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  • 论文
    WU Zheng, WANG Wei
    2007, 26(6): 1069-1076. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060001
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    Professor Zeng Zhaoxuan(1921-2007), a celebrated geographer, geomorphologist and educationalist, initiated and promoted southern-styled methodology' all his life. He attached great importance to field work, read extensively and made great efforts in advancing innovations. He was an erudite scholar and involved himself in a wide spectrum of disciplines and technologies. His efforts were highly contributive in such fields as physical geography, geomorphology, historical geography, anthropological geography, local records, ethnology and folklore. One after another, he ushered in three new fields in geology, namely: 'rock geomorphology', historical geomorphology' and anthropological geography', filling in gaps disciplines. Professor Zeng insisted on practice first' all the time and advocated that the geographic science is a discipline for the sole purpose of application'. He recommended that scientific researches should be integrated with production and serve national economic construction. Besides scientific researches, Professor Zeng devoted his whole life to education and to the cultivation of geographers. He considered that students' academic proficiency and scientific quality was predominated by the textbooks, thus gaving top priority to the teaching material. He proposed that the geomorphological teaching material should be language easy to understand, contents diversified and knowledge up-to-date. These three aspects were not only required by the compiling of geomorphological teaching material, but also a unique idea for higher geomorphological education.

  • Earth Surface Processes
  • Earth Surface Processes
    XU Xin-wang, PAN Gen-xing, CAO Zhi-hong, WANG Yan-lin
    2007, 26(6): 1077-1086. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060002
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    Carbon storage and sequestration is considered to be an important issue in the study of terrestrial C cycling and global climatic change. This paper mainly makes use of basic information of the second national soil survey,studies organic carbon density and pool of different soil types in Anhui Province, and also analyses natural and artificial factors which influence the distribution of SOC. The results showed total organic carbon pool of Anhui Province is 0.71Pg, and total storage of topsoil organic carbon pool is 0.28Pg, accounting for 40% of soil organic carbon pool. Soil average carbon density is 117.54t/hm2 and average carbon density of topsoil is 29t/hm2. SOC density in Anhui Province is lower than Jiangsu , Fujian and Guangdong provinces, indicating that there is great potential soil carbon pool in Anhui SOC density of burozem and that meadow soils of hilly area is high, but SOC density of the lithosols and yellow cinnamon soil is rather low. SOC density of paddy soil up to 114.37 tC/ hm2 is higher than other soils. The spatial distribution pattern of topsoil organic carbon density in Anhui Province is: SOC density in the southeastern part is higher than the northwestern part, SOC density in southern Anhui mountainous region is the highest and the lowest in northern Anhui plain is the least. The order of SOC density in its five different geographical areas.The distribution of top SOC relates to the physical geographical factors such as climate,vegetation types,terrain, parent material, etc. The precipitation and vegetation types restrict provincial distribution of SOC, there is significant positive correlation between precipitation and soil. Terrain and parent material influence organic carbon distribution pattern of the subsoil species. Soil pH value,cohesive soil content and total nitrogen content affect SOC content. These conclusions can be used to analyze soil carbon pool change under agriculture land use in China. The difference between soil carbon density and carbon pool in Anhui Province revealed that human and natual factors can exert effects on soil carbon pool. So we must pay attention to land use and natural factor changes affecting soil and ecosystem carbon cycle.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    GE Yun-jian, ZHANG Ren-shun, YANG Gui-shan
    2007, 26(6): 1087-1096. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060003
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    Danxia landform is defined as a kind of landform made up of non-marine red clastic rock and characterized by red walls and red cliffs. Flat top, steep face and gentle piedmont are the most typical geometrical features of it. Northwest is one of the regions in China where Danxia landforms concentrate. The Danxia landforms are mostly distributed in the narrow strip area; around Longshan Mountains, the valleys of the Yellow River and the Huangshui River, Hexi Corridor and the south of the Tianshan Mountains. The main line of the Silk Road is just along these areas.Because of this, the Buddhism was introduced to China and spread along the Silk Road, so there are numerous Buddhism grottoes.In the west of China, almost all of the Buddhism grottoes are located on the Danxia landforms, so it is certain that there exists a relation between the Buddhism was grotto and Danxia landform along the Silk Road. This paper firstly describes the routes, along which Buddhism was introduced into China. According to the difference of the landscape and lithology in northwest, the paper divides the study area into six sub-areas. They are the areas along the north route of the Silk Rout, Hexi Corridor, the valleys of Yellow River and Huangshui River, the areas to the east of Longshan Mountain, Binxian of Shaanxi Province, and Dunhuang area. They are all the areas where Danxia landforms concentrate, excluding Dunhuang area. The paper discusses the Buddhism grottoes located in these areas respectively, comparing the difference of the grottoes' distribution, structure and style. In addition, it discusses the environment of each area. Based on the discussion it analyses the relation between the grottoes and Danxia landforms.It is held that the characteristic of the Danxia landforms is the basis for the grotto excavating.The red color is in favor of the Buddhism grottoes and the lithology make people cave easily. Therefore, the Danxia landforms are the best choice to cave grottoes and almost all the grottoes along the Silk Rout are located in these areas. If there is no Danxia landform there would be no grotto or no stone statue, for example the southern part of the Silk Road and Dunhuang area. Because of difference of rock character and the environment, each grotto has its own structure and style. Of course, the style of the grottoes and the statues on Danxia landforms differ from those on non-Danxia landforms, even they are all on the Danxia landforms they are different, for some kinds of rock are fit to cave subtly, some are fit to shape statues and others only fit to paint fresco. Therefore, the paper thinks the difference of the rock character is the most important factor controlling the grottoes' structure and style.Finally the paper compares the Buddhism grottoes of the Danxia landforms and of other landforms, such as karst landforms. Although the karst landforms are widely used for cutting grottoes and carving status, comparing to Danxia landform it has disadvantage. Based on the above, the paper concludes that the Danxia landforms are the best choice for Buddhism grottoes and the most important natural conditions that control the grottoes distributing structure and style. The grottoes in the Danxia landforms along the Silk Road integrate with nature, history and art perfectly.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    YAO Wen-bo
    2007, 26(6): 1097-1108. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060004
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    According to the defintion the concept of the harden ground, the harden ground is classified as road, town block and farmyard. Through analyzing erosion quantity and the capability of rain-water collection of different kinds of harden ground in the east of Gansu Province, by utilizing the formula which could testify the rain-water collection capability of the harden ground in the 400-600 mm rainfall area on the Loess Plateau, the paper points out that there is serious soil erosion particularly by the roads, towns and villages, which is related to the physiognomic phenomena of gullies on the Loess Plateau, since the rain-water collection of the harden ground is more effective than the natural ground on the Loess Plateau. It is argued that the rain-water collection capability is connected with the harden ground's characteristics, different ways making harden ground led to different kinds of rain-water collection and different kinds of soil erosion, even if this happens on the same type of the harden ground. The study holds that the increasing population, the enlargement of harden ground area, and the resultant more serious soil and water loss constituted one of the essential reasons for the aggravated soil erosion on the Loess Plateau in the historical period.Therefore, the future soil and water conservation work on the Loess Plateau should organically connect the work of prevention and control of soil and water loss with the solution of water shortage problem. Furthermore, the best resolution to the problem of water shortage on the Loess Plateau is to use the harden ground gathered water for industrial and agricultural, produation and domestic consumption.

