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  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Wen-hua,MIN Qing-wen,SUN Ye-hong
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    With the outstanding universal value,the precious natural and cultural heritages are the treasures left over by our ancestors.With constant deepening in the knowledge and understanding to this value,especially the aggravated damage to the natural and cultural heritages caused by natural disasters and unsustainable economic growth,the world heritage protection and heritage site development have become one of the hotspots attracting the worldwide attention.Scientific research is an important base for the heritage protection,which can provide the theoretical support for heritage protection and its sustainable development.Thus,to identify the scientific issues is of vital importance in the heritage research.In this paper,the authors discuss some key issues relating to the natural and cultural heritage protection,management and sustainable development systematically,which are as follows:(1) paying more attention to the discovery and protection of the national heritages while applying to be listed on the World Heritage List;(2) harmonizing the relationship between the protection and sustainable development of the heritage sites based on the principle of "dynamic conservation";(3)promoting the synthesized research of natural and cultural heritages;(4) implementing "participatory management" strategy by bringing into full play the role of the neighboring communities in protecting heritage sites;(5) understanding the "world heritage" in a broad sense which should include not only the world heritages accepted by the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage but also ones such as GIAHS,nature reserve,geopark,industrial heritage etc.;and(6) strengthening the scientific research of the heritage protection including the theories and methodology of protection,and sustainable management approaches.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    YANG Sheng-tian,LI Qian,LIU Chang-ming,ZHI Hong,WANG Xue-lei
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    "Beijing-1"satellite(DMC+4 microsatellite) was launched on October 27th 2005,which covers a large area and has outstanding ability of continual observation.The vegetation fractional coverage is an important parameter for describing vegetation quality and indicating ecosystem change.In this study,"Beijing-1",SPOT5 and QuickBird images were integrated to detect and analyze the vegetation fractional coverage in riparian buffer zones of Guanting Reservoir.On the basis of integrated detection,scale transforming method was used between three images to improve the precision of vegetation fractional coverage measured by "Beijing-1" image.The concrete methods are pixel decomposability method and statistic model establishment,that is,SPOT5 and QuickBird pixels were used to decompose "Beijing-1" image pixel,and then established the statistic models between decomposability results and vegetation fractional coverage measured by"Beijing-1" image.The results show that:(1) The correlation coefficients of vegetation fractional coverage between "Beijing-1",SPOT5 and QuickBird images are high,which suggests that using "Beijing-1" image to detect vegetation fractional coverage of riparian buffer zones of Guanting reservoir is feasible.(2) Using these statistic models can effectively improve the precision of vegetation fractional coverage measuring from "Beijing-1" image.For reed marshes,compared with the result of using vegetation fractional coverage calculation equation,the mean absolute error of vegetation fractional coverage measured by "Beijing-1" image was reduced by 22.7% after applying statistic models.This is a practice on scale transformation of remotely sensed data.(3) Expanding the application extent,pixel decomposability method and statistic model establishment are feasible in enhancing the application precision of lower spatial resolution remotely sensed data by using high spatial resolution remotely sensed data.The integrated application of multi-scale remotely sensed data is a significant approach to promote the precision of acquiring earth surface parameters on large scale.This has become a development trend of remote sensing technology.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Kai-li,NI Shao-xiang
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    The classification of breeding area for oriental migratory locust(Locust migratoria manilensis Meyen) is one of the most important tasks in terms of the monitoring and controlling of the damages induced by the locusts.In this study,the Huanghua region along the Bohai Bay in Hebei Province was selected as the study area and the locust breeding areas were classified based on the Landsat-5 TM images dated on August 14,2003(TMⅠ) and May 28,2004(TMⅡ) respectively.Three different schemes of image band combination and two kinds of classifiers were used in the breeding area classification,i.e.the maximum likelihood classifier and the knowledge-based layered classifier.In more detail,they are 1) the combination of bands 3,4 and 5 of TMⅠplus bands 3,4 and 5 of TMⅡwith the maximum likelihood classifier;2)the combination of bands 3,4 and 5 of TMⅠplus bands 3,4 and 5 of TMⅡand the homogeneity index derived from the image of NDVITMⅠas a band which contains the spatial texture information of the images,with also the maximum likelihood classifier;and 3)the combination of bands 3,4 and 5 of TMⅠplus bands 3,4 and 5 of TMⅡand the NDVITMⅠas a band,with the knowledge-based layered classifier.The results show that,firstly,there is no obvious difference among these different combination schemes in terms of the overall accuracy of the locust breeding area.Relatively speaking,the overall accuracy of the second combination scheme(89.319) is somewhat higher than those of the other two combination schemes,which indicates that it is beneficial to accuracy improvement of locust breeding area classification if adding the spatial texture information of the images into the classification.Secondly,although the overall accuracy of locust breeding area classification with the third combination scheme is somewhat lower than those of the other two combination schemes,its variation range of locust breeding area classification accuracy among all individual locust breeding area types is relatively small,which means that the knowledge-based layered classifier still has a certain of advantages in the locust breeding area classification.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    GAO Zhi-hai,NI Shao-xiang,LI Zeng-yuan,WEI Huai-dong,DING Feng
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    The spatial and temporal changes of vegetation cover from 1987 to 2001 over Minqin Oasis,Gansu Province,were studied quantitatively based on the retrieval of vegetation coverage from remotely sensed TM images in the situation of mixed pixels. The result of the study shows that the vegetation cover over Minqin Oasis has greatly changed since 1987,with the increase of the area of the cultivated vegetation(farmlands) by 53.11% and decrease of the area of the medium and high cover vegetation by 25.11%,which indicates that the bush belt around the Oasis is fading away with the constant increase of cultivated vegetation and constant decrease of medium and high cover vegetation,and the long-term ecological security of the Oasis is being threatened severely.The spatial transform processes of vegetation cover in Minqin Oasis are complicated.The spatial transform process for whole Oasis is categorized in a type of reclamation and vegetation degradation,and there are differences for spatial transform processes of vegetation cover among diverse sub-areas of the Oasis,categorized in one type of reclamation and vegetation degradation in the central and southern parts,and another type of vegetation rehabilitation and reclamation in the northern part.The main reasons for the loss of medium and high cover vegetation are reclamation of desertified lands and vegetation degradation.About 42204.81hm2of medium and high cover vegetation lost during the 15 years due to over-reclamation and vegetation degradation in Minqin Oasis,accounting for 81.73% of the original area.The lost vegetation covers are mainly wind protecting and sand binding plants on the edges of the Oasis.The lost vegetation area is larger than the rehabilitated area of vegetation of the corresponding period of time.The lost area of medium and high cover vegetation by reclamation reaches 18776.08hm2,accounting for 44.5% of the total lost area.The decline of groundwater table resulted in by over pumping of groundwater for irrigation is the main cause for vegetation degradation,and the observable rehabilitation of halophytic vegetation in the northern part of the Oasis was probably related to the drastic drop of groundwater table.Controlling reclamation and breeding the steady-going bush vegetation should be the key target for eco-environmental construction in Minqin Oasis.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    GUO Huai-cheng,WANG Jin-feng,LIU Yong,MAO Guo-zhu,WANG Zhen
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    The urban water system is a complete ecosystem that has dual function of ecology and landscape.The water body pollution worsens the water quality and makes the urban aquatic environment lose its ecologic function,such as providing water resource,defending flood,etc.The degradation of water system landscape could lower the image of the city.The water system control can not only be limited to pollution control,but also include water environment rehabilitation and landscape beautification.At present,systemic control is the most popular and adoptive method for water pollution control and aquatic environment repair.Systemic control takes the whole water ecosystem as a research object,and,based on diverse water problems,makes all kinds of aquatic environment rehabilitation methods and ecological engineering measures integrated.But,systemic control emphasizes the ecological aspect of engineering design and neglects the main factor in water landscape.Taking landscape elements into account in water synthesized controll is a trend of reearch at home and abroad,so a new method including factors of landscape should be found out.This paper tries to make the "functional control" as a new concept which brings water systemic control and landscape design together.Functional control is an extension of the concept "systemic control".In virtue of GIS and water quality records the water functional control first gives qualitative and quantitative analysis of the water system problems,then chooses some key positions(like water connecting points,badly polluted areas,lakefront etc.),and then selects suitable ecological rehabilitation methods according to water environment rehabilitative theories,makes those projects ecological and landscaping,and finally gives a macroscopical landscape designing project of the urban water system. This study aims to give a new view that we should think about landscape factors in water control and pollution will never be the only problem that we should take into account.Basing on theories of Water Environment Rehabilitation,Landscape Ecology,Environmental Aesthetics and Ecosystem Services,this paper brings forward a method frame of water functional control,and makes an application of it to the Hanyang water system.The case study shows that through functional control,not only the water quality but also the landscape of the Hanyang water system has been improved,which is important to urban areas.This means that doing water environment repair and landscape design at the same time is better than doing them separately.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIU Hong-yu,LI Zhao-fu
