing and spatial data mining,which can search evidence,manage data,find location and analyze spatial manner of cybercrime. The technique procedure includes the following aspects:(1)to use the customized Internet auto-searching engine to find the evidence of cybercrime,collect the data such as IP address and put it into GIS database after analyzing and data mining;(2)to set up GIS database to manage the cybercrime identification(email,passport,user account,,host address,etc.) with its IP address,and mark them on electronic map for tracing and locating;and(3)to make spatial data mining on the database,try to find the spatial rule of cybercrime,such as construction and developing trend,and develop some professional models for the actual application. The dislocation between technology,study and reality situation made it difficult to resolve cybercrime efficiently,and also the management system and method should be developed accordingly.With the integration of relevant technologies for the innovative application based on the factors above-mentioned,great achievement can be expected soon in struggling against cybercrime.