  • Environment and Ecology
  • Environment and Ecology
    WU Shao-hong, DAI Er-fu, ZHENG Du, YANG Qin-ye
    2007, 26(6): 1109-1116. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060005
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    This paper analyzed ecological effects of eucalypt planting, environmental impacts of pulp production, economic benefit, and profit allocation on the project of forestry-pulp-paper integration in social-economic development of Yunnan Province in terms of environmental ethics. In the case that benefit conflict occurs among stakeholders, environmental ethics guideline of non-anthropocentrism should be kept to implement the principles of harmony between man and nature, ecological security, synthesized benefits, equity, win to win competition, and the best benefit coverage. Analysis of responsibilities of environmental ethics in sustainable regional development for different communities shows that: the decision maker community is the most important group that must comprehensively consider relationship and interaction between social-economic development and resources/environment while formulating strategies for regional development. It must take the entire, long-term and ultimate benefits as a whole. It also should give up the benthamism behaviors of getting economic profit through damage of the environment. The enterpriser community should pay attention to cost of the society, and take the benefit of the whole society priority to that of enterprises. This community should recognize clearly that only if the whole society is sustainable could enterprises be sustainable, and take the approach of sustainable enterprise based on sustainable environment. The news media community has significant introduction function in the society. It should insist on impersonality, reality, and vocational morality in reporting environmental ethic issues. It should also avoid misleading and confusing reports. The scientist community should take the responsibilities of finding out problems, bringing about suggestions, searching way out, as well as propagandizing, popularizing and educating environmental ethics to improve decision makers, enterprisers and the public in recognizing the nature, respecting the nature and protecting the environment. As main body of the society, the public must improve the awareness in environmental ethics on one hand, play the monitoring role on the other hand, and focus on the regional harmony among population, resources, environment and development.

  • Environment and Ecology
    ZONG Yue-guang, WANG Rong, WANG Cheng-gang, WANG Hong-yang, ZHANG Lei
    2007, 26(6): 1117-1127. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060006
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    Ecological suitability assessment on land use is one of the fundamental works to use the limited land resources in China rationally. The conflict between urban land use and eco-environmental protection is very intense in the rapidly urbanized area, and it's important to do ecological suitability assessment on land use in such an area. Based on summing up the application of GIS technology, this study develops a domestic widely-used weighted factor-overlay method and extends it to a weighted potential-constrain approach which is originally from cost-benefit analysis. The main advantage of this approach is to divide the assessment factors into two groups, one contains ecological potential factors, and the other the ecological constrain factors, to choose the factors under the principle intensively of data obtainable, and to determine their weights by choosing exact means. The employment of this approach could help to determine the ecological suitability classes more scientifically and reasonably. In this study the potential-constrain approach is employed in Dalian city region, the analysis shows:(1) the area that could be intensively developed for urban construction purpose is 850.46 km2 in Dalian city region, being about 6.28% of the total study area; (2) the area that could be developed moderately for construction purpose is 1835.97 km2, or about 13.56% of the total area; and (3) the area that could not be used or being moderately and lightly suitable for construction is 10851.92 km2 , or about 80.16% of the total area. Hence the land used for urban construction should be controlled under 20% of the region's total area , and the remaining 80% could not be used for urban development. Furthermore, based on the ecological suitability assessment, four planning zones of construction improvement zone, construction emphasized zone, construction restricted zone and construction forbidden zone could be worked out, in which the development strategies and implementations in each zone are suggested. The following aspects could be discussed in the application of the potential-constrain approach: (1) the resolution of satellitic image, which is the basic data, is one of the most important reasons affecting the precision of the result of assessment, according to different levels and different regional scopes, the right size of satellitic image should be chosen to keep balance between quality and quantity of the data dealt with; and (2) to the exactly assessment object, the factors chosen, the weight determined and the overlaying process should be all considered scientifically and reasonably.

  • Environment and Ecology
    GUO Jian-mao, YU Qiang, WANG Lian-xi, LU Wei-song
    2007, 26(6): 1127-1136. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060007
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    Dealing with regional land surface parameters and radiation balance components is a very important and difficult task. Studying on land surface parameters and components of surface radiation balance over inhomogeneous landscape, the utilization of satellite remote sensing is indispensable. In this study, a parameterization method based on Landsat-7 ETM+ data and 22 weather stations data is described for deriving the regional distributions of land surface parameters (NDVI,surface reflectance, surface temperature) and components of surface radiation balance (surface absorbed shortwave radiation, surface upward longwave radiation,downward atmospheric radiation, net radiation) over the southern Ningxia region.Distribution map and histograms of the parameters and components are given. Furthermore, the southern Ningxia region is classified into five surface types, regional distributions of land surface parameters and components of surface radiation balance are discussed according to each type. The results indicate: (1) All the regional distributions are characteristic in their terrain nature and the regional distributions are obvious and regular. The maps of mountains and rivers are very clear with dense vegetations growing on the mountains and by the rivers. It is seen that the derived regional distributions of land surface parameters and components of surface radiation balance for the whole mesoscale area are well in accord with the land surface status. (2) The maximum NDVI is on the Liupan mountains (with a forest) followed by the Yueliang mountain and rivers and other irrigated areas (with grass or crops),and the low NDVI value area over water bodies and nudation.(3)The regional distributions of surface reflectance and surface temperature are basically in-phase opposition with the corresponding regional distributions of NDVI.(4)The surface absorbed shortwave radiation is high over the Liupan mountain, the Yueliang mountain and by the rivers, and the nudation is low.On clear day, the surface absorbed shortwave radiation is mainly determined by surface reflectance. The regional distribution of net radiation is similar to the surface absorbed shortwave distribution.