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    Research on the changing process of landscape in a longer spatial and temporal scale is one of the foci of landscape ecology in recent years.Furthermore,identifying cumulative effects caused by landscape changes is very important for environmental impact evaluation.The Naoli River Watershed was chosen as a study area,and our study focused on wetland landscape changing processes and their cumulative effects in historical periods.We use vemote sensing,GIS techniques and geographical statistics regression for data analysis in this paper.The Naoli River watershed,characterized by rich wetland landscape and great changes in biodiversities in the Sanjiang Plain,China,has attracted global concern in recent years.Wetland landscape was in a very natural state before 1949,which was very rich in landscape types in the study area.And wetland landscape change experienced a process from the preliminary land reclamation phase(19451967) to an intermediate land reclamation phase(19671983) and then a near-term reclamation phase(19832002).As a result,wetland landscape changed in the study area.The direct and indirect cumulative effects were identified by analyzing the changing process of landscape types in the three large-scale land reclamation phases,as well as the impact of human activities on the scope and intensity of wetland landscapes in the watershed.The direct cumulative effects include loss of wetland landscape area,fragmentation of landscape structure and degradation of wetland ecosystem;the indirect cumulative effects caused by wetland landscape change include biodiversity change,hydrological regime change and local climate change in the watershed.At present,the diversity change of wetland landscape has gone over threshold condition. This phenomenon will bound to have great impacts on the regional ecological environment and economic sustainable development in the watershed.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    CHEN Dan,MO Xing-guo,LIN Zhong-hui,LIU Su-xia
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    A physically distributed eco-hydrological model(VIP model),under support of Terra-MODIS remotely sensed vegetation index,land use and DEM data,is applied to simulate the temporal and spatial variation of evapotranspiration and other water balance components over the Wuding River Basin on the Loess Plateau,from 2000 to 2003.The spatial resolution of the simulation is 250 m and time step of 1 hour.The results show that the mean evapotranspiration is 300 mm,397 mm,460 mm and 443 mm in 2000,2001,2002 and 2003,respectively;the annual evapotranspiration amount is the main component of water budget and the evaporation value from soil is a bit larger than the canopy transpiration;evapotranspiration over the basin mainly occurred during summer time,which contributes more than 60% of the annual amount;and the annual values of evapotranspiration from the vegetation types are similar,though their monthly processes are quite different.This is the common phenomenon in the semi-arid region.Over the whole basin,the annual amount of evapotranspiration and its components are decreasing gradually from the southeastern part to the northwestern part of the basin;the coefficient of variation of evaporation and transpiration is 30% and 14% respectively,whereas that of evapotranspiration is only 9%,due to the compensating effect of evaporation and transpiration.The simulated annual evapotranspiration values over the nine sub-basins of the Wuding River Basin agree well with the evapotranspiration derived from water balance method,showing that the simulation results of VIP model are reasonable.The result from this study is valuable for assessing water conservation projects and serves as reference for re-vegetation policy making.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    JIAO Yuan-mei,YANG You-jie,HU Wen-ying,SU Shao-hua
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    The Yuanyang terraced fields,famous for their large area,wide distribution,astonishing construction and rarity in world,were identified as the core area of the cultural landscape of Hani terraces by the government of Honghe district,Yunnan province,China.The terraces were the physical basis of Hani peoples' life and the symbolization of Hani peoples' spirit.And the cultural landscape of Hani terraces was the model of sustainable land use and harmonious human ecosystem between culture and nature.Thus,we took the Yuanyang terraced fields as objects,calculated the landscape metrics,such as shape,number,density and area using the landscape structure analysis software-FRAGSTATS at class and landscape levels.The patch granularity and the neighboring characteristics were counted using Geographic Information System ArcView,and the relationship between landscape pattern and aesthetic character istics was analyzed finally.The results indicated that: 1) The dry land,dense forest,shrubbery and paddy field constituted the most part of landscape.Both the farmland and the forest accounted for 40% of the total area of the landscape,forming a predominant pattern of the landscape.But however,water area and uncovered land or rock were lack as a landacake component in Yuanyang County.2) Patches of the housing area had the maximum numbers and small size.Dry land had the most complex shape and the most centralized distribution pattern.The natural grassland and other garden plots had the minimum numbers and the most dispersed distribution pattern.The huge-sized and medium-sized