Fujian Province is situated in the southeastern part of coastal zone of China with favorite geographical location, abundant and various natural resources, large population but less land. Since reform and opening to the outside world, the province's economy has developed very fast with the extroverted and non public owned economy as main body, profiting from the exertion of locality and kinship advantages. The GDP of the province experienced an average growth rate of 13 8% from 1979 to 1998, which was one of the highest growth rates in China. However, a series of problems emerged during the rapid economic growth, such as the prominent inconsistency of economic structure, the lag of urbanization to the industrial growth, the imbalance and lack of coordination in the investment environment, the deterioration of ecology and natural resources, and the broadened gap of regional development. According to the request of sustainable development strategy, in the new century, Fujian Province should coordinate the relationships of economic and social development with the ecology and resources, try for a moderate high speed and sustained economic development, promote the upgrade and optimization of industrial structure, enhance the construction of infrastructure focused on transportation, further improve the investment environment and broaden the opening, exploit the natural resources rationally, reconstruct the environment to ensure the benign circulation of ecology, and reduce the regional development gap via multiple approaches such as policy support and regional economic association and cooperation.
The paper analyzes the environmental change in Bosten Lake since 1958 and points out the reasons in the context of both natural environment and human activities. In the last 40 years, the impacts of the natural factors on water level change is more than the contribution of human activities in the water level change; however, the water quality change is mainly influenced by human activities. The fact that Bosten Lake has become a salt water lake rapidly from a fresh water one is related to special geographical location of the Lake, but it mainly resulted from the reduction of Bosten Lake input amount and a great quantity of water from farmaland drained into the Lake, especially the latter. Farmland drainage is not only the direct reason leading to the increase in the mineral concentration of Bosten Lake, but also a key effect on the hydrochemical change and controls the formation of hydrochemical type of Bosten Lake water. Based on the above analyses, the paper further discusses the mechanism of the interaction between the environmental change of Bosten Lake and the environmental change of oasis in Yanqi Basin, and points out that over the last 10 years, the environmental change of oasis in Yanqi Basin has been sustainable. However, the sustainable development of the whole Basin's Yanqi environment depends largely on the reclamation scale of oasis. The appropriate scale of oasis reclamation in Yanqi Basin ensures the sustainable development of environment of both the Lake and oasis in the Basin.
Composition of modern pollen rains representing warm temperate and central Asia tropic zones has been obtained based on analysis of the year round aerial pollen samples and pollen samples in surface soils from Beijing, Yucheng and Taoyuan which are located in different climatic zones. Of them aeropollen assemblage can better reflect regional vegetation composition in contrast to surface soil pollen assemblages, and characteristics of regional pollen rain can be regarded as a mark to classify climatic zones. Analysis of pollen rain from eastern China also indicated that long distance pollen migration is closely related to East Asia mosoon, and pollen migration route reflects the trajectory of monsoon activities. Studies of pollen rain made it possible to further understand the relationships of pollen composition-vegetation-climate which will be helpful to conduct quantitative analysis on rehabilitation of vegetation and climate by means of pollen research.
One important role of high speed transportation network is to promote the spatial agglomeration of traffic flow, which leads to changes of spatial interaction. Air transportation in China grew rapidly in the past two decades and is playing more and more important roles in state transportation system. Due to the improvement of aviation service and the expansion of air transport network, the inter city linkages among domestic cities are getting enhanced, and hierarchical network is taking shape. In this paper, air passenger network in China is analyzed. The results of dominant flow analysis indicate that the air passenger flow between cities increased quickly in the past two decades, and “Hub and Spoke” network has been formed basically. Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai are the most important hubs in China's domestic air passenger network, and Urumqi and Kunming are important local hubs. According to the statistical analysis, the passenger flow between cities is closely related to the distance, urban scale, and urban function. In China, about 90% of domestic air passenger traffic takes place between cities where the inter city transport distance is less than 2 400 km. In order to raise the efficiency of air transportation system, it is very important to organize the passenger network between hub and local airports.
Looking from regional point of view and based on the analyses of the environmental regional structure and socioeconomic structure of coastal zone of Yellow Sea, this article discusses their interrelations and defines the leading direction on socioeconomic control for improving environmental quality in different regions.
This paper focuses on the discussion of the urbanization territorial modal of transport junction and its hinterland. Firstly, taking some cites as an example, the paper briefs the general characteristics of transport junction site. Then, it discusses dynamic mechanism between urban function formation and urban scale expansion, and capture process of hinterland and changes of urban region relationship. After that it summarizes a four phase dynamic model of urbanization development in transport junction and its hinterland. Finally the paper puts forward strategic trajectory and principal countermeasures for urbanization development in these regions.