  • Land Resource and Use
  • Land Resource and Use
    LIAO He-ping, PENG Zheng, HONG Hui-kun, CHENG Xi
    2007, 26(6): 1137-1146. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060008
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    In the paper,the author uses the growth index to attribute the urban spatial expansion intensity and the spatial difference, uses the incidence coefficient to portray the essential factor of the influence of urban spatial expansion mechanism, initially constructs an appraisal method of taking the city land use area (urban construction land + industrial construction land) as the dependent variable, taking the nature, the humanities, the society, the economy, the ecology as well as other factors as the independent variables to quantitatively reveal the city space dynamic evolution and its influencing mechanism. The diagnostic research of city space expansion in Chongqing after being directly under the Central Government for nearly 10 years indicated that, the Chongqing city's "pole nucleus" layout gradually developed into the duplicate suitable spatial pattern by "the centralized concentric circle type" and "the dispersible group type". From 1998 to 2004, the increasing urban construction sites of urban expansion played the dominant role, with urban residential land expansion index reaching 0.0504, being more than three times that of industrial construction in terms of annual average expansion rate.The unceasing enhancement consumption level of and continuing development of the economic level are the two major reasons accountable for the Chongqing city' s spatial expansion, The projects under the government guidance and the process of rural industrialization under market direction are the major influencing factors for Chongqing city's spatial expansion after the implementation of reform and opening up policy.

  • Land Resource and Use
    ZHANG Yan-guang, LIN Zhen-shan, LI Mao-ling, LIANG Ren-jun
    2007, 26(6): 1147-1155. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060009
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    Cultivated land, a type of non-renewable resources, has its quantity changes often presented several phases with the development of industrialization and urbanization.It is the rapid economic growth and accelerating urbanization process in China that make the limited cultivated land resources to pay a high price for. As a major agricultural province in China, the reduction of cultivated land resources in Shandong Province has become an unavoidable loss of cost for the rapid economic growth phase in the Province and the cultivated trends, which intensified the contradiction of the supply and demand between people, and seriously affected sustainable development of agriculture in Shandong. Therefore, we must correctly understand the changes of cultivated land area and development trends,and correctly analyze and grasp the primary driving factors and mechanisms for the changes of the cultivated land area. It is of great significance to the proper handling of the relations between the changes of cultivated land area and economic construction. This issue uses the EMD method for the first time, which carries on the comparative analysis of the relations of economic growth and the changes of cultivated land resources of Shandong Province, attempting to find out the interactive relations of them, and to conserve the cultivated land resources of Shandong Province. The findings indicate that the undulating cycles of GDP growth in Shandong are 13, 23, 37and 55 years; the cycles of its cultivated land changes are 9, 13, 37 and 55 years. It has been fully proven that the growth of GDP drives the changes of cultivated land in Shandong. Around the year 2015, the price of cultivated land loss for economic growth in the Province will be greatly reduced, the amount of cultivated land will be maintained at a relatively stable level, and the economic growth and the decrease of cultivated land will enter a good developmental stage. Finally, a dynamic model with a cycle in this issue is made for the first time, and the changes of the cultivated land area in the next 20 years in Shandong Province are forecasted.

  • Land Resource and Use
    LV Xiao-fang, WANG Yang-lin, ZHANG Yi-li, SHEN Yuan-cun
    2007, 26(6): 1156-1165. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060010
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    Land use and land cover change research needs to pay more attention to its environmental response, especially to its desertification response. The study area is typical in the agro-grazing ecotone, where desertification is a serious threat to agricultural economy. Based on three land use maps, which were identified by using 1985, 1995 and 2000 TM remote sensing images, this paper analyzed the land use change and its desertification response in the central Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Supported by spatially statistical function of GIS technology, land use indices and landscape indices, including single land use dynamic index, patch density, fractal index, etc., the analysis tried to discuss the relationship between the pattern of land use change and desertification trajectory during recent 20 years. The results suggested:1)General land use change analysis showed that the middle-covered grassland and lower-covered grassland decreased obviously, and woodland presented a trend of protection and reconstruction after previous destruction. 2) Hotspots of desertified land shifted from northern sandy region to central region from 1985 to 2000. The region near Yanghuang trench should be paid much more attention in terms of its desertification condition. 3) Desertification of grassland was extremely serious among all the other land use types. The desertification of middle-covered grassland gathered in the northern region, where there were more agricultural activities. The patch cohesion index of middle-covered grassland in that region was relatively large. The desertification of low-covered grassland appeared around original sandy land, and it was more sensitive to physical change than human activities. 4) Considering instability of different agricultural land use activities in the study area, the middle-covered and low-covered grassland were more instable than other types, especially the middle-covered grassland. It was indicated that the middle-covered grassland was the most sensitive land use type in the region in response to physical and human disturbances, and it needed effective management and scientific pattern of ecological reconstruction.

