With the rapid development of the economy in China, the densities and lengths of the land traffic trunk lines have changed largely. Due to the convenient traffic, the economic lifestyle and the scale of human activity have also obviously changed, which are influenced by the increasing traffic facilities. However, as the increase of the flow of travelers and goods, the exposed extent of the traffic trunk lines was also increasing sharply. At the same time, the quantity and frequency of natural disasters were increasingly induced by global change, which enlarged the risk of exposing human to natural disasters in the traffic trunk lines. Based on a brief review of the domestic and foreign natural disaster risk research situations of land traffic trunk line, this paper pointed out that at present relevant studies started late and the research contents were also dispersive in China; the risk distinguish of natural disasters happening on the traffic trunk lines still need to be further improved and the risk research should also be strengthened in China. This paper analyzed the relation between the density of China's land traffic trunk lines (railway and highway) and the past dead people and natural disaster loss modulus through the data statistics and GIS technique. The result showed that the influences of extreme disaster events on China's land traffic trunk lines has become greater, which severely affected the flow of travelers and goods, and also influenced the disaster support; the spatial distribution of the natural disaster risk factors presented a higher pattern in the central and eastern China, but a lower one in the western. However, at present the distinguished research of the risk factors is still penurious and there was lack of risk management. Thus it is necessary to reinforce the natural disaster risk research of land traffic trunk lines in China. The natural disaster risk research on land traffic trunk lines should be focused on three aspects, that is, the node city, the section of the trunk line and the regional traffic network.
Based on the data of digital geomorphology with a scale of 1:1 000 000, this study analyzes spatial distribution of geomorphologic patterns in Xinjiang. The geomorphologic types were artificially visually interpreted from the multi-sources data including the TM/ETM imageries (a resolution of 30 m) around 1990 and 2000, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (USGS, 2004) with a horizontal resolution of 90 m, geomorphological maps and geological data etc. The quantitative indexes of the classification system of the digital geomorphology include altitude, relief, genesis, sub-genesis, morphology, micro-morphology, slope-aspect, and lithology, etc. The methodology of geo-statistics and GIS spatial analysis were used in this article. Firstly, the overall features of geomorphology were presented from three levels, i.e., altitude, relief, and basic morphologic types. Secondly, the spatial distribution patterns of different geomorphologic types were analyzed from the features such as altitude, relief, genesis, sub-genesis, morphology and micro-morphology. The results show that: (1) compared to the mountain types, the plain accounts for about 1/3 of the total area in Xinjiang; (2) in terms of absolute altitude, the area of the geomorphologic types of middle altitude (1000~3500 m) makes up about 50%; (3) the hill types (< 200 m) dominates the morphologic types, mainly distributed in the Tarim and Junggar basins, which presents the feature of sand dunes; (4) in the basic morphologic types, the area of the middle-altitude hill types possesses the largest area, being about 21.417%; (5) fluvial, arid and aeolian landforms are the dominant types among all of the genesis types; (6) in general, there are two main characteristics in the spatial pattern of geomorphology in Xinjiang: the horizontal ringed and vertical zonal distributions, from basin center to the highest-relief highest mountain, the genesis geomorphologic types changes from lacustrine landform, aeolian landform, arid landform, fluvial landform, peri-glacial landform, to glacial landform etc. This study provides a scientific basis for a better understanding of the spatial distribution pattern of geomorphology in Xinjiang. It also provides the basic data for the future analysis of the potential arable land resources, prone-to-desertification regions, the distribution of glaciers, and other information, as well as regionalization, sustainable use and development, the restoration of ecological function, etc.
Most living oyster reefs in China develop in the estuaries such as Xiaoqing estuary, Zimaigou estuary etc. However, Liyashan oyster reef, which lies at the southern Yellow Sea coast near Haimen, Jiangsu province, develops in the non-estuary. Despite some researchers have studied its modern landform and environment, as well as because of the sand layer on the surface, we still do not know on what basement the oyster reef developed is. In addition, the sea water here has a high salinity which is beyond the best range of the oyster growing. Then a question arises: how was the environment during the oyster reef development? In order to answer these questions, we have been to this region several times to do investigation and sampling. The results indicate that the basement of the oyster reef is sandy sediments of estuary bar or tidal current ridge impacted by estuaries, rather than tidal flat deposits.