patches were distributed alternatively,forming a relatively fragmentized landscape pattern.3) The edge length and edge numbers of the neighboring types as well as the percentages differed evidently,and most of the types were adjacent to dry land which impacted on them intensively.4) In the landscape,the area of paddy terraced fields occupied a higher proportion,being 16%.There were 253 patches with an average patch area larger than many other types,further more,the nearest distance among the patches was only 469.4m.All of the aforementioned landscape patterns were contributive to the aesthetic characteristics of "scale".5) The vertical pattern of forest-village-terrace was important to the harmonious aesthetics of landscape structure.6) The neighboring and size characteristics of landscape were one of the landscape patterns.It was very significant to analyze the relationship between landscape pattern and aesthetic characteristics.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHANG Xin-bao,WU Ji-shan,WANG Yang-chun
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    Vertical geomorphologic zoning on the Northwest Sichuan Plateau is obvious and elevations for different geomorphologic zones are: fluvial zone<3800m;glacial margin zone 3800-4200m;and glacial zone>4200m.Their correspondent principal geomorphologic processes are water erosion,thawing erosion and glacial erosion.The plateau terrain was formed as a result of the thawing erosion under the conditions of vast expanse tectonic uplift.Crystalline rocks of granite and limestone have higher strength against thawing erosion than Triassic epimetasediment rocks of sandstone and slate.Therefore,crystalline rocks are able to form high glacial mountains while Triassic epimetasediment rocks are not.However,Triassic epimetasediment rocks are prone to form hilly plateau terrain.The 1st stage subproject of the West Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is basically located along the boundary between the fluvial zone and the peri glacial zone,landslides,rock-falls and thawing solifluctions are major slope failure hazards and most of those hazards are of small-medium scales.There are a number of debris flow gullies where small-medium scale debris flows occur frequently in the project area,however,large scale debris flows may occur in the gullies of the fluvial zone.Thawing solifluctions are the main river sediment sources in the area and attentions should be paid to the effects of their sediment production on silting of the planned reservoirs.Geomorphologic processes are very sensitive to climate changes in the boundary area between the fluvial zone and the periglacial zone.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    QI Yong-qing,ZHANG Xin-bao,HE Xiubin,WEN An-bang,FU Jie-xiong
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    There are a huge number of small reservoirs and ponds with quite high deposition rates in the hilly Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges Region.Four small catchments with a drainage area of less than 1km2 each in Yanting and Nanchong of Sichuan Province and Kaixian of Chongqing were selected for this study.Incremental samples of sediment deposit profiles for 137Cs dating were collected in the four ponds to estimate the deposition volumes since 1963,and to analyse the specific sediment yields and the average erosion rates of those catchments.The highest specific sediment yields for deposition in the ponds is 1869 t·km-2·a-1for the Chunqiu Gully in Kaixian,and 701 t·km-2·a-1 and 710 t·km2·a-1for Wujia and Jiliu gullies in Yanting,respectively.The yield in the pond is about 566 t·km-2·a-1 for the Tianmawan Gully in Nanchong.Being small drainage areas,the four study catchments have little valley areas and relatively high channel gradients.The 137Cs distribution depths are close to the plough depth of 25 cm in the paddy field of the Tianmawan Gully.As the original valley areas above the dam in the three catchments in Yanting and Kaixian were predominantly occupied by ponds,little sediment has accumulated in the upstream valley of the ponds since the dam construction in the 1950s.The small gullies on slopes above the valleys are steep and the bedrock bottoms of the gullies indicate no sediment accumulation occurring there.The sediment delivery ratio should be close to 1 for the slopes.By the above analyses of the topographic characteristics and the 137Cs depth distribution in paddy fields of the valleys,no significant sediment accumulation occurs in the valley areas of the study catchments.So it is reasonable to use the specific sediment yields for deposition in ponds to represent the specific sediment yield and soil erosion rate of the study catchments excluding the Tianmawan Gully in Nanchong where the current water surface area of the pond used for estimating the yield is underestimated.Clearly,the annual precipitations and the land use conditions,especially the cropland ratios are the important erosion factors of the study catchments.On the other hand,the landform,soil erodibility,and bedrock bedding conditions are the significant erosion factors too.The Chunqiu Gully is underlain of the Jurassic Shaximiao Group with medium erosion resistance and high soil erosion rate.The Wujia and Jiliu gullies in Yanting are underlain of the Jurassic Penglaizhen Group with high proportion of sandstones so they have high erosion resistance and low soil erosion rate.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Hong,GONG Peng,LIU Gao-huan
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    The Yellow River Delta(YRD) is rich in land resource which has a great potential of development.However,soil salinization is serious in the coastal salinized land which accounts for 63.6% of the region′s total land area.Soil salinization has become the main factors restricting the regional economic development.In order to utilize the salinized soil resources and realize the sustainable development of agriculture in the YRD,it is important to clarify the distribution of salinized soil and the reasons for the formation and development of salinization. Based on the multi-scale samples,this paper determined the spatial variation of soil salinity at two depths using both statistical and geostatistical methods,comparing the correlation coefficients between soil salinity and three geomorphic factors(e.g.micro-geomorphologic type,slope gradient and elevation),and finally generating the distribution maps of soil salinity using ordinary kriging at multi-scales and two depths.The analysis revealed that there is higher soil salt content in the embanked former back swamps,salt marshes and tidal flats than in the contemporary flood plains,abandoned river channels and isolated depressions.The variations of soil salinity have three scales.At the small scale(sampling intervals are 0.040.2km),the soil has a higher value of salinity in the north east and the south west.At medium scale(1km),it is high in F1 in the north west,while in F2 it is higher in the east than in the west.At large scale(6km),the distribution of soil salinity is characterized by a low value in the central part,where the Yellow River flows through,but it rises gradually toward north and southeast in the upper and lower layers.By analyzing the parameter of spatial dependence(the ratio of spatial variance and sill) of soil salinity in the multi-scales,we found the spatial structure of soil salinity became obvious with the increase of sampling intervals and expanded areas.The paper demonstrates that all geomorphic variables have comparatively high spatial dependence.The distribution of soil total salt shows a clear structure when it is significantly impacted by factors which have high spatial dependence;contrarily,soil salinity has small spatial dependence,then it may be influenced by other environmental variables which have weak structure(e.g.human activities).Finally,reasonable soil sampling plan and research directions in the future were put forward.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    CHEN Li-qun,LIU Chang-ming,YANG Cong,HAO Fang-hua
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    Baseflow plays an important role in water security,food security,water resource assessment and investigation,and water allocation.Baseflow is mainly the recharges from groundwater.The characteristics of recharge and discharge of groundwater are very important to efficient groundwater management and sustainable development,and are vital to the control of pollution.Runoff of the source regions of the Yellow River accounts for more than 35% of the total ruhoff of the Yellow River basin.Baseflow is a very important water supply source in the low flow season and also an important supply cource in the headwaters,hence,it's essential to estimate baseflow in this area.There are numerous baseflow separation methods such as analytic methods and graphic methods,but they have their own shortcomings and can't be applied extensively.In this study,two physically based and two parameters based baseflow separation methods-Kalinin method and digital filiter method-were selected.First the Kalinin baseflow separation method was improved based on the climate condition of the study area and a new procedure was developed and then the sensitivity analysis was conducted for the two methods.The results show that the baseflow separated by digital filter baseflow separation method is very sensitive to the parameter's variation,and the filter parameter β is the control factors of the baseflow.With the increase of β the separated baseflow decreases and vice versa.The sensitivity(analysis) curves are very alike as to the runoff of different years.The baseflow separated by the modified Kalinin method is strongly affected by the runoff hydrograph,generally,the baseflow increases with the increase of recession coefficient and is not sensitive to the variation of parameters.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Fa-dong,SONG Xian-fang,LIU Chang-ming,YU Jing-jie,YANG Cong,LIU Xiang-chao,HU Kun,TANG Chang-yuan
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    Low flow is a main pattern in surface runoff,subsurface runoff and base flow in arid and semi-arid region.It's most important to keep the stability of regional eco-environment.However,it's hard to measure precisely this kind of low flow using the available instruments. The difference of low flow less than 15l/min between tipping bucket rain gauge and automatic water level recorders immerging into triangle weir box with outlets of 20 degrees and 30 degrees were discussed by the outdoor experiments at runoff plot with rainfall simulator and the indoor supplement experiments.Indoor experiments results showed that,when water level at outlet of weir box was lower than 10 mm,the mean measured discharge by tipping bucket rain gauge was 2% higher than the real amount measured by cylinder.The discharge coefficients for 20 degree and 30 degree weir box could be expressed with individual piecewise function at 10 mm and 15 mm headwater,respectively.The discharge coefficient of 20 degree weir box tended to be a constant by 0.289 if headwater was up to 55 mm.That of 30 degree weir box tended to be a constant by 0.449 at headwater up to 15 mm.Compared the calculating results with parameters from indoor experiments to the real amount,the error of simulating method increased with the decline of headwater and with the enlargement of weir box degree.Field experiments showed that the measuring result of automatic water level recorder was 15% lower than the real(amount) in low flow.When the headwater was lower than 0.5 mm,the variation of flow was so weak that the data for automatic water level recorder failed to be measured.Therefore,the recession process could not be recorded entirely.With the experiments,a low flow measurement system integrated the tipping bucket flow meter and automatic water level recorder was presented.It will provide a precise approach for low flow and various flows with sediment concentration up to 1 kg/m3 for catchment hydrologic experiments.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    HU Kun,YU Jing-jie,XIA Jun,SONG Xian-fang,YANG Cong,LI Fa-dong,LIU Xiang-chao,TANG Chang-yuan