  • Geo-information Science
  • Geo-information Science
    QIN Cheng-zhi, ZHU A-xing, SHI Xun, LI Bao-lin, PEI Tao, ZHOU Cheng-hu
    2007, 26(6): 1165-1175. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060011
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    An important characteristic of slope positions (e.g. backslope, footslope) is that the transition between them is gradual. And the quantification of gradual transition of slope positions is very useful in many terrain-related geographical or ecological modelling (such as soil erosion on slope, soil surveying and mapping), especially on fine scale. Among current approaches of fuzzy slope position which are based on the gridded DEMs, fuzzy k-means approaches often focus on the parameter space and ignore the spatial information. Moreover, this type of approach can not extract some slope positions when they just exist with a very small proportion of application area. And the rule-based approach requires intensive operations and has a high demand for user knowledge of local landform. So the practicability is limited. This paper proposed a similarity-based approach to quantitative fuzzy representation of spatial gradation of slope positions. This approach includes two steps: the first is to extract the typical locations of each slope position. Then based on both local topographic attributes and regional terrain index, the similarity between other locations and typical locations is computed. This approach is carried out in both attribute domain (i.e. parameter space) and spatial domain. Both local topographic information and terrain context are taken into account. Application shows that results of proposed approach can quantitatively describe the spatial gradation of slope positions (such as ridge, slope shoulder, back slope, footslope, and valley). The analysis combining with spatial gradual transition of sand percentages in the A horizon of soil samples also indicates the reasonability of the results of the proposed approach.

  • Geo-information Science
    ZHAO Shang-min, CHENG Wei-ming, CHAI Hui-xia, QIAO Yu-liang
    2007, 26(6): 1175-1186. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060012
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    Qinghai-Tibet Plateau located in southwestern China is one of the important geomorphological units of the country's terrestrial part. Because of its high altitude, vast area, and the mid-latitude location, known as "the third pole", it has close correlation with the biggest monsoon system on the globe which has not only sensitive responding character but significant impact on the global climate change. Hence it becomes one of the hot spots of research. Specific geographical environment, unique sea level elevation and frigid climate condition of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau make kinds of periglacial geomorphology brand into the geomorphological landscape of the Plateau. Taking the district of 1 ∶ 1,000,000 international standard of Lhasa map sheet (serial number H-46) as an example, this paper explores an information extraction method of periglacial geomorphology on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on multiple source data such as remote sensing data, SRTM, air temperature and ground temperature. In the research, the primitive boundary of periglacial geomorphology is acquired by the indexes such as annual mean temperature of national standard station with a resolution of 1km, annual mean ground temperature and elevation through models. The bound is revised and synthetically processed by using the features such as color, shape and texture of remote sensing images (TM and ETM+ of Landsat). Hence the extent of periglacial geomorphology of the study area is determined. Then the morphological indexes such as relief, elevation and slope of the periglacial geomorphology in the study area are computed by using the SRTM-DEM data. Based on the features such as the completeness of geomorphological units, in virtue of geomorphological expert knowledge and the features of remote sensing images, the indexes are revised by using man-computer mutual intelligentized extraction method.At length quantificational exaction of morphological indexes of periglacial geomorphology in the study area is completed. Finally, the morphological characters of periglacial geomorphology in the study area are integrated and the semi-auto matic remote sensing interpretation result map of periglacial geomorphology in the study area and statistical attribute data are achieved. This research can accomplish remote sensing precise location of geomorphological unit boundary and exact attribute evaluation of geomorhpological types based on multiple source data, which promotes the development of extraction methods of remote sensing geomorphological information. Thus the research method can extend to other areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is important in theory and practice.

  • Geo-information Science
    WANG Fang, LI Guo-sheng
    2007, 26(6): 1186-1196. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060013
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    In recent decades, remote sensing has been proven to be an effective method to retrieve suspended sediment concentration. However, most retrieval methods developed today only based on the direct relationship between suspended sediment concentration and the remote sensing reflectance which is not reasonable when there is a big difference among the grain size of the study area. Bohai Sea is a relative closure region in which the grain size of the suspended sediment varies widely. This paper brought out a new method on the retrieval of suspended sediment concentration of Bohai Sea, which used both the reflectance from remote sensing data and the grain size of the suspended sediment. After analyzing the spectrum characteristics of suspended sediment, MODIS data characteristics and the relationship between suspended sediment concentration and grain size, the unary-parameter and binary-parameter PCA-based and NN-based models were constructed in Bohai Sea based on the data collected. The analytical results show that when introducing grain size parameter into the PCA-based models, model's correlation coefficient was increased from 0.697 to 0.724, while its predicting error was decreased from 0.383809 to 0.256722. This phenomenon also happened in the NN-based models where the predicting error was decreased from 0.390374 to 0.244427. The stability of the models with a grain size parameter being also better than the one without the grain size. It is proved that a model's retrieval precision and stability can be improved effectively by introducing grain size into the model. Therefore, it's necessary to add the grain size into the retrieval model in order to improve the precision of the prediction. Moreover, representative remotely sensed MODIS imagery was used to validate the model built in this paper which has the same conclusion with the previous researches. Generally speaking, in Bohai Sea, suspended sediment concentration in winter low water period is higher than that in summer abundant water period; and high concentration areas are located in Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay and their distributions are parallel to the shoreline.

  • Urban and Rural Studies
  • Urban and Rural Studies
    FENG Jian, LIU Yu, WANG Yong-hai
    2007, 26(6): 1197-1208. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060014
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    Multi-level urbanization provides us a viewpoint or method to analyze the characteristics and mechanisms of regional development and urban-rural development in China in the transitional period. Analysis of multi-level urbanization lays emphasis on disassembling the process of regional urbanization with different spatial levels, in order to indicate the characteristics and mechanisms of the development of urbanization clearly. Taking Zibo city of Shandong province as an example, the paper provides a theoretical framework of the analysis of multi-level urbanization, including urbanization of trans-city and trans-municipality, that of group cities, that of this locality, and that of local communities. With the framework of multi-level urbanization, it is easy to find out the features of the development of Zibo's urbanization in the transitional period. The authors find that the relationship of consanguinity, location and business, the gap of economic development, the effect of scale, the attraction of county seat, and the forces from bottom to top constitute the driving forces of the development of multi-level urbanization in Zibo. Based on the experience of Zibo, the authors put forward the model of the development of multi-level urbanization, and think that with the development of a market economy in China in the transitional period, we should emphasize the pluralistic concept and the multi-levels of the development of urbanization, for it is more and more difficult to generalize the features of regional urbanization with a single model in the newest period.

  • Urban and Rural Studies
    WANG Lie-hui
    2007, 26(6): 1209-1220. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060015
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    Shanghai and Ningbo are the two most important ports in the Yangtze River Delta port system.In this paper,on the basis of international and domestic historical research on spatial relationships between ports, the author used historical documents and shift-share model to analyze and measure the spatial relationships between Shanghai and Ningbo from a more historical perspective.Before 1840 the two ports opened to foreign traders, however, Ningbo was the only authorized port trading with Japanese, while Shanghai was one of the most important ports for domestic trade.After 1840, as we all familiarized with that Shanghai port had developed much more rapidly than Ningbo did. Eventually, Shanghai became one of the most important hub ports in East Asia while Ningbo the feeder port of Shanghai. Recently ocean shipping volume ship sizes were getting larger, and the advantage of Ningbo port's deep water was embodied. And also with the development of regional economy, more and more containers were transited through Ningbo port. Ningbo port transformed from Shanghai's feeder port to a large deep-sea direct-call port. Based on the analysis of Shanghai and Ningbo's physical condition, port type, hinterland development, modes of transport and traffic cost, the author considered Ningbo port would be developing from large deep-sea direct-call port to hub port . Bi-hub port would be the spatial relationship between Shanghai and Ningbo ports.

  • Urban and Rural Studies
    WANG Mao-jun, SHEN Yu-ming, GAO Yi-cheng
    2007, 26(6): 1221-1232. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060016
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    Since the 1980s,the historic viewpoint has been introduced into the urban system study. The dynamic evolvement process of urban system has become a significant task to study. Based on the spatial data of Shandong input goods flow during the Period of Republic of China in 1932,synthesizing qualitative methods(factor analysis, cluster analysis etc.) and quantitative methods,this article introduces flows among cities and towns into the analysis of urban system in the Period of Republic of China, establishes a spatial structure modal of Shandong urban system, and obtains two discoveries:First,the relationship among cities represents a 3-rank spatial structure. Among which, Jinan nodal region I-1, Qingdao nodal region I-2, Tianjin nodal region I-3, Jining nodal region I-4, Weixian nodal region I-5, Yantai nodal region I-6, Zhoucun nodal region I-7, Boshan nodal region I-8, Shanghai nodal region I-9 and Linqing nodal region I-10 composing of the Rank-I; Qingdao nodal region II-1, Jinan nodal region II-2 and Tianjin nodal region II-3 composing of the Rank-II; Qingdao nodal region III-1 and Tianjin nodal region III-2 composing of the Rank-III. Secondly, the independence of nodal region-I is different. Jinan nodal region I-1, Qingdao nodal region I-2, Tianjin nodal region I-3 and Jining nodal region I-4 are of high independence, while others are of low independence.

  • Economy and Regional Development
  • Economy and Regional Development
    MIAO Chang-hong, WEI Ye-hua
    2007, 26(6): 1233-1246. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060017
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    With a historical and realistic perspective this paper investigates and summarizes the changing nature and characteristics of economic geography as a sub-discipline in geography in terms of theoretical construction. For economic geographers, location, space and place of economic activities are the fundamental objects of enquiry and also the basic points of departure for the understanding of social-economic activities. The theoretical construction in economic geographies has always been centered on how to define location, space and place, and how to conceptualize their relationships with the economy, politics, society, nature and the environment, especially the agent-structure tensions inherent in those relationships. Two sets of factors, technology, institutes and culture, as well as relations, scale and regulation, are particularly important intermediates for economic geographers to develop theories and approaches, and are also the core subjects of heated debates on the recent institutional, cultural, relational and scalar turns in economic geography. Today the field of economic geography has moved beyond the impact of neoclassical economics, and has become more diversified and multifaceted. The development in Western economic geography has important implications for the theoretical construction of economic geography in China, which should undertake a triple transition of diversification, internationalization and theorization.

  • Economy and Regional Development
    LU Qi, ZHANG Chao-yang, DUAN Juan
    2007, 26(6): 1247-1254. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060018
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    This paper, while centering on the analytical summary of the increases of the foreign trade gross in China's different regional units since 1965, and of the characteristics of the increasing independence on the foreign trade and of the situations of the regional distribution changes, analyzes the basic direction on the change of the export product structure, and probes into the features of China's foreign trade and the formational causes of the regional distribution of the foreign trade, and thereby comes to several conclusions: (1) chronologically, the foreign trade gross and the independence on the foreign trade in China's different regions since 1965 are on the way of increase, and the increasing rate of the foreign trade is faster than the annual increasing rate of GDP; (2) spatially, the regional discrepancy on the foreign trade between the regions of East China, Inland China and West China, changes little, and at worst, with the development of the market economy, the foreign trade in Inland China and West China shows the tendency of lagging behind. East China occupies the lion's share in the amount of the import-export product, and with the further development of the market economy, that advantage in import-export tends to north-turn-to-south direction within the region of East China. Abroad, the absolute advantage of East China's foreign trade though is still firm in the realm of Asian market, its status is on the decline.

  • Economy and Regional Development
    SHEN Yu-ming, QIU Ling, REN Wang-bing, SHANG Yu-li
    2007, 26(6): 1255-1264. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060019
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    In an information-oriented economy, service industry becomes more and more significant in social and economic development. Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy started in 1978, service industry has developed rapidly in China. But the growth of Chinese service industry is characterized by regional disequilibrium. Based on correlative analysis and regression analysis, the factors influencing regional disequilibrium of Chinese service industrial development are explored. Furthermore, this paper studies the inter-regional, intra-regional and inter-provincial disparities of Chinese service industry development by Theil coefficient and cluster analysis. The following conclusions are drawn. Firstly, per capita GDP, urbanization level, market scale, level of transportation and telecommunication, economic globalization and human resource are the six major factors affecting Chinese service industrial development. Especially, the levels of per capita GDP and urbanization are the main elements promoting the Chinese service industrial growth. Secondly, using cluster analysis method, the inter-provincial service industry development can be divided into five ranks in the geographical space. Stability dominates the evolution of spatial structure of Chinese service industrial development. But intra-provincial disparity of service industrial development is significant. Thirdly, regional disparity in Chinese service industrial development has become more and more obvious at a higher speed since the 1990s. Intra-region disparity, especially disparity in eastern China, is the main contributor to the regional disparity.It is thus necessary to promote the overall and balanced development of Chinese service industry bewteen different regions.

  • Economy and Regional Development
    CAO Xiao-shu, ZHANG Kai, MA Lin-bing, YAN Xiao-pei
    2007, 26(6): 1265-1274. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060020
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    With the comparability index and the evenness concept, this paper analyses the function combination and spatial structure characteristics of construction land in Guangzhou railway station and railway eastern station areas. The results indicate that, in railway station area, plots of the first function category occupy 33.33% of the total, in which the public service function plots predominate; plots of the second function category occupy 47.62%, of which the plots with residential, travel industrial and commercial functions predominate; and plots of the third function category occupy 19.05% of the total.The function combination of railway station area presents a mixture of two categories and dominated land use and complexity of more than two categories dominated construction land use, being 66.67% according to plot statistics. In railway eastern station area, plots of the first function category reach 20% of the total, in which the residential function plots predominate; plots of the second function category occupy 65%, in which the plots with official and residential mixed function predominate; and plots of the third function category occupy 15% of the total. The construction land function in Guangzhou railway station and railway eastern station areas mainly combine with residential function, leading to a higher transport flow than the normal residential area. Construction land of all categories in railway station area is distributed spatially as group structure in sheets. It could be divided into two parts according to the fragmentation degree of grid plots, one is northwestern part which is relatively fragmentized, and the another is southeastern part which is relatively integrated. The external traffic land in railway eastern station area is rather compact. In this area, the grid plots in the middle are relatively integrated, and the ones in its periphery are relatively fragmentized. Various categories of construction land in these two railway station areas are distributed spatially as group structure, but very different in evenness. According to the evenness of all kinds of construction land in railway station area, the list is:G(0.65)>R(0.55)>T(0.48)>C(0.40)>U(0.39);and in railway eastern station area, it is:G(0.74)>R(0.56)>C(0.46)>T(0.27).In these two areas, the spatial distribution of green land and residential land is relatively compact (evenness>0.50),and the distribution of other kinds of land is relatively fragmentized(evenness<0.50).The average evenness of various kinds of land in eastern station area is larger than it is in theother area. Thus, the spatial structure of construction land in railway eastern station is better.

  • Culture and Tourism
  • Culture and Tourism
    YU Qing, WU Bi-hu, LIU Zhi-min, HU Xiao-ran, CHEN Lin-lin
    2007, 26(6): 1274-1284. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060021
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    This paper firstly reviews the theoretical study abroad on scenic byway, and discusses the development of practical work in foreign countries from the prospective of American national scenic byway plan and national scenic byway system. Secondly, according to the feature that our research on scenic byway is accompanied by local planning, the paper analyzes the practice of scenic byway in China through several cases of scenic byway planning. The preliminary theoretical research of different subjects on scenic byway, greenway and heritage corridor from respective point of disciplines background is also discussed, be combining mostly with the production tasks. Finally, this paper points out that both theoretical research and practice in China is still at the initial stage, management organization should be established, research and practice in this field should be actively carried out, and construction of national scenic byway system should be also discussed and concluded.

  • Culture and Tourism
    HU Wen-hai, ZHU Xiao-hua, JIANG Wen-yan
    2007, 26(6): 1285-1294. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060022
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    Along with the continuous development of international social and economic situation, tourism has become an important industry or pillar industry of many countries in the world. Based on terra edge factor and the authoritative data provided by the world tourism organization, the paper systematically contrasts and analyzes the basic characteristics of international tourism development in the 18 countries, including China,Japan,Burma,Thailand,Laos,Cambodia,Vietnam,India,Pakistan,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,Mongolia,Russia,Kazakstan,Kyrgyz,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan and Korea. The paper profoundly disclosures the opportunity and challenge of China in developing international tourism, and definitely indicates that Japan as well as Korea and Thailand have become the two chief competitors of China in developing and exploiting international tourism market. Finally, the paper tries to advance the national stratagem choosing mode that China participates in the international tourism cooperation with circumjacent districts taking benefiting neighbours,good neighbourly relations,secure neighbours as cores, and considers that our country should take developing international tourism as an important bridge and preferential ligament in the cooperation with circumjacent countries, and give positive recognition in the height of national interests.

  • Culture and Tourism
    ZHANG Chao-zhi, BAO Ji-gang
    2007, 26(6): 1295-1303. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2007060023
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    Holiday policy is the key factor influencing the travel time of urban residents, China's holiday policy has changed three times, and what's the impact upon world heritage tourism management remains unknown. Currently, the tourism pressure during golden week on world heritage site has arisen lots of arguments about holiday policy, thus what's the right holiday policy for world heritage site becomes a valuable issue. The research, based on case study of world natural heritage Wulingyuan, uses the data between 1986~1988, 1996~1998, 2000~2002 and 2004~2006 within 12 years, which represents four different holiday policy periods separately, and analyzes the variation of tourist flow in the heritage site.The findings are: The centralization of holiday time increases the tourists in world heritage site and leisure time change influences the tourist flow distribution in the year. The centralization trend of holiday time doesn't make any significant influence on the seasonality of the world heritage site. It shows that although the leisure time change influences the tourist flow in world heritage site, because of high quality of resource and various tourist origins, those tourists who are able to choose travel time freely choose the travel time rationally, which influences the seasonality of the world heritage site and balances the influence of holiday policy. The increase of tourists doesn't exert significant influence on the daily variation in the golden week, but the tourist percentage of golden week in the month lowers down, "golden week" becomes "golden month", due to perfection of transportation conditions and tourists' rational choice of travel time. The research shows that centralization of holiday time burdens the world heritage site with overcrowded tourists, hence more on-site management is needed for the heritage, and the holiday policy should be considered seriously.