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  • Experts Forum
    CAIYun-long
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    In response to contemporary global environmental change and its impact on human society, and promoted by the development of other disciplines, physical geography has taken on a new look. Understanding the new situation of physical geography helps to grasp the academic front. Contemporary physical geography not only researches various elements of the natural environment, their interactions and composition, and their spatial process and regional differentiation, but also studies variety of processes and their various relationships with the passage of time, infers results at a certain temporal or spatial scale to other scales, and applies the research results to solve practical resources and environmental management issues. The new fields of international physical geography can be summed up as physical geographical system, physical geographical process, landscape and environmental change, human activity and environmental change, global physical geography and cultural physical geography. Modern physical geography in China grows from the traditional Chinese geography and is impacted by geographical disciplines of Europe-America and Russia. Generally speaking, physical geography in China has moved from empirical science into experimental science, from the macro structure research to the research of macro pattern combining micro process and mechanism, from the research of elements and process separation to integrated studies. It has achieved good progress in comprehensive study of physical geography, the natural process of surface studies, urban and regional development research, and basic research application-oriented to social reality. Physical geography in China has outstanding performance in meeting the national and social need, but the independent contribution and self-innovation inadequate in academic thinking, theory and methods. This situation is not proportionate with the unique physical geographical advantages of China, and not proportionate with the vast research team of physical geography in China. Every major breakthrough in the development course of science and technology began with innovations in new ideas, new theories, new methods and their applications. Lack of innovation awareness and systematic research of scientific ideas and methods has been not only severely restricting the innovation capability of physical geography in China, but also limiting the ability of solving practical problems. In the future, Chinese physical geography will have a trend towards more comprehensive and more global perspectives, as well as a deeper discovering of key processes and their dynamics and mechanism, more application of high-technology, and closer serving for regional sustainable development. One of the important tasks is to strengthen the research and innovation of scientific thinking, scientific methods and scientific tools.

  • Economy and Regional Development
  • Economy and Regional Development
    ZHANG Lei, MA Bei-bei, HUANG Yuan-xi, CAI Guo-tian
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    This study shows that the national energy supply system could extend its spatial bordering as the increasing demands for the fuels, especially oil and gas, due to the uneven distribution of mineral resources of the whole world. According to the long-term practices of national industrialization in both the United States and China, the domestic resources dominated the energy supply in the early days, but the international resources come to play a more and more important role eventually as the national economy is mature. According to statistics, the ratio of net energy import in the United States was 0.3% in 1950 and quickly increased to 62.8% in 2005. That means when the structure of production and consumption diversified up to 0.1%, the international flow of fossil fuels for the United States had an increase of 0.9%. In the meantime, however, the change pattern of fossil fuels' flow in China between 1952 and 2005 witnessed that the country's energy supply, just about a half size of that in the United States, experienced a spatial expansion by 39% when its imported oil increased rapidly in the last 15 years. Such a change strongly implies only when the increase of energy consumption, labeled as the time course, is in harmony with the effective space expansion of supply, titled as the space course, can the national energy supply system develop eventually.

  • Economy and Regional Development
    ZHANG Yao-guang, HAN Zeng-lin, LIU Kai, WANG Dan
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    The coastal zone is the cross-zone between land environment and marine environment. Because of its rich resources, predominant natural conditions, good location and the unique land and sea commonness, coastal zone has become the most concentrated area of human activities. About 60% of the people in the world live in this relatively small area with high productivity and high-value dynamics. The usage structure of the coastal zone is directly related to the developmental ways of natural and human resource, which has two structural elements, one is the ecosystem of land and sea, and the other is system of human society. The coastal zone is the basis of human development on oceans. Based on Liaoning coastal zone's types, resources, environment and marine economic development, this paper mainly analyzes the characteristics of the usage structure of the coastal zone in Liaoning in accordance with the international classification of the usage structure of the coastal zones. At the same time, development and utilization of marine resources coastal zones and the reasons of marine economy regional differences are mainly analyzed by applying methods of quantitative analysis, such as variation coefficient, concentration index, Theil coefficient and so on.

