Since the beginning of the 1990s, national economy of China has entered an important transformation period. Meanwhile, a series of changes have taken place within China. This paper provides the generalization of the main contents and views of "Regional Development Report of China, 2002" edited by LU Da dao, et al. After explaining the influence of the strategic structural adjustment of national economy in regional aspect, it argues that since the early 1990s, influence of traditional factors, such as mineral resources, water resources and transportation, has dropped gradually. Economic globalization not only has accelerated the development of national economy, but also has greatly changed the patterns of regional development. With information increasingly becoming an important production factor and location factor, the development of information based industries has impelled the regional economic disparity of China. Apart from these, science and technology, ecological environment and regional innovation system are becoming new factors which have greatly influenced regional development. Under the comprehensive function of the above mentioned factors, new economic patterns have emerged in China, they can be summarized as follows. First, regional economic gap has expanded in all aspects. Both regional and zonal differentiation in industrialization level has been more obvious in recent years. As several developed regions have entered the middle stage of industrialization, the hinterland of China, on the whole, is still at the initial stage of industrialization. Furthermore, economic and technological gradients have come into being within national scale. Second, spatial structure of industries, especially the manufacturing industries, which has come into being under planned economic system in the past decades, has greatly shifted in China. For example, basic industries as raw materials industries have further agglomerated to the coastal regions of China; energy industries especially power industry have shifted to the Western China; and the fast development of characteristic agriculture and high efficient agricultural production and high quality agricultural production has formed in several new areas for specific agricultural productions. However, with the new patterns in regional development, there are serious inclinations in regional development which should gain much concern:most regions should pay more attention to the development of basic industries and its modernization; new and high tech industries are not suitable to develop on a large scale; and environmental state of several regions with a high rate of economic growth has seriously worsened.
The progress and advancement in Soil Information System (SIS) are reviewed in the paper. The status of heavy metal contamination in surface soil showed that it was necessary to develop soil databases of heavy metals as a new special kind of SIS. Such SIS was named Soil Heavy Metals Information System (SHMIS). It was composed of Soil Heavy Metal Database (SHMD) and Soil Heavy Metal Management Information System (SHM MIS). The SHMIS could be used to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals in soils, and its spatial distribution and spatio temporal variation. The paper describes the structures and functions of the database. All kinds of useful data were classified into forty two fields in six tables,which were related with a key field named SID (Soil samples ID).And the data integrity can be checked and controlled with DBMS. These data stored information, e.g., basic geographic attributes around sampling areas,concentrations of heavy metals of soil samples,spatial relationships between sampling areas and geographic conditions, the growth status of sampling areas, etc. A kind of MIS named SHM MIS was developed to manage the information. Under the circumstances of SHM MIS, data could be browsed, edited, analyzed, and queried according to the identification of users. Assisted with this database, the sampling procedure would process step by step, i.e. , followed stage of sampling would be directed with spatial analysis based on the data management of database so that the information of sampling could reveal the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil with proper density of sampling. Furthermore, this database can support many other researches about heavy metals of soil, such as risk evaluation.
The construction of Digital Province and Digital City serves as the base and constitutes an important actor of Digital Earth During the construction of Digital Province, the reconstruction and exploitation of the existing information resource and information sharing among government departments are important components of Digital Province So it is necessary in the process of construction of the distributed information sharing platform to standardize the reconstruction, realize information sharing among all the departments and avoid repetition of information construction. This information sharing platform will build distributed network center in every relevant department to deal with the above task This paper takes Fujian Province as a case to analyze in detail the structure of Government Information Sharing Platform of Fujian Province, which includes various linkages that form an integrated structural framwork such as the research and development of information sharing policy as well as standard and technology; the construction of information sharing software and hardware; the development of government Office Automation system; the reconstruction of standardization, networking and spatialization; the construction and update of government basic information database; the reconstruction and integration of the existing application system The Fujian Province Information Sharing Platform is made up of seven sub systems, including platform management system, metadata management and data dictionary system, database management system, data management system, data handling and analysis system and data presentation system The paper introduces the components of each sub system and its function At last the system realization process is described in detail The author also discusses the development direction in the future