The vertical distribution model of transport rate of sands in different grain size groups in aeolian mass flux is one of the hot topics on the structure of aeolian mass flux. Some researches have been carried out by use of wind tunnel experiments or mathematical modeling, but the results are different. We believe that the combined methods should be used which include the field observation and wind tunnel experiment as well as mathematical modeling. Changli Gold Coast in Hebei Province is one of the most typical coastal aeolian dune distribution regions in China. It is very famous for the tall and typical coastal transverse ridges in Changli Gold Coast. One of the typical coastal transverse ridges in Changli Gold Coast was chosen to be measured to build the vertical distribution model of sands in different grain size groups in coastal aeolian mass flux by using the combined methods. On the basis of data from field observation and wind tunnel experiment, the vertical distribution model of sand transport rate in different grain size groups in aeolian mass flux, which is the correlation between sand transport rates of different heights with heights in aeolian mass flux, could be obtained by use of mathematical modeling. The results show that the vertical distribution models of sand transport rate in different grain size groups in aeolian mass flux are different. The vertical distribution of coarse sands could be expressed by typical power function, but the vertical distribution of the sand transport rate of medium sands and fine sands could be typically expressed by an exponential function, and the exponential function distribution is their vertical distribution model. Reasons for the difference of vertical distribution models of sands in different grain size groups in aeolian mass flux are the height of distribution of sands of different grain size groups and their movement ways in aeolian mass flux. For coarse sand particles, they are mainly distributed in the scope of 4cm height over dune. Normally turbulent flow plays a leading role in the movement of sands at the low height over dune. The influence of turbulent flow in near-surface layer makes most of the coarse sand particles to move as the way of surface creep and the distribution model of sand transport rate of coarse particles with height to satisfy the negative power relation. But the fine sands and medium sands, they mostly move in the way of saltation. A large number of field observation and wind tunnel experiments as well as numerical simulation research results demonstrate that the vertical distribution of sand transport rate of saltation particles is exponential decrease function.
This paper studied seeping characteristics of loess, paleosol and the enrichment condition of groundwater by seeping experiments at 30 experimental points, magnetic susceptibility analysis, porosity and CaCO3 determination of 10 loess and paleosol layers in Middle Pleistocene on Bailu tableland. The result showed that loess layers with greater porosity developed well in water bearing space and were prone to form water-bearing layers. The paleosol with less porosity did not develop well in water bearing space and was prone to form a water-resisting layer. The difference between loess and paleosol in permeability and water bearing space is attributed to climatic difference and pedogenisis. Generally, CaCO3 concretion layer is a good water-resisting layer with its compact structure. The Koctakob formula in the three experience formulas is more fit for describing seeping rule loess and paleosol developed since 500 ka BP by seeping experience data of Bailu tableland. The average and standard deviation for every parameter of three experience formulas can provide important reference for hydrological and agricultural sector using the seeping experience formula. This study broadened a new application field of climatic change theory in Quaternary period. It is showed that studied results in climate change of the Pleistocene had important application value in soil and groundwater enrichment condition and rule, and utilization of water resources.
As the most important water source region in Hainan Island, the Songtao Reservoir Basin has witnessed significant increases in both soil erosion and sediment in local rivers due to the exploration and utilization in recent years, so it is very important to study the situation and the control scheme of soil erosion in the basin for the protection of water environment. Taking Remote Sensed Imagery and Digital Elevation Model as basic data resource, we accomplished the quantitative simulation and analysis on the soil erosion in the Songtao Reservoir Basin based on Universal Soil Erosion Equation using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System techniques through the wide investigation and experiments. Then we put forward a scheme for soil erosion control. The results showed that: (1) Potential soil erosion in the Songtao Reservoir Basin was about 42.6 million tons per year which was about more than 60 times of soil loss tolerance. Under the protection of vegetation, the soil erosion was about 514.6 thousand tons per year and mainly occurred to the degraded forestry, Eucalyptus forest and rubber plantation. The soil erosion in Eucalyptus forest plantation was the most severe. (2) The average soil erosion modulus in the basin was a little smaller than soil loss tolerance, but distributed unevenly. Some areas located in Xishui village were strongly eroded and reached acuity degree. (3) Vegetation was a main factor that controls soil erosion, therefore it is very essential to strengthen the protection of vegetation, especially those natural forests. According to the scene analysis, the establishment of relevant soil and water conservation facilities in plantation could help decrease soil erosion and loss coverage by 224.6 thousand tons per year and 98.48 km2 respectively, while the rehabilitation of the destroyed forests and bare land could contribute to a reduction of soil losses by 65.9 km2 and about 141.5 thousand tons per year. Both methods could control the soil erosion and non-point pollution effectively. From what is said above, we can draw a conclusion that the Songtao Reservoir Basin is facing serious potential soil erosion and more attention should be paid to taking specific measures to control soil erosion when this area is exploited.