Digital Earth can be understood as digitized reoresentation and the recognition for real earth and related, geo phenomena. Digital Earth consists of spatial information with different levels and application models with different objectives. It includes the establishment of base and thematic digital maps with global, national, regional and urban scales, and satellite image data with different resolution and various geo informations such as population, economy, society and their application systems. Geo informatic TuPu, as graphic representation of spatio temporal change of geo information, is an effective tool for the application of Digital Earth. “Tu”, in Chinese word, includes graphics, maps and images. The Chinese word “Pu” means the well regulated sequence arrangement of the congener things, such as spectrum, chromatogram. “TuPu” involves the characteristics of “Tu” and “Pu” at the same time. Geo information TuPu can not only reflect spatial distribution characteristics of geo phenomena and regional differences between them, but also reveal the deeper level rules related to the cause of formation, the process of evolution and morphology. Having the aid of computer visualization and Virtual Reality technology, TuPu can dynamically and muti dimensionally reveal the spatial temporal distribution and evolvement laws of all kinds of geo phenomena. In this paper, the technological system of Digital Earth and its significance, and the concept of Geo informatic TuPu are discussed firstly, then, the model of Geo informatic TuPu transmission is presented. On the basis of the above mentioned researches, the relationship between Digital Earth and Geo informatic TuPu is discussed. It reaches to the conclusion that the development of Digital Earth will provide with abundant information resources and strong technological support for Geo informatic TuPu researches, and the enforcement of Digital Earth strategy will supply Geo informatic TuPu. Geo informatic TuPu will be an improtant means of the use of Digital Earth, and its researches will greatly broaden the domain of the application and the research of Digital Earth.
The data of satellite remote sensing can provide real time information of the earth's surface accurately. Now the commercial satellites can provide the satellite images with the resolution between 10 meter and 1 meter. With those high spatial resolution images, shape features and texture features of the ground objects including large buildings of city, roads, rivers, lakes and other man made objects are very clear. With the characters of the high resolution satellite image, we will use the recognition of the type of water bodies as an example, begin with the extraction of the spectrum features of the ground objects from the satellite digital images, separate water bodies from background and recognize it through the classification of the image, implement the recombination of the pixels, then extract and describe the shape features of water bodies and implement the recognition of various water bodies on the partition of areas and the tracing of boundary. The experiments of the recognition of various types of water bodies on the satellite image prove this recognizing method is feasible with high spatial resolution satellite images.
From long term point of view, sediment delivery ratio of a drainage basin with a control degree reaching 70% can be reduced by around 50% in contrast to pre control conditions. The effect of erosion control is quite significant. In the management process, although delivery ratio drops considerably in comparison to pre control conditions, yet the previous retained sediment can still be carried, resulting in the situation of delivery ratio greater than 1 since erosive strength of rainstorm induced erosion is greater than project designed standard in a short spell following dike breach and scouring. In the loess plateau region, individual rainstorm event related delivery ratio under either pre or post control conditions in drainge system can be obtained by using runoff depth, and dynamic mechanism for changes of delivery ratio can be explained with shear force changes following fluctuations of runoff depth.
Molecular size distribution of water soluble organic matter (WSOM) and fulvic acid (FA) of soils sampled from eastern China were determined by gel chromatography. The spatial variation in molecular size distribution of WSOM and FA was analyzed. There is a decreasing trend in molecular size distribution of WSOM and FA, average molecular size decreasing from north east to south west in the study area. Precipitation and temperature were thought to be basic factors for this.
The Taibai Mountain, with an altitude of 3 767 m, is the highest peak of the Qinling Mountain Chain. There are many kinds of climates, abundant vegetation resources, and typical altitudinal belts of soils on the slopes of the Taibai Mountain. The variations in temperature, precipitation and vegetation type are caused by the descending altitude on the northern slope of the Taibai Mountain. In the middle zone, the vegetation type varies from the pure conifer forest to the mixed conifer and broad leaved forests. The climate on the middle zone of northern slope is frigid temperate monsoonal climate and temperate monsoonal climate. With the descending of altitude, vegetation varies from pure conifer forest zonation to conifer and broad leaved forest zonation. Great changes have taken place in the soil properties of this area. Abundent organic matter is contented in the Acid Udic Cambisols generated in the higher area. Compared with it, the Hap Udic Luvisols generated in the lower zone has less organic matter, but the structure of the organic matter is more complex. The claying horizon has formed in the Hap Udic Luvisols. The dissolution of the silicate mineral was accelerated because of the higher content and special composition of the organic matter under the conifer forest, then iron oxide was liberated and cheluviated to B horizon for enrichment. Environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation influnce not only the formation and illuviation of clay, but also the content of Free and Amorphous Iron Oxides, the free degree, and activation degree. Judged from conformation of the iron oxides, combining the genetic characteristics, the tested soils are in the process of desalinization and silica alumina enrichment.
Based on the pollen analyses of Niya section which is located at southern margin of the Tarim Basin, this paper probes into the paleoenvironmental evolution during historical times （since about 4 000 a BP） in this district. The paleoenvironmental information stored in pollen assemblage coincides with that revealed by other geological indices, such as the ratio of geo chemical element, low frequency susceptibility and δ13C. The results show three relative humid periodes has been identified, i.e., about 3 600 a BP （1 650 BC）, 2 500～1 900 a BP （550 BC～50 AD） and 1 400～1 000 a BP （550～950 AD）, although the macro background of drought consecutively existed. This paper also reflects that （1） studies of pollen assemblage of arid area provide useful information on paleoenvironmental changes; （2） the two abnormal high values of Gramineae appeared at 1 70～1 60 m （100 BC～50 AD） in this section imply intensified human agricultural activities during this period; （3） what's more interesting is this period incarnates apparent relative humidity reflected by pollen data and other indices.
This paper focuses on stochastic parameter optimization for water quality model with simulated annealing algorithm (SA) which is discussed in detail. For comparison, genetic algorithm (GA) and steepest decent algorithm (SD) are also discussed. Simultaneously, the typical S P water quality model is adopted in a case study. Result of the case study shows that the stochastic optimization methods (SA and GA) are more effective than the other methods such as the steepest decent method. What are testified include not only in the aspect of theory but also in the case study, both SA and GA are able to reach the global optimal results. However, concerning SA and GA, GA is weaker in local optimization and spends more time in parameter optimization.
This paper develops a new framework of RMP for regional tourism development and planning. The model RMP framework consists of three key elements for regional tourism planning, which are Resource, Market, and Product, strongly emphasize that a tourism planner should have a comprehensive understanding these three determinants. The framework suggests that planners should research the resource basis of the region at first, then examine the characteristic of the market, and construct attractions, facilities and service for product spectrum building at last. The framework has been developed as an adaptation to current situation of China's tourism industry and has been implicated in the process of regional tourism planning in Luoyang city, one of the most famous Chinese ancient capital cities.
This paper carries out a systematical literature survey and critical review on the research progress of urban land use theories in the West, which are classified into historical morphological, locational economics, social behavior, and political economics by their research approaches. The historical morphological approach is good at exploring the spatial differentiation laws and the evolutionary models of urban land use, but its simple circular models are inconsistent with actual situation. The locational economics approach provides strong quantified economic explanation on the spatial structure of urban land use through deep decomposing the price components of urban land, but it pays more attention to “why” than to “what”. The behavior analysis approach becomes more comprehensive and practical because it additionally takes social driving forces into account, but it is based on the two concepts of “uncertainty” and “stochastity” of individual decision makers of land use, thus its theoretical explanation power is rather limited. The political economics approach focuses on the impact of the social production system and “power” on the process of urban land development, and greatly extends and enhances our understanding on inner dynamic mechanics of urban land development. Finally, this paper emphasizes that China should adopt and strengthen the application of locational economics and political economics approaches in its researches on urban land use in the future.
This paper reviews the recent progress in the study on the relationship between global warming and wetland ecological system from three aspects. (1) The wetlands are both sources and sinks of the major trace gases, such as CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, NOx etc., hence they have a close relation with greenhouse effect and contribute a great deal to the global warming. (2) Global warming will affect the areal extent and distribution of wetlands——although at present it is impossible to estimate future areal size and distribution of wetlands from climate change scenarios——and the cycling of carbon in wetlands. As a result some carbon sequestering wetlands might change from CO 2 sinks to sources due to a lowering of water table or temperature rise. The hydrological regime changes resulted from global warming and/or other disturbance that change the vegetation types in wetland areas will affect other wetland functions as well. (3) Wetlands are highly valued in many areas. The lack of data to fully address their responses to global warming/climate change calls for several areas of research in the future. These include site-specific experiments on the direct responses of trace gases on wetland ecological system, the feedback on climate by changes in trace gases flow from wetlands, models suitable for the study, comprehension study on this issue, and adaptation, conservation and rehabilitation of wetlands in response to global warming.