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    The slopes are the basic Runoff Generation cells of the catchment.The study on the slope-scale runoff generation model can give references and proofs to the advanced research on the catchment-scale hydrological models.Thirteen Field Simulated Rainfall Experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations have been taken in a 5m×10m experimental plot of Dongtaigou valley in the mountainous area in North China,and the process of rainfall,surface and subsurface flow and soil water moisture during the experiments have been automatically observed with intervals of 1min.Based on the analysis of the observed data,we constructed a simple and physically based layered combinatorial model,which uses the Horton Infiltration Model for the infiltration and surface flow simulation,and uses the Tank Model for the subsurface flow,to simulate the runoff generation and soil moisture changing.The results simulated by the model have been compared with the measured rainfall-runoff course.The result shows that the layered combinatorial model is practicable in lithoid mountainous areas,where the runoff includes excess infiltration surface flow and excess storage subsurface flow.This model can simulate the surface and subsurface flow and soil moisture simultaneously,but the simulated routing curves some differences with the observed ones.These differences may be produced principally by(1) the predigestion and supposition in the model building phase,(2) the built-in limitation of the mathematical simulation,and(3) the complexity caused by the fluctuating rainfall intensity.It is an attempt on the Slope Runoff-generation Module of the distributed hydrological model in the lithoid mountainous areas in North China.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Fa-zeng
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    The urban crime,one of the most serious urban problems,has a strong spatial color,the urban spatial anticrime is an important constituent in the urban anticrime system.The anticrime designing of urban building-space,or said,the full displaying the effect of designing urban building-space,is an important work both having the scientific significance and practical significance,also having foundational,preventive and persistent effect.The designing of urban building-space includes the designing of outward building-space and the designing of internal building-space,the former designs the spatial combination shape among single buildings,and the latter designs the spatial combination shape in a building.The reasonable building-space designing is an effective method for creating the anticrime space,is a powerful measure for eliminating building spatial blind areas and also an important way for implementing urban spatial anticrime.The designing of outward building-space,a leading restriction behavior of molding city partial environment and meso-micro construction landscapes,is a concrete way for realizing and deepening a plot plan,provides the basis for the construction designing of single buildings,and,plays a vital role to create the construction space environment for anticrime.The full displaying the anticrime effect of the outward building-space designing has two work stratification planes,the one is to combine single buildings into a building group,and the other is to combine building groups into a building cluster.The designing of internal building-space includes the spatial combination of units in a building,the spatial physique designing for a building,and also the spatial relation designing of a building with its close neighbor exterior space.Its designing effect is the most centralized and the main manifestation of building utility function,thus is also the essential link of displaying the anticrime effect.Regarding the residential buildings,the public buildings,the high-rise buildings and the intelligent buildings,the anticrime effect displayed through the designing of internal space should have their respective stress.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    HAN Liang,SONG Tao,TONG Lian-jun
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    Following the development of Industrial Ecology(IE) and the widespread promotion of Circular Economy(CE),Eco-Industrial Parks(EIP) have been rapidly developed throughout the world and become a new industrial paradigm of the 21stcentury.EIP and CE aim to optimize the integrated benefits of environment,economics and society in the park.With the exchange of all kinds of flows including materials,energy,information,etc.,EIP forms a mutually beneficial network.Through infrastructure and information sharing,members of EIP can realize energy cascading and material recycle.The EIP has been considered to be an important approach to sustainable development.Automobile industries need to consume lots of resources and energy.With rapid development of automobile industries,the contradiction between automobile industrial development and environmental protection becomes more and more acute.As a pillar industry of Changchun,automobile industries are the base of economic development which also causes serious environmental problems.Changchun Automobile Industrial Development Zone(AIDZ) is a symbiosis of automobile industrial enterprises that agglomerate tightly.It has the potential to become a paradigm of automobile EIP based on the principle of industrial ecology.The study of ecological industrial model of Changchun AIDZ is important for the sustainable development of automobile industries in Changchun.This paper uses the methods and measures for the EIP planning nation-wide and worldwide for reference,basing on the present industrial development and resource recycle and comprehensive utilization system of the AIDZ,through designing ecological industrial chains,integrating industrial ecosystems,compartmentalizing the ecological functions of the members,analysing the metabolism of the EIP,calculating the substance balance and carrying out the spatial arrangement of the main projects,this paper gives out an overall planning framework of Changchun automobile EIP.According to the above-mentioned problems which may occur in the future development of the EIP, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to provide references for future development and better solving the contradiction between automobile industries and environmental protection.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIU Gui-li,YAN Feng-tian,XU Shun-cai,WANG Xin-feng,XU Jing-quan
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    As the core of dialectics,the contradiction runs through everything from beginning to end,so to urban spatial development.This paper intends to analyse the process and status of urban spatial development following the principle of theory of contradiction.So Shijiazhuang city is taken as a case,to search the way of solving urban spatial problem from principal aspect of a contradiction.With urban development,much farmland was converted to land for urban construction purpose,so the conflict between internal space and external space is sharpened.To solve this problem,we must have strategic disposition in Shijiazhuang city.We must know how to do,what to do and where to go. This paper includes six sections.In order to open out the core of dialectics,every section describes every stage through contradiction course between internal space and external space in urban spatial development.Finally,it tells people how to solve urban spatial development problem based on the principle theory of contradiction. In the first section,it emphasizes the objective ontology and harmonious inevitability of internal space and external space in urban development.In the second section,it takes Shijiazhuang city as a case to analyse minutely the contradiction content produced in spatial conflict.In the third section,it analyses minutely the contradiction source produced in spatial conflict of Shijiazhuang city.In the fourth section,it puts forward the strategic disposition to harmonize the conflict between internal space and external space in urban development.In the fifth section,it identifies main method to harmonize the conflict between internal space and external space in urban development.In the sixth section,a summarization is made regarding the theory of contradiction as the core of dialectics throughout the essay,and several aspects needed to be improved or further studied in the future are pointed out.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIU Hui
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    Regional inequality is one of the major subjects of research on China,and is a major concern to the Chinese government.On the basis of analyzing the structure differences of some major indexes for measuring regional inequality,the rural regional inequality changes in China at provincial level from 1980 to 2002 is described by different methods respectively.It is found that the changes of different indexes show the same trend in a longer period of time,but some in a shorter period.All the methods showed that China's rural regional inequality has an overall increasing trend with a short period of decreasing in the whole process of reform.However,the decomposition of the Theil's regional inequality reveals that since 1987,the interregional inequalities among the eastern,central and western regions have been more serious than the provincial inequality within regions.The further factor decomposition of the Gini index shows that farmers' wage component contributes more than 66% to the total inequality index and is the most important factor resulting in rural total regional inequality.It is proposed that any conclusions from a short period of data analysis are inadeguate.When analyzing driving forces of regional inequality,long-term data should be used.The further decomposing analysis of different indexes shows that each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.The Gini index is suitable for factor analysis but cannot be decomposed by regions.The greatest advantage of the Theil's index is that it can be decomposed by different levels of regions and is very useful for different spatial scale analyses of regional inequality.Standard Deviation is more suitable for simple analysis of regional inequality in China.Compared with the above three indexes,the Atkinson index is rarely used.But when regional inequality is very small,it is the only one that can be used for analysis.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Peng-fei,LU Qi,FU Hua,LI Juan
    In this paper we tried to analyze agricultural land productivity changes in Beijing City from 1980 to 2000 based on statistical data and data collected from field surveys,and make clear their structure of change.For this purpose,this study explains the changes in agricultural production in Beijing City.The concrete steps are:(1) To explore the changes in agricultural production through making surveys of distributive patterns of grain crop,vegetables crop and fruits crop productivity at township level in Beijing City,and to classify various indicators and include them on maps by use GIS(ARC/INFO)to get a detailed allocation result.(2) To define the regional change patterns of agricultural land productivity at township level in Beijing City.The results of the survey lead to the following conclusions. First,agricultural crop production has changed as the policies influencing the agricultural production has changed.Second,in graphical terms,the agricultural land productivity map took a circular pattern centered on the city proper in 1980,and this was confirmed by Thünen's model.This round shape structure could not be seen in 1990 and 2000.Although this did not match Thünen's or Sinclar's models in 1990,it was a fact that agricultural production had become more flexible.In 2000,the agricultural land productivity was still high in places close to the city proper,the area of these townships became minor because of the expansion of urban regions.Many higher productivity townships were gathered in the northeast of the city.In this respect,Bryant's model could be seen.In general,the agricultural land productivity of Beijing City was influenced either by natural conditions or the changes in governmental policies.Third,The changes in agricultural production among rural areas are diversified in Beijing City.The reason for the diversification is doubtless that,because of varying natural conditions,different agricultural production policies have been applied to each agricultural region,leading to differences in crop production.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    HUANG Yao-li,LI Fan,ZHENG Jian-qiang,LI Fei
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    The space structural system of tourism competitiveness between cities is coupled organically by tourism resources,tourism traffic and other factors of production as well as passenger flow with different grades and different geographic locations and different stages of tourism development.The study places emphases on tourism competitiveness which differ among cities with different sizes;the relationships between competition and cooperation are also different according to different distances between cities;the levels of tourism competitiveness are disparate resulting from different urban environments and tourism markets,which constitute hierarchical structure and space framework of a regional tourism cities system.To study urban tourism competitiveness,its space structural characteristics will help to build efficient regional tourism mechanisms to achieve win-win cooperation between cities and realize the optimal development of the whole region.The analysis of the space structure of urban tourism competitiveness is the key premise to reveal the geographical competition-cooperation mechanisms between cities. Based on the analysis about the meaning of tourism competitiveness and its space structure,the tourism destinations in the Pearl River Delta can be divided into three ranks using multidimensional assessment and comprehensive analysis methods.It is concluded that the space structure of tourism competitiveness around tourism cities in the Pearl River Delta presents a"dumbbell-shaped" pattern taking Guangzhou-Shenzhen as an axis and bipolar radiative spatial model.It is suggested that different tourism cities can be ranked into different levels of cooperator or competitor in space structure by their relative or absolute advantages.All the above discussed laid the foundations to further explore a mutually beneficial win-win tourism competition-cooperation mechanism for the harmonious development of tourism economy in the Pearl River Delta.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LU Lin,GE Jing-bing
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    Tourism Urbanization,the product of social and economic development,is an inevitable social phenomenon accompanied by the ever-increasing development of tourism and urbanization.Based on the analysis of all the typical treatises available at home and abroad,this thesis gives a general introduction to the research on tourism urbanization in terms of its definition,type,character and influence.On the basis of further study on the status quo,the author points out that urbanization is the base of building a well-off society in an all-round way,and tourism urbanization as one mode of urbanization in turn paves the way for Chinese urbanization.Compared with the actual development of tourism urbanization,the theoretical research is relatively lagging behind and needs to be broadened and deepened.Nowadays many problems concerned with tourism urbanization needs to be urgently solved,such as defining the connotation and denotation of tourism urbanization,establishing the conceptual system of tourism urbanization and analyzing the types,characters and evolution of tourism urbanization in China.With respect to research methodology,qualitative analysis should be highlighted with quantitative analysis as its complement.When China absorbs the theory,method and achievement from other countries in the light of their tourism urbanization development,more attention should be paid to the different economic,social and cultural backgrounds in different countries.Owning to the long history of urban development and its obvious geographical differences,China's tourism urbanization is a much more complicated phenomenon.Tourism urbanization plays an important part in developing the west,revitalizing the old industrial bases in Northeast China,and fulfilling the upsurge of the middle part of China.Strengthening both the theoretical and empirical research on tourism urbanization is of great benefit to the healthy and constant development of China's urbanization.