The Lingjiatan Site is located at the southwest of the Hanshan County in Chaohu City, Anhui Province, China. It is about 20 km east to the Chaohu Lake, 35 km north to the Yangtze River and 5 km south to the Taihu Mountain. The 14C dating of Lingjiatan Site is about 5600~5300 aBP, contemporary with the Hongshan culture and earlier than the Liangzhu culture, which falls into the Mid-Holocene epoch. According to field investigations and sampling as well as laboratory analysis of magnetic susceptibility, loess-on-ignition (LOI), chemical elements and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of archaeological site profile of Lingjiatan Site, combined with the Mid-Holocene environment features recorded by the core drilling in the Chaohu Lake, the high resolution remote sensing image and archaeological cultural relics discoveries, this paper discussed the geographical environment characteristics of ancient human activities in the Lingjiatan Site of Chaohu City. The results show that the Lingjiatan ancients lived in the Holocene Optimum. The development of Lingjiatan culture was in interim phase under the climate transforming from warm and wet to cool and dry. The surface deposited in the last phase of late Pleistocene epoch (OSL dating is 11.6 ±1.0 ka BP) was living ground for the Lingjiatan ancient humans. The sedimentary discontinuous surface might be caused by strong fluvial erosion which formed under the warm and humid climatic condition in Mid-Holocene. The altitude of ancient landforms was different from now, which has some relationships with climatic hydrographic factors and neotectonic movement. Under the Mid-Holocene warm and humid climatic condition, the relief configuration distributed alternately with strip hillocks and rivers was further cut and formed in the southern part of Taihu Mountain. The site "peniusula" environment which had rivers flowing in the east, west and south sides of Changgang terrain was good for rice planting, hunting, fishing and water transportation.
Sample core CH1 with a length of 141 cm was drilled in the deepest part of Chaohu Lake by the Gravity Impact Core Sampler, and divided into 113 sediment samples in which a set interval is applied to pick about every 1 cm or 2 cm. We carried out the test and analysis of the core CH1 on the specific activity of 210Pb and 137Cs, magnetic parameters, granularities and 14 indicators of metal elements such as Cu, Zn, Al, Fe and so on. Based on the above study, the deposition rate is extrapolated with the specific activity of 210Pb and the chronological surveying rod of the deposit is built, then the relation between the enrichment of metal elements and the characters of granularity & magnetism is analyzed. It is found that there are remarkable correlations between the contents of metal elements such as Cu, Zn, Al, Fe and so on, and the value of clay contents, magnetic susceptibility, SIRM. According to grain-size effect correction of metal element contents with the mean value of metal element contents from the 10 samples at the bottom of core CH1 instead of soil background values of metal element around Chaohu Lake area, it is found that the contents of Cu and Zn in deposit have increased with unnatural levels since the 1860s AD. Based on the extrapolative age of deposition rate, which was closely related with the industrial activity such as the high temperature combustion of fossil fuel, metal smelting and machine facture and so on, it is thought that the result is caused by human activity impacts. This situation, not only temporarily but also in metal pollution characters, coincides with the establishment of Anqing Inner Armory in 1861, the first Chinese arsenal in modern time, which mainly produced firearm, ammunition and steamship. It is indicated that the enrichment of metal elements such as Cu, Zn and so on, with unnatural levels is the sedimentary response to the origin of Chaohu Lake regional industry in modern time and the human industrial activity.
This paper aims at supplying a scientific basis for uniting the normal reference value standard of forced vital capacity of Chinese middle-aged men. A research is made on the relationship between the normal reference value of 16461 examples of forced vital capacity of Chinese healthy middle-aged men and eight geographical factors in 189 areas of China. It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of forced vital capacity of Chinese middle-aged men is quite significant (F=29.747, P=0.000). By the method of mathematical regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred. If geographical values are obtained in some areas, the normal reference value of forced vital capacity of Chinese middle-aged men of this area can be reckoned by using the regression equations. Furthermore, according to the similarity of the normal reference value of forced vital capacity of Chinese middle-aged men, China can be divided into eight regions.
In this study, with the coastal sandy land of Hainan Island as the research object, the representative and high-resolution stratigraphic sections including Mudui, and Qiziwan sections etc. in the eastern and western coasts of Hainan Island were selected to investigate the climatic and environmental variations of the coastal sandy land in recent 40 ka. Based on the accurate OSL and TL dating the chronologic sequence was reconstructed. The studies on the proxy indicators such as the composition and grain-size parameters of aeolian sand, SC/D value and susceptibility etc. show that during the interstadial of last glaciation the climate was relatively warm, the sea level fell by -8~10 m, and an advancing river delta formed in the coastal plain, which exhibited an alternatively distributed pattern with wetland and sand dunes. During the last glacial maximum the climate was dry and cold, and the sea level in the north of South China Sea dropped to -155 m, the Hainan Island linked up with the surrounding continental shelf and formed a vast continent, large area and various shapes of ancient sand dunes formed on the continental shelf, many rows of ancient sand ridges (dunes) parallelly extended over the (today's) coastal sandy land and formed a continuous deposition together with ancient sand dunes of the continental shelf. By the end of the last glacial maximum (17~15ka B.P.) the climate turned warm and humid, the sea level in the north of South China Sea rose to -131 m. During the last deglaciation the climate was in a cold-warm fluctuation state and six rapid climatic variation events occurred. In the cold period ancient sand ridges (dunes) experienced aggradational development but in the warm period ancient sand ridges (dunes) experienced fixation and soil-forming processes. Since the Holocene the climate turned warm and experienced fluctuated changes and at about 8 ka the sea level of South China Sea rapidly rose and gradually the modern oceanic environment formed. Meanwhile secondary sand dunes developed on the coastal sandy land and experienced multiple semi-fixation, fixation, dune aggradation and reactivation changes. This shows the coastal sandy lands in Hainan Island and other regions of China or even the global coastal sandy land experienced similar evolution processes.
The assessment model of direct economic losses from typhoon disaster in Zhejiang Province is established in this research. The data of direct economic losses in the study region are converted into direct economic losses indexes. Using principal component analysis method, the assessment factors representing disaster inducing factor, disaster-formative environment and disaster-affected body are processed, and the principal component is abstracted as the input of the BP neural network model, thus the assessment model is established. Historical fitting results are consistent with the reality. It is found in the actual assessments of five typhoons affecting Zhejiang in 2007 and 2008 that the post-disaster assessment values of typhoons are higher than the actual situations, and the severer impacts the storms have, the narrower the gap between the assessment values and the actual situation is, which reflects the impact of the disaster prevention and alleviation efforts against typhoons of great influence. According to the forecast values of wind and precipitation when the typhoon began to exert some affect, pre-assessments are conducted and the consequence shows that the pre-assessment results with relatively accurate forecast values are in accordance with the post-disaster assessment values, while the ones with less accurate forecast values are unsatisfactory. Therefore, this model can be applied in the actual assessment of direct economic loss from typhoon damage, and the accurate forecast of wind and precipitation before the typhoons have effect is crucial to the improvement of the accuracy of pre-assessments.
This paper uses methods of GIS and RS, in particular, to interpret the remote sensing image, combined with the town level administrative division map. Thus it provides a standard method of defining the rural-urban fringe. According to this method we can define the rural-urban fringe of Wuxi in 6 periods from 1979 to 2008. Analyses show that the scope of rural-urban fringe has a positive correlation with the size of built-up urban area and the level of economic development. Referring to China's land-use classification system, the paper divides the land types in rural-urban fringe over the years. Using statistical features of GIS attributes table and the method of landscape ecology the paper researches the structure of the land-use, and the results show that the proportion of construction land rapidly increases as the scope of rural-urban fringe changes; at the same time, the proportion of plowland continues to decline. All the types of land-use tend to be fragmentated while construction land tends to integrate after 1998. This reflects that various planning endeavors take effect in control of construction land. The boundary length and the proportion of adjacent land also show that the rural-urban fringe land-use structure has changed. To sum it up, this analysis shows that the construction land has dominated the rural-urban fringe area instead of plowland.
SELUTH urban growth model was used to simulate the process of future urban growth and land use changes, and to explore potential environmental impacts of urban development under different policy scenarios in Shenyang city. The SLEUTH model was calibrated with historical data (1988~2004) extracted from a time series of TM satellite images, and the future growth was projected out to 2030 assuming three different urban growth management scenarios: (1) current trends development scenario (Scenario CT), (2) urban planning and regional development scenario (Scenario PP) , and (3) eco-environmental protection management scenario (Scenario EP), Scenarios analysis showed that Shenyang City would be faced with sustaining urban expansion, and large amounts of farmland would be occupied by urban land under all policy scenarios. But, the patterns of urban landscape and regional landscape ecological risks resulting from urban growth would show significant differences under different policy scenarios. Under Scenario CT, urban growth area would add up to 277.0 km2, of which 224.8 km2 would result from the conversion of farmland to urban land. And urban development pattern would be relatively dispersed and complex, which could result in relatively high landscape ecological risk under no management. Under Scenario PP, urban land showed relatively low growth rate and urban development pattern would be more dispersed with higher landscape ecological risk than Scenario CT. Under Scenario EP, urban expansion would concentrate on existing urban land and show compact development pattern with relatively low regional landscape ecological risk. Simulation results from SLEUTH model gave good expression for the potential affects of different land use policies and urban planning scenarios on future urban growth and land use changes and landscape ecological risks. Simultaneously, these results pointed out the disadvantages of current management policies for urban growth in Shenyang City. In the process of implementation of current urban planning scenario and regional development policy, the government should pay more attention to optimization of urban spatial pattern and protection of farmland from urban expansion. And, it was necessary to take stringent environmental protection measures, to encourage compact urban growth, and to enhance intensive use of the existing land resources in future urban growth management of Shenyang City.
The debate on the relationship between farm-size and productivity has not been suspended. In fact the relationship has been very important in debates about land tenure reform, which relates to the efficiency and justice. Before the 1980s, most studies had established the inverse relationship between farm-size and productivity. The higher yields observed in small farms are mainly ascribed to higher inputs especially labor. In the 1990s, however, the view of inverse relationship was once again revived. Some studies suggested that the inverse relationship might be a result of differences of land fertility and technology. Jilin is one of the major agricultural provinces in China, whose maize output accounts for 14% of the country's total production. The average land scale owned by the rural households of Jilin is much larger than that of other provinces. So, taking Jilin Province as a study case, on the basis of the data from Fixed Observation Rural Households System between 2004 and 2006, this paper validates the inverse relationship and analyzes the driving forces. The results are: (1) The relationship between farm-size and productivity is not simply linear, which is obviously inverse when farm-size is larger than 30 mu, but this inverse relationship has not been found among smaller households (1 hectare = 15 mu). (2) The lower yields observed in larger households are mainly ascribed to lower inputs per unit area especially fertilizer and labor. It is worth noting that the effect extent of fertilizer is larger than labor, which is different from the previous studies. (3) The relationship between shadow wage of agricultural labor and land scale of a household is positive. Along with the rising land scale of the rural household, the shadow wage of agricultural labor shows an obvious upward trend. And the shadow wage of larger households is much higher than market wage of peasant workers. As the farm-size in Jilin is below 20 mu, scale farming and land transfer should be encouraged in rural areas. Governments should play a positive role in the process of land transfer project, too. In addition, it is effective to increase the fertilizer input for the households with more farmland, since the input per unit area is lower in their farmland, which decreases food produce to some extent.
Currently, Geo-data-mining and knowledge discovering, a new kernel of GIS spatial analysis study, which help to break theoretic limitation of Geo-expert system and to reveal an innovative research roadmap for new era Geo-information sciences, represent latest trend in researching GIS. Various research communities have tried to apply or revise mathematic tools as probability theory, spatial statistic, fuzzy set and rule based induction method to studies concerning specific geo-scientific problems. According to the latest decade development in this study area, data mining method has absorbed, borrowed and revised latest mathematic tools and theories rising in AI study area; and focused both on theoretic research and its application in mining rules lying in spatial dataset. Development of Geo-data-mining couples tightly with AI and application mathematics by widely crossing and deeply fusing. CBR (Case Based Reasoning), a new AI method that expands knowledge capturing channels, encapsulating problems by case, solving new problem by referencing historical similar ones, storing and re-using successful cases, has advantages such as simplicity, flexibility, scalability, high efficiency, knowledge learning and accumulation, which enable CBR to analyse and reason complex geo-problems. This paper mainly discusses Geo-CBR from a spatial data mining view and deems it as a kind of problem oriented spatial data mining method. Firstly, a detailed Geo-CBR definition and its encapsulating method are given as well as discrimination between spatial data mining and problem oriented Geo-CBR. Then, considering physical geography zonal and regional variation effect, inter-dependent and mutually condition relationships between geo-cases are examined in depth. And a quantitative data-mining method to explore intrinsic spatial relationships from geo-cases is presented based on rough set theory. In addition, due to variation of spatial feature types and their spatial relationships in geo-case representative model, 3 categories of spatial similarity calculating models are derived. Finally, a pilot study for LU is provided with purposes of landuse problems quantitative analysis and deduction and demonstration of Geo-CBR's characteristics and advantages in solving and analysis spatial related problems.
On the basis of an operational two-layer model for estimating soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration, the vegetation transpiration and the soil evaporation during the rapidly growing season of winter wheat in northern China are retrieved using MODIS satellite data and field measurement data from 137 standard meteorological stations. Pixel Component Arranging and Comparing Algorithm and Layered Energy-separating Algorithm are the key components of the model. The former is used for decomposing surface temperature of mixed pixel into soil temperature and vegetation temperature and the latter is used for calculating Bowen-ratio of soil and vegetation, respectively. A surface energy balance method is used to determine the theoretical boundary lines, namely 'true wet/cool edge' and 'true dry/warm edge', in the trapezoid composed of mixed surface temperature and vegetation fractional cover. The variables required for the model mainly include near surface vapor pressure, air temperature, surface resistance, aerodynamic resistance, fractional vegetation cover, surface temperature and net radiation. Also their retrievals are described in the paper. Terrestrial surface heat fluxes measured by the Eddy Correlation system at Yucheng Agro-ecosystem Station are used to validate the estimated results. It shows that the correlation coefficient between the estimated surface available energy and the measured is 0.92 and the root mean squares difference (RMSD) is 30.4w.m-2, the correlation coefficient between the estimated surface evapotranspiration and the measured value is 0.85 and RMSD is 21.3w.m-2. The above differences are mainly caused by: 1) the scale difference between the field measurement and the MODIS observation; 2) the non-closure problem of the surface energy balance from the surface fluxes observations; and 3) the effects of the horizontal and vertical advection on flux measurements.
The wide application of information technology in urban production, living and administration not only accelerates the undergoing process of urban spatial transformation, but also affects the spatial characteristics of urban residents' activity. The advance of transportation and information technology bring about the decline in transport costs which is emphasized by the traditional Location Theory, and make urban residents have more choice in the employment and living. Most of the studies about travel and transport behavior of urban residents at home and abroad focus on commuting, shopping, leisure activities, and etc. Based on social investigation, taking Nanjing as an example, the paper explores the impact of information technology on the travel characteristics of urban residents. Generally speaking, in recent years, marked progress has been made to have access to information technology for urban households in Nanjing. However, there is significant gap in the access ability among different central cities and different suburban areas, which has effect on the residents' travel behavior to a certain degree. Studies have shown that teleworking has been accepted by more and more urban residents, and causes a slight reduction of their daily travel, however, the percentage is not big on the whole. At present, the majority of residents spend more time on the network than on their travel time almost every day, thus there is a substantial growth of residents' transportation and communication costs, which is more obvious in the central city. The guiding role of information network in residents' daily travel is growing increasingly prominent, and its substitution role is also partly emerged. Although these preliminary conclusions still need to be verified, they reflect the general trend of the impact which is caused by the application of information technology on China's urban residents' daily travel. To what degree the income, age, occupation of urban residents would have effect on their daily travel needs a further study.
Based on a questionnaire answered by nearly 10000 people in Beijing, the general characteristics and the spatial auto-correlation of the Livable City Satisfaction Degree Index (LCSDI) were analyzed. In this paper, the way of spatial data analysis, such as spatial correlation analysis and spatial interpolation were used. The overall evaluation of LCSDI in Beijing is 63.8, which means that most of the residents are getting comfort from the livable conditions in Beijing. The spatial distribution of the LCSDI shows that residents in the inner city have a better degree than those living in the suburbs. Sub-districts in the suburbs have obvious difference in LCSDI. Those sub-districts that were planned to be huge residential areas have bad conditions on commute, and their LCSDI is lower than that of those sub-districts with comprehensive functions. To get a better understanding of the spatial pattern of the LCSDI, we used the Moran I to measure the spatial autocorrelation. The results also show that there is spatial autocorrelation in the LCSDI. Those indices related with the natural environment have stronger spatial autocorrelation than those indices related with human resources. The Moran I of LCSDI changes in different scales. The analysis of the spatial heterogeneity of LCSDI indicates that there is a decreasing trend in LCSDI from the center of Beijing to the suburban areas, which is the reflection of urban development in Beijing. As the administrative division is a limitation in the analysis of LCSDI, the Ordinary Kriging was used to model the spatial distribution of LCSDI in Beijing. Based on the spatial interpolation of LCSDI, we can find out some obvious spatial characteristics. The northern parts of Beijing have a better degree than the southern parts. Besides some "cool spots" have obviously lower degree of LCSDI than the neighboring areas, and these "cool spots" are mostly located near the nodes of the transportation. At the same time, some special areas, such as Xiangshan Mountain, make the spatial pattern of LCSDI more complicated.
Since the reform and opening up, with the deepening reform of urban land and housing market, the process of rapid suburbanization and urban sprawl as well as the disintegration of danwei system, great changes have taken place on jobs-housing spatial origination of Beijing, which has already led to commuting problems and changes of urban commuting pattern. Based on the survey of 600 households in ten typical residential areas of Beijing, this paper describes basic features of commuting behavior of Beijing citizens, and focuses on the comparison of the disparity of commuting pattern by four types of residential areas, trying to reflect the micro process of jobs-housing relationship changes. Our study shows that, firstly, besides the obvious differences in different socio-economic groups, they also lie in different types of residential areas. Secondly, significant differentiation has existed between different danwei communities. The vicinity of home and work has gradually been broken with the non-danwei employees moved into danwei community and the moving out of danwei production function, which has made the commuting pattern more complicated. Thirdly, the facts that about one fourth surveyed residents in hutong community in central city who are experiencing long distance outward commuting, as well as a higher proportion of residents in commercial housing community and subsidized commercial housing community in suburbs experiencing long distance inward commuting, may show that the separation of home and work has already come into being.
China's national medical system is being reformed, while floating workers are excluded outside the system. Current research shows that the general health situation of floating workers is rather miserable, such as poor working and living conditions, low health capacity, lack of health care awareness and so on. Due to inadequate health awareness and low economic status, they seldom make full use of public health care infrastructures to fulfil their medical needs, of which health guidance and regular body check top the priority. Their health care behaviors, health care seeking strategies and accessibility to medical services are almost ignored in recent years. Based on quantitative and qualitative survey, field investigation, as well as mapping of health facilities, we chose one of the typical urban villages-Xinfenghuang Village as a case study and conducted further research. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the health situation of floating workers, accessibility of different kinds of health facilities and to clarify the characteristics of their health care behaviors, in order to bring about practical suggestions on improvement of life quality of floating workers in urban villages. Although the geographical accessibility of health facilities is quite high, their real use is affected by several negative factors, including long waiting time, being unable to afford the direct expenses and medicine, inconvenient time and having difficulty asking for leave and so on. Thus they try to meet their medical needs in different ways, which can be divided into three groups in terms of characteristics: self-reliance, social capital reliance, and economic reliance. The most outstanding characteristics of self-reliance group are to cope with the diseases by themselves, like taking medicine without action. The group of social capital reliance can get help from social network consisting of relatives, countrymen and neighborhoods. The group of economic reliance, which is very small, positively responds to health problems because of their better economic status than the others. From spatial perspective, the health care behavior of floating workers accords with the disciplinarian of distance-decay, which forms a five-ringed structure. The medical needs of floating population should be considered into the planning of health care infrastructures and promotion of national medical system.
As a result of metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization, the formation and evolution of urban fringe in China are deeply affected by policies on urban land use, migration, investment and spatial distribution of industries. However, endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are the core driving forces of their inter-evolution. Studies on urban fringe in China have long been restricted by the lack of micro-level data since the 1980s. Based on systematic firm-level data gathered from the National Censuses of Basic Units in 1996 and 2001, this paper, taking the case of Beijing, inspects the spatial expansion of the urban fringe. Then, it analyzes industrial development and spatial pattern evolution of non-agricultural activities in the context of interaction between them. Results show that urban fringe is the best location for manufacturing, especially heavy manufacturing, as well as traditional producer services and living services. However, industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports will not move with the fringe. At the same time, advanced services still concentrate mostly in the city center. The diversity of distribution patterns across sectors has induced the results that industrial structure adjustment promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of urban fringe, and that, on the other hand, the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe. This paper carries out a quantitative research on the "annual ring" style expansion of urban fringe and summarizes the expansion patterns as enclave, axial, filling-up and spread modes at the micro-level. Urban planning, suburban highway construction, industrial zone development, lower land price and integrated environment are important exogenous driving forces for the expansion and spatial evolution of Beijing urban fringe. It is shown that the combined action of spatial optimization and industrial restructuring is an effective solution to economic, spatial and social problems in urban fringes.
Based on the RBF neural network and the method of relative price, this paper constructs an index for the measurement of integration degree of China's inter-provincial market and analyzes its changing trend, and then analyzes its spatial characteristics by using Theil index and Moran index, and finally determines the significant factors influencing its change by using ECM-GMM panel econometric models. This paper draws three conclusions. First, the nationwide integration degree of inter-provincial market in China during 1992-2007 presents a trend of fluctuating moderate increase, a trend of steady improvement is experienced in the eastern region, a trend of gradual decrease is experienced in the central region, while a trend of first increasing and then decreasing is experienced in the western region of China. Secondly, a nationwide increasing tendency which reflects regional difference of integration degree of China's inter-provincial market is presented, among them, internal difference in the eastern and western regions is significant, internal difference in the central region is stable, while the difference among regions is increasing. Meanwhile, its spatial correlation changes from negative to significantly positive, the region of Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang has currently become the significant clustering zone of provinces which have a relatively high integration degree of inter-provincial market in China. Thirdly, the integration degree of inter-provincial market can be significantly explained by the level of economic development, the proportion of state-owned economy, the financial capital market and the scale of domestic market. In addition, a significantly positive effect is caused by the foreign economy in the eastern region, the transportation infrastructure and foreign economy in the central region, and the capacity consumption in the western region. However, there is a negative effect on the government scale in the eastern region, furthermore, a mechanism of divergence is existing between the expansion of international market and integration of domestic market in all the regions.
The development of Chinese petrochemical industry in the past decades can be divided into four stages, and each stage has exhibited its unique characteristics. Since 1998, Chinese petrochemical industry has been growing rapidly. The spatial pattern of Chinese petrochemical industry has evolved into an unbalanced state with the rapid development. In general, the majority of Chinese petrochemical industry is located in eastern and northwestern China as well as coastal areas on a macro scale. Besides, eight bases such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, central-southern Liaoning and Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou regions have developed into the fundamental part of Chinese petrochemical industry. On a micro scale, petrochemical enterprises have tended to be re-located in the neighborhood of ports because of convenient transport. More and more enterprises are concentrated in industrial parks which specialize in petrochemical and some related industries. Based on the above analysis and research, this paper can offer some suggestions to the future development and spatial pattern of Chinese petrochemical industry.
Based on the characteristics of railway passenger transport, choosing the spatial distance, temporal distance, connectivity and selectivity as the indicators, with the province capitals and the train timetable as the object, the accessibility pattern of railway passenger transport network is elaborated in this paper. The dominant factors affecting the indicators are different, which lead to the difference of accessibility pattern denoted by each indicator. The core-periphery pattern are showed in both the spatial and temporal distance, and Zhengzhou is the center with the best accessibility in both two indicators, but the attenuation of accessibility takes on different rules from the core to the periphery. The former is isotropic in the decrease of accessibility, but the later is anisotropic, and those nodes along the main railways are slower in the decrease of accessibility. The central and eastern China is superior to the western area, and the central area is superior to the marginal area in the connectivity index. As far as the selectivity is concerned, the difference between the east and the west is apparent, the area east of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway is superior to the west area, and those nodes with the worst selectivity level spread at the marginal area of western China. In equilibrium, the spatial distance, temporal distance and the connectivity, which reflect mainly the basic service of railway passenger transport, are better than the selectivity that focuses on the senior service. Beijing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, and Wuhan are railway hubs in the whole network, and Beijing and Zhengzhou are better than Shanghai and Wuhan in accessibility. According to the formational reasons, Beijing and Shanghai are the functional hubs, while Zhengzhou and Wuhan belong to the location hubs. There are four regional railway hubs, Shenyang, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Lanzhou, which play important roles in sub-railway network. In accessibility, Shenyang and Guangzhou are better than Chengdu and Lanzhou.
Based on the large-sample database of the second economic unit census in Beijing, employing the methods of Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis, the paper studies the characteristics, model, process and mechanism of territorial structure of producer services in Beijing metropolitan area. The results show that (1) there are seven different territorial districts in Beijing metropolitan area. (2) The central area of the city is a mixed zone of various types of producer services with poor homogeneity. The inner margin of suburban areas has stronger homogeneity, and four regional types are identified. In the outer margin of suburban areas and the exurb, except for individual independent heterogeneous points, there are mostly scattered areas with traditional state-owned producer services. (3) Territorial structure in the transition period is the outcome of the dual strength from the government and markets, and the dynamic process is an interaction between organization and spontaneity. From the microcosmic view, the enterprises' location choice is a key factor shaping the territorial structure of producer services. Seven factors can affect the location choice of the producer service enterprises fundamentally. From the macroscopic view, four external forces play a guiding and regulatory role in forming and changing the territorial structures of producers services. Finally it is found that there is much uniqueness compared with the western theory, and western location theory was applied to a certain extent. However, the theory should be appropriately amended in specific location decisions for different industries because of the influence from the governmental forces.
Taking Shanghai, Hangzhou and Suzhou, which are in great demand for leisure travel, as examples, the paper makes an in-depth analysis of the impacts of holiday revision on the residents' leisure travel behavior. Factor Analysis was used to study the potential influence of a new holiday system in three aspects, i.e., the adding of the traditional festivals as statutory holiday, the implementation of five short holidays, and Paid Leave. The authors selected nine public factors of the new system and used Variance Analysis to examine whether there are significant differences in perception of the adoption of new holiday system and the abolition of one of the three "golden week" holidays for different demographic groups. The results show that: (1) The shortening of May Day holiday has little impact on the residents' leisure travel behavior; (2) Residents' supportive attitude to the implementation of five short holidays shows that residents' demand for short-term leisure travel and cultural leisure travel is increasing and developing from primary to advanced level. (3) Residents' are in favor of the right to Paid Leave, which facilitates a flexible holiday system. This enables residents to enjoy high quality vacation travel, so it is important to strengthen supervision and protection mechanism so as to ensure its implementation. (4) The new holiday system is conducive to China's further development of the tourism industry.
Traditional operas are an important component in the Chinese traditional culture. The research on its spatial diffusion and on the evolution of cultural region is conducive to China's intangible cultural heritage protection. Based on the theory of cultural geography, this paper uses the traditional qualitative method combined quantitative method to analyze the traditional Huai Opera culture. Firstly, the spreading and developing of Huai Opera can be divided into four stages. The first and second stages are mainly expansion diffusion; the third stage is mainly relocation diffusion combined with stimulus diffusion; and the fourth shows the effect of contagious diffusion. The spatial structure of the diffusion of Huai Opera displays a point-axis structure which diffuses along various transportation lines (waterway of canal to the north of the Yangtze River and railway to the south) from the culture origin, and gradually develops into a double-center structure composed of northern Jiangsu and Shanghai. Secondly, based on current research, a qualitative model for the spatial diffusion of Huai Opera is presented, which indicates that the main reasons for the diffusion is the large-scale migration caused by disasters. Besides, geomorphy, environments of culture and art, regional gravitation, and spatial accessibility in different periods also have an influence on the diffusing process and spreading channel of Huai Opera in different degrees. Third, taking the county as the basic spatial units, the cultural region of Huai Opera is divided into three types, i,e. core region, periphery region and transition region. And a summary has been made on the spatial differential feature associated with the cultural region of Huai Opera, which shows that in the region there are two cultural sub-regions of north and south, and the latter can still be further divided into eastern, central and western parts. Finally, through the observation on the evolution orbit of the cultural region of Huai Opera by selecting the qualitative variation of professional Huai Opera troupes at four typical time points: 1955, 1965, 1984 and 2006. It is discovered that the core region stably centralizes in the two cities of Huai'an and Yancheng, while the periphery region and transition region display the spatial tendency from expansion to contraction, which are closely connected with the cultural root, spatial decay as well as the grand atmosphere of culture and art.