The paper adopt indexes of Geordie coefficient, Variation coefficient and Power variation coefficient to analyze the trends of regional differences of marine economy and zonal centralizations of marine industry in China in the 1990s Then the following conclusions were drawn 1)The regional differences of marine economy decreased from the year 1990 to 1995, while the differences increased correspondingly from 1996 to 2000 in China 2)The speed of zonal centralizations of multiple marine industries was very slow in the same areas of China in the 1990s But zonal centralizations of some marine industries became strong from 1995 to 2000 3)The changing process of regional differences of marine economy is the same as that of spatial centralizations of multiple marine industries Regional differences of marine economy decreased from 1990 to 1995, and the changing speeds of spatial centralizations of multiple marine industries became slow in the early 1990s While changing trends of the above two indexes in the late 1990s were different from that in the early 1990s 4)The important approach of reducing regional differences of marine economy is building up the zonal moving capacity of marine industries On the one hand, economic benefits of enterprises should be increased On the other hand, zonal moving cost of enterprises should be decreased
In China, petroleum is the very core of the subject on the energy security With the argument of the external dependence degree of petroleum accommodation, the problem of petroleum security becomes more and more prominent It will be an important problem of the sustainable development of economy and society in the 21st century in China China is a country which is richin marine oil and gas resources There are nearly 100×104 km2 oil bearing sedimentary basins, 240×108t offshore oil resources, 14 0×1012m3 natural gas resources, 12×108t geological reserves of oil and 2350×108m3 natural gas in the vast maritime space The exploition and utilization of marine oil and gas resources can partly solve the quantity of import on oil and gas resources This article discusses some patterns of security such as self supported security,exoteric security,substitute security and developing abroad pattern and so on And the connotation and conditions of developing abroad pattern are discussed particularly The international and domestic conditions on petroleum security and natural gas security are analyzed At the same time, the tactic countermeasures on how to solve the problem of oil and natural gas are put forward:(1)to quicken the prospection of oil and gas resources of land and sea, increase geologic reserves and proven exploitable reserves of oil and gas;(2)to establish national petrolic tactic repertory and the repertory bases quickly; (3)to improve international environment of the neighbouring countries and import oil and gas resources from abroad which serve as a channel for developing multiple import in the future;(4)to raise the position of natural gas in the structure of energy resources, the ratio of replacing petroleum with gas is added;and (5)to quicken the pace of constructing imported crude oil transportation guarantee syetem import petroleum
In this paper, we analyze the impact of road and railway network on the spatial structure of accessibility,since reform and opening up in the past 20 odd years using Donguan city in Guangdong province as an example. As the transport network goes to mature, the spatial structure of accessibility presents homogeneous development regime, and the "Time Space Astringency" process of economically developed region apparently changed the decision making conditions. Locational decision has been changed with changes of accessibility, leading to expansion in both area and scope of the locational decision Ideally speaking, the better a accessibility in a district, the easier to improve the economic development, good transportation condition has showed fine accessibility Take Dongguan for example, the district which has best accessibility is the district whose economy is developing faster, but not the fastest one What is notable is that because of the superior condition of accessibility, together with the demand in the economic development, the district with best accessibility facing Hong Kong in Dongguan is developing dramatically in the estate The changing situation of the spatial structure of the accessibility in Dongguan is just a fleeting period in the transport network development Dongguan must strengthen transport construction in the mid western part in order to make the accessibility of the corridor's interior part stay at the same level What the Guangzhou Hong Kong Transport Corridor will face in future is the improvement of the accessibility's spatial structure,especially the contact zone between Guangzhou and Hong Kong
Locational theory is the basic theory of geography, but classical locational theory which is established transportation on the basis of cost fails to explore tourism industry, because tourism resources are intransportable Based on location model of the tourism industry of Wang and Wang(2000), this paper divided tourism location into three zones through investigation and analysis of the landscapes of Guizhou province,and partly modified the model The three are locational zones in Guizhou are: 1) the scenic spot and historic monuments zone; 2) the curious spectacle zone;and 3) the outstanding and characteristic resources zone Combining model of Wang and Wang (2000), we consider that locational zones of tourism industry include four zones surrounding population spatial center; the 4th zone is diversity zone on culture and nature The spatial structure of location of tourism industry is similar to Thunen model, but it is not Thunenan phenomenon; tourism regional location is a new geographical problem According to new tourism location model, this paper has discussed the problem of tourism industry concerning further development of Guozhou, and brought forward three suggestions: firstly, through constructing the superhighway, the time of traveling can be shortened from 9 hours to 6 hours; secondly, regarding the famous scenic spot that is similar to the case of Wuyang river as the center, Guizhou can combine with outstanding resources, and especially emphasize that karst of the Guizhou province is the third geomorphologic type that is different from Guangxi autonomous region and Yunnan province; finally, build airport to develop a sub distributing center at some remote and resourceful regions For example, relying on Fanjing mountain and putting Tongren city as center, Guizhou province is able to form a new tourism circuit to develop tourism industry at its southeastern part The photos in fig 4 show the geomorphologic landscape of Guizhou province is a new karst type differing from that of Guangxi and Yunnan
Urbanization is the important force to ignite economic and social development of China in the future; rural urban integrating development is a strategic theme of urbanization The recreational industry and recreation scape have been developed into the most active economic sector and landscape factors It is meaningful to protect landscape and environment with scientific and rational means of open space and allocation of recreation scape Combined with the existing situations of Beijing, firstly this paper studies the developing characteristics and threats to landscape among Hancunhe, Zhoukoudian, Shijiaying and Puwa Secondly, this paper studies the landscape compatibility quantitatively of Beijing urban fringe: (1)the compatibility of landscape of Beijing urban fringe is not so high and just at level of 0 22, among it all compatible behaviors are about 3%, comparative compatible behaviors are about 9%, moderate compatible behaviors are 12%, less compatible behaviors are 13%, least compatible behaviors are 16% and incompatible behaviors are 47%; (2) according to industrial economics, the compatibility of agriculture is 0 03, mineral manufacturing is 0 0102, manufacture is 0 0083, constructions is 0 0406, tourism is 0 0958 and services is 0 0272; (3)the compatibility of typical areas of Hancunhe, Shijiaying and Puwa is separately 0 2315, 0 201 and 0 1805 Based on the evaluation of compatibility of Beijing urban fringe, this paper further discusses laws of recreation scape planning, recreation scape regional planning and rural tourism planning Fourthly,it divides the urban fringe into the belt of urban tourism near the city, the belt of the mass tourism, eco tourism landscape region, landscape ecological restoration region, wild area and special protection region Fifthly,this paper also classifies the rural recreationscape into three circles and eight tourism corridors etc At last this paper gives several specific countermeasures to protect ecosystem and landscape of urban rural fringe
The landscape in the scenic city of Guilin is made up of both cultural and natural landscapes. This paper shows the main characteristics of Guilin City as one of the National Historical Cultural Cities and one of the National Scenery Areas. The Guilin City has a history of more than 2100 years and still preserves many historical buildings. On the other hand, Guilin is located in the karst area and is rich in natural sceneries. In order to protect its unique landscape, the authors put forward three suggestions. Firstly, reserving the cultural landscape of Guilin is to protect not only a single historical building but also some historical areas in the city. For example, to protect the city gates, we should protect and rebuild the moat, which is together with the gates as an indivisible military contravallation system. Now, historical areas are usually regarded as the remarkable symbols of a city. So, protecting and rebuilding the historical areas is an urgent task. Secondly, it is high time to protect the stone inscriptions of Guilin, which embodies the various culture of the city. Now, the high tech method and advanced management system should be used to protect the stone inscriptions. Finally, in the city planning, including both tourism planning and the economic development planning, cultural factors of the city should be regarded as important as natural factors.
Based on the relationship between annual winter mean temperature and snowfall days which was established according to the meteorological observation data in the Xi'an and Hanzhong areas, the snowfall days for Xi'an and Hanzhong areas derived from historical archives in the Qing Dynasty, the annual winter mean temperature in Xi'an and Hanzhong areas from 1736 to 1910 A D. was calculated, and the annual winter mean temperature series since 1736 A D was reconstructed The analysis of series shows that there existed a general consistency change trend for the two areas The climate is relatively warm in the 18th and 20th centuries and cold in the 19th century Warming trend in the 20th century is obvious During the warm period of the 18th century, the mean temperature appeared a short term valley of cold around 1775 In the 19th century, it entered a cold stage that finished in the early 20th century There were 3 valleys during this period, which centered in 1830, 1860 and 1890 respectively Since the early 20th century, the climate entered a warm period again There are 2 obvious warm peaks in the 1930's～1940's and after the 1980's, the latter is not completed yet until now Both of the 20th warming peaks exceed the warm level of the 18th century, and the warming degree of Hanzhong is more obvious Seen overall, the winter mean temperature of Xi'an in the 20th century tends to rise with fluctuation This ascending trend is more obvious since the late 1970's particularly Besides, the period with minimum variance of the series is the 18th century As for the adjacent periods, variance of cold period is obviously higher than that of warm period, which generally consists with the early conclusion that climate has great instability in cold periods and the stages from cold to warm At the same time, the comparison between the annual winter mean temperature series in Xi'an, Hanzhong and the annual early spring (from March to April) temperature series in Zhen'an reconstructed by tree ring data was analyzed The result shows that low frequency change trend of annual winter mean temperature in Xi'an, Hanzhong and early spring temperature in Zhen'an are generally consistent, but the turning points in Zhen'an are earlier than that of Xi'an and Hanzhong
Parameterelevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) is a statistical geographic approach to mapping climatic factors including monthly maximum and minimum mean temperatures and monthly precipitation PRISM brings a unique combination of physical and statistical concepts to the analysis of orographic precipitation and temperature Based on 30 year (1961～1990) observation data of monthly minimum and maximum mean temperatures and precipitation for 2450 stations from China and neighboring countries, the PRISM model was applied to grid monthly precipitation and monthly minimum and maximum temperatures over China with fine resolution of 2.5 minute latitude by longitude (≈4～5km) The purpose of this study is to introduce and validate the PRISM predicted climate data sets We used the meteorological observation records from 18 CERN stations without joining the PRISM simulations to validate the simulated grid data sets The results indicated that the PRISM model predicted well the geographical distribution patterns and seasonal varations of monthly maximum and minimum mean temperatures and monthly precipitation from 18 CERN stations at an almost one to one relationship except for a few sites in mountainous and subtropical regions where land cover changes and fine to middle orography may influence the distribution patterns of the monthly temperatures and precipitation
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified as important pollutants in the environment Researches on the pollution situation of PAHs in soils have been carried out extensively in many countries In comparison, few large scale researches have been seen in China In this paper, the contents and pollution level of sixteen PAH compounds in surface soils in different types of soil utilization in Tianjin area were studied Results show that the highest contents of PAHs could be found in soils in urban areas The contents of a few compounds in soils irrigated with wastewater were also relatively high, but most compounds show similar contents compared with other types of soils such as the general cropland and unused land The ratio of low circle PAHs / high circle PAHs and the ratio of pyrene / benzo\pyrene have been used to identify the sources of PAHs pollution Among the six kinds of soils, the ratios of low circle PAHs / high circle PAHs for five kinds of soils were lower than 1, except for urban soils This has demonstrated that the PAHs pollution in Tianjin soils were mainly caused by the burning of fossil fuels The ratio of pyrene / benzo\pyrene shows that the high contents of PAHs in urban soils were mainly caused by pollution of transportation A Dutch Soil Remediation Standard was applied for assessing the pollution situation of the soils in Tianjin area Results show that all surface soils have been polluted in a certain extent by some compounds of PAHs Among the different soil types, the urban soils suffered the most serious pollution
China has the largest reserves and output of rare earths (REs) in the world, and the application of REs in agriculture has been carried out early and has made great progress However, long term use of REs may cause large amount of accumulation of REs in soil and exert negative effect on soil chemical and biological properties In the past few years, many researches have been focused on the effects of exogenous REs on soil fertilizer, the composition of soil solution, soil microbes and enzymes, especially the changes of the availability of macronutrients in soil such as nitrogen, phosphate etc because the use of REs fertilizer has attracted more attention due to their important role in agricultural production and ecological balance In this paper, the contents of soil available N, P, exchangeable and water soluble cations K+ , Na+ ,Ca2+ , Mg 2+ as well as soil electric conductivity were determined respectively, and the effects of exogenous rare earths (REs) on the fertility of yellow cinnamon soil were studied through soil culture in both dry and flooding conditions The results showed that the concentrations of the applied REs had significant positive correlation with the contents of soil available N in dry condition, and significant negative correlation with that in flooding condition REs treatments led to the decrease of the contents of soil available P in both dry and flooding conditions There was no significant effects of REs on soil exchangeable cations, but the applications of REs increased electric conductivity and the contents of water soluble cations, especially that of Ca2+
Understanding the spatial distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil nutrients is important for refining agricultural management practices and for improving sustainable land use Due to serious soil erosion and nutrient losses on the Loess Plateau, many researchers have studied the mechanism of soil nutrient loss and how to control soil nutrient loss, and nutrients in relation to land use and landscape position, and others have explored the distribution of soil nutrients described by classical statistical methods However, there is little information on spatial distribution patterns of soil nutrients using GIS and geostatistics in this area In this paper, based on spatial dependence of SOM, total N (TN), total P (TP), available N (AN) and available P (AP) through semivariogram of geostatistics, their distribution patterns using Kriging are explored in Danangou catchment The results are as follows: (1) Distribution pattern of SOM content exhibited its value in the upper slope less than that of the foot slope The area with SOM value less than 0 5% occupied the biggest proportion which mainly occurred in the farmland, and the scope with the value more than 0 6% had the smallest area where existed intercropping land and woodland (2)Spatial distribution of TN showed similar pattern to that of SOM, while the distribution of its value at the foot slope higher than the upper slope became more clear In addition, lower content (<0 035%)had the biggest connected area because of easy loss of N element (3) The areas with different TP contents (<0 056%, 0 056～0 059%, 0 059～0 062% and >0 062%) had almost equal proportion, because they tended to be controlled by soil parent materials and existed mostly in stable form in soil (4) Compared with SOM, TN and TP, AN and AP did not indicate the increasing value from the upper slope to the foot slope controlled by land use and landscape position, because of AP and AN direct absorption by plants and easy loss with soil and runoff The spatial pattern of AP was more complicated than that of AN
With the intensified pressure of population increase on natural resources and the environment in China, changes in soil quality, especially in soil fertility, have become the focus of increasing world wide concern The aim of this paper is to try to precisely judge the new changing trend in soil fertility and quality in China for the sake of providing scientific basis for decision making to policy makers Data used in this article is from the second national soil census conducted in 1982 1986 and the follow up soil survey based on the sample plots of the soil census done by Nanjing Institute of Soil Science in 2000 Five soil chemical indicators-organic matter total nitrogen, effective phosphorus, effective potassium, and pH value, with close relation to the crops growth, are selected as the primary analytical variables of soil fertility In this paper, agricultural soil fertility and quality changes from the early 1980s to 2000 were described by using data from 3 regions in China-the Northeast, the North China Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River-covering 180 sample plots in 15 counties of 6 provincesin.The principle for sample plot and data selection in the study is that soil fertility indicators mentioned above should be recorded both in the early 1980s and 2000 on sample plot basis Meanwhile, soil sampling season and analytical methods of soil experiments in the two periods should be basically the same so as to guarantee data from each plot of the two periods one to one correspondence and comparably in agreement. This is one of the reasons accountable for the more reliable and more convincing analysis and conclusions of the present paper than other similar studies The results show that, on average, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and effective phosphorus content have been increased since rural reform in China, although soil effective potassium and pH value degraded From the perspective of spatial distribution, however, there exist significant variations in soil fertility and quality The average soil fertility rose in North China and the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, and dropped in Northeast China Additionally, with the exception of North China, which saw an improvement in soil pH value, acidification tendency was observed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Northeast China.
Wetland is a special transitional ecosystem between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem on earth It is also an important survival environment and one of the most colorful biodiversity ecological landscapes Wetland is called the cradle of life, the kidney of the earth, the source of the civilization and the gene base of the species Wetland has indispensable functions in withstanding flood, adjusting runoff, improving climate, controlling pollution, beautifying environment and sustaining ecological balance in regional areas So according to the outline of natural protection drafted by IUCN, UNEP and WWF, wetland, forest and sea are listed as three ecological systems in the whole world, and freshwater wetland is thought as the last concentrative region for the endangered wildlife With the understanding of wetland functions, wetland science has become one of the key disciplines and frontier fields for many scholars In recent years, work has been done on soil temperature by quite a number of scholars to a certain degree but quite less work has been done in wetland soils temperature The Sanjiang Plain is the largest fresh water wetland distributed area in China, so the research on wetland soil temperature in this area is quite typical and representative The heating condition is the main characteristics of wetland soils, which has important influence on the process of wetland ecosystems The paper researches the rule of typical wetland soil changes and the influenting factors with analogy and model fitting The typical wetland soils are mire soil, peat mire soil and swampy meadow lessive First, the paper describes the basic characteristics of the different soil layers Then, it analyzes the vertical change of temperature, temperature change of different months, seasonal dynamics and main environmental factors of these typical wetland soils At the same time, it makes regression analysis of the mean temperature, air temperature and soil temperature at different layers of wetland soils Moreover, it also makes model fitting of the seasonal dynamics of these typical soils and gets satisfied results, R2 >0.85 The model helps to predict the changes of these typical wetland soils and their temperatures in growing seasons of wetlands plants This study could further perfect the formation and development theory, understand the function and characteristic of wetland ecosystems and help to reasonably exploit and protect wetland soils