  • Urban and Rural Studies
  • Urban and Rural Studies
    LIU Yan-sui, LIU Yu
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    Rural hollowing is one of the special patterns of rural areal system evolvement in the process of urban-rural transitional development. Recently, the evolvement trend of rural hollowing is quickened by the speedy regional urbanization and non-agricultural population growth, thus to research the lifecycle of rural hollowing evolvement, driving forces of rural hollowing development, rural space reconstructions and rural hollowing regulation thoroughly are the new historical tasks for geographical study in the new epoch. By the comparative study methods, this paper reviews and forecasts the study progress of rural hollowing, points out flaws in the existing studies and predicts the key points in future studies. Results indicate that the existing studies of "hollowed village" mainly focus on the conception, characteristics, space model, different stages and process of rural settlement hollowing, main driving forces, some problems resulted from village hollowing, and countermeasures to control the trend of hollowed village development. The influencing factors of rural hollowing evolvement include four aspects, namely, resource environment, economy and society, mechanism and institution, management and policy. Under the background of ensuring the warning line of cultivated land, guiding new countryside construction, reconstructing optimal rural space and regulating rural hollowing evolvement, the studies should be enhanced in the future on the formation mechanism, regional types and developmental ways; scenario simulation of new countryside construction and potential assessment of "hollowed village" under the condition of urban and rural harmonious development; technical system of "hollowed village" consolidation.

  • Urban and Rural Studies
    ZHU Hao-ran, FENG Jian
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    This paper is an empirical study of the urban expansion of Nanchong by applying the urban fractal theory. Based on multi-temporal Landsat TM remote imaginary data and Geographical Information System, this paper systematically discusses the spatial layouts and patterns of Nanchong city in selected periods since the 1980s through the 2000s via analyzing the response to urban fractal theory and examining the expansion feature in all directions from the city center. As methodology, we extract the geometric data from the remote images of years including 1988, 1993, 1999, 2002, and 2007, and overlap the extracted images by GIS as to conduct comparison over periods. On the one hand, as response to the urban fractal theoretical analysis, the city shows no significance in urban fractal features, but with two sections with evident difference in fractal dimension parameter. In accordance to the findings, we diagnose the distinct share of driving forces of urban expansion in relevant periods--that the natural growth force dominates in early stage of urban expansion, but the comprehensive growth force, combining natural growth and mechanical growth, dominates the period thereafter. On the other hand, Nanchong city has been growing in particular direction since the 1980s--both to the northeast and to the southwest, displaying the stability over time and indicating the potential growth corridor in the future. Based on those findings, a spatial model is established to formulate the expansion patterns.

  • Urban and Rural Studies
    WANG Fa-zeng
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    The comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime is a fundamental effective way to solve the urban crime problem. Its research provides new ideas and methods for the anti-crime in urban planning, construction and management, opens a new research area for crime geography and urban geography. According to the existence shape and the difference of the influence to urban crime, the city crime spatial blind areas may be divided into 5 kinds, public, private, marginal, moving and virtual spatial blind area. In the foundation of the summary and commentary on the spatial research of overseas city crime, the paper constructs a theory platform for the study on the comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime, expounds and proves the non-interchangeability of the comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime, proposes basic theory main points and application theory main points for the comprehensive treatment. The formation of spatial blind areas in urban crime has a series of profound spatial position factors, the comprehensive treatment research should have the explicit research aim and directions, scientific technical route, method and key technologies. The paper's main conclusions are: First, the positive spatial anti-crime is able to put spatial blind areas under the effective government, and the urban crime problem can be under the effective control overall. Second, the theory of the spatial anti-crime is the theory premise and foundation for the comprehensive treatment of the spatial blind areas, and even the essential theory platform for the study on the comprehensive treatment. This theory contains 3 basic theory main points and 3 application theory main points. Third, the comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime is an effective way to create the defensible space for cities, which is guided by the theory of the spatial anti-crime. The study on the comprehensive treatment is an important scientific sphere with theoretical and practical significance, and its core research content is the public order way, implementation plan and measure for the comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime.

  • Culture and Tourism
  • Culture and Tourism
    LIU Jun, CHEN Li-kun
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    Dameisha and Xiaomeisha coastal resorts are adjacently located in eastern Shenzhen, Guangdong province. Through random sample questionnaire survey and deep interview, the paper finds there are differences in the tourists' behavior and attitude of two resorts. Firstly, Xiaomeisha is likely to attract tourists of higher level of education and income than Dameisha. Secondly, tourists from Dameisha and Xiaomeisha are both expressing high satisfaction with the overall beach environment and facilities. Thirdly, the influences of tourists' demographic characteristics on beach environment and facilities perception are not as distinctive as explored in western case studies. Fourthly, tourists from Xiaomeisha take more consideration on sea water cleanness, beach environment, rescue facility and comprehensive tourist service, while tourists from Dameisha are more sensitive to the price of resort entrance ticket. Finally, tourists from Xiaomeisha are more supportive of charging tickets on Dameisha in order to prevent it from overcrowdness, while its counterparts of Dameisha are more negative. The city government should deeply understand and try to coordinate these differentiated kinds of beach leisure demands. Public goods as free beach parks should be provided by the government to the public. On the other hand, some themed and commercialized beach leisure spaces of higher quality should also be properly planned by governments and established by private sectors to upgrade the beach development.

  • Culture and Tourism
    HUANG Tai, BAO Ji-gang, LIU Yan-yan, WANG Xing-feng
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    The hierarchical and spatial structures of recreation sites in Suzhou city are studied during the socioeconomic transformation in China using fractal theory and methods. The system of recreation sites are divided into three recreation subsystems in the ancient city, new city and outer city areas, which are the three levels of urban regional structure based on the 2008 general planning of Suzhou city. Then, using the Zipf fractal dimension, spatial correlation dimension and traffic length-radius dimension as indexes, the hierarchical, spatial and traffic structures of the recreation sites are studied separately. It is found that both the recreation site system and transportation system of Suzhou city have good fractal characteristics. The fractal index depicts recreation system structure well and can be used for its optimization. Both the hierarchical and spatial structures of Suzhou city exhibit a gradient tendency from a loose core to a compact extended structure. Meanwhile the decentralization phenomenon of self-organization ability is distinct. Accordingly, the tracking analysis of structure evolvement of recreation site system and its optimization, as well as the strengthening guidance and improvement of its self-organization ability, are necessary for the harmonious urban planning and development. In addition, combining the previous research conclusions about the fractal in tourism, the result reveals and verifies the significant differences between fractal structure and self-organization evolvement in both recreation site system and tourism attraction system.

  • Environment and Ecology
  • Environment and Ecology
    DENG Xiang-zheng, JIANG Qun-ou, LIN Ying-zhi, HAN Jian-zhi
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    In this paper, we estimate the nationwide soil organic carbon stock in China during the three time periods of 1988-2000, 2000-2012 and 2012-2020 with CENTURY model and analyze soil organic carbon stock changes of cropland in the nine agro-ecological zones, with the support of DLS which provides future land use pattern data. In order to estimate the dynamics of soil organic carbon stock, the CENTURY model, in which a soil organic matter decomposition sub-model, a water budget sub-model, a grassland/crop sub-model, a forest production sub-model, and a couple of management and events scheduling functions are encapsulated, was customized and used in this study. In the customized CENTURY model, the flow of carbon was simulated. In addition, the pixel specific area changes of cropland for the period between 2010 and 2012 and the period between 2010 and 2020 were predicted by using the DLS model. DLS model consists of three sub-modules, the sub-module for simulating the dynamics of land systems at a regional extent, the sub-module to explore and represent the driving mechanism of land use change and the sub-module to generate the equilibrium of demands and supply of land area by sectors and by grid pixel and finally to export the maps to identify the temporal and spatial changes of cropland patterns which are the input variables for simulating the soil organic carbon stock in the prediction period. The research results show that soil organic carbon of cropland during 1988-2000 in China experienced a rising trend in most parts of the Chinese Mainland. The aggregated estimation results of CENTURY model show that China had an increase of 3.3×108 t for the soil organic carbon stock of cropland. By contrast, during the period of 2000-2012, the soil organic carbon stock of cropland declines as much as 1.5×109 t. In some regions such as Northeast China, the carbon stock decrease accounts for more than one third of the total carbon missed in China. And during the period of 2012-2020, although the soil organic carbon stock is still marked by a downward trend, the magnitude of the decrease declines significantly. The findings in this paper would provide valuable information for the decision makings to mitigate the impacts of climate changes as well as to spur the sustainable agriculture development.

  • Environment and Ecology
    PEI Zhi-yong, ZHOU Cai-ping, OUYANG Hua, YANG Wen-bin
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    The Tibetan Plateau, the third pole of the earth, is one of the least human-disturbed regions in the world. Its outstanding topographic feature and ecological characteristics have significant effects on modern atmospheric circulation and climate, so the greenhouse gases emission and absorption are linked to climate changes at local, regional and even global scales. Also, to examine or estimate the actual magnitude of carbon uptake or release from this terrestrial ecosystem has become the central issue in global carbon cycle researches. However, relatively few studies have been reported in the literatures about the carbon contributions of the alpine grassland area on the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we use a mechanistically based ecological simulation model to describe and analyze the spatial pattern of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP), carbon fluxes and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in this alpine steppe area. The NASA-CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Biosphere) model is designed to simulate seasonal patterns in net carbon fixation and allocation, litterfall, and soil nutrient mineralization, and soil CO2 emissions. Our fundamental approach is to use CASA to estimate net primary production (NPP) in the alpine steppe area on the Tibetan Plateau. We combined MODIS data and CASA to estimate NPP, and soil carbon emissions were calculated by the regression formula obtained in the pre-study. Upon these, we estimated the carbon budget for each of the 0.05° latitude×0.05° longitude grid cells in the alpine steppe area. The potential annual net primary productivity (NPP) of this alpine steppe area is estimated to be 20.57×1012g · a-1 of carbon. The annual NPP has the distinct spatial distribution, whereas vegetation NPP decreased gradually from southeast to northwest due to the temperature and precipitation gradients. Soil carbon emission (heterotrophic respiration) is estimated to be 8.07×1012g · a-1. Net ecosystem productivity (NEP), an indicator for carbon budget, is the difference between annual net primary productivity (NPP) and annual soil respiration. Determination of net ecosystem productivity showed that the alpine steppe ecosystem acts as a distinct carbon sink (12.50×1012 g · a-1 of carbon), although this carbon reservoir is quite small.

  • Environment and Ecology
    GAO Yong-nian, GAO Jun-feng
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    Aquatic ecoregions are increasingly used as a spatial unit for planning and environmental management, and they have become an indispensable condition for environmental assessment and modern water resource management, and also are the basis of delineating the polluted control units oriented on the water equality targets management in basin scale. In this paper, factor analysis approach was selected and used to delineate the level I aquatic ecoregions in the Taihu lake basin under the guidance of the aquatic ecoregion delineation principles, mainly including principle of regional genesis, principles of integrity and relative consistency, principle of regional differentiation, principles of the combination of comprehensiveness and dominance, principle of regional hierarchy, principle of conjugation, etc. The results of analyzing DEM data, climate data, soil data and other related data, with the help of spatial analysis of geographic information system and expert judgment, indicated that topography was the main indicator of the level I aquatic ecoregions delineation. And then the Taihu lake basin was divided into two typical level I aquatic ecoregions, namely, western hill aquatic ecoregion and eastern plain aquatic ecoregion. Moreover, the characteristics of the two aquatic ecoregions in the Taihu Lake basin were summarized. Finally, the aquatic ecoregion delineation system in the Taihu lake basin was discussed. The aquatic ecoregion delineation system has a hierarchical framework, which can be divided into several levels, and different levels have different spatial scales. The delineation methods of aquatic ecoregion can be classified into two categories: direct and indirect methods of delineation, and the direct method of delineation can be further divided into the approaches of factor analysis and function analysis. The selection of environmental factors and methods used in the delineation of aquatic ecoregions at different levels will vary, and depend on the feathers of the aquatic ecosystems in different spatial scales in the Taihu lake basin.

  • Environment and Ecology
    TANG Ben-an, YU Zhong-yuan, CHEN Chun-fu, YUAN Jian-ping, FAN Yan-qin, QIU Peng-hua, LI Cui-e
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    Mahuangling watershed is located in Danzhou city in northwest Hainan province, China, facing to the Beibu Bay of the South China Sea, with a total area of about 52.7 km2. In the 1990s incorrect forestation of eucalyptus resulted in large area of soil erosion of bare land, higher vulnerability of ecosystem and degradation of soil environment and decrease in biodiversity and other ecological problems in the watershed area. To reconstruct the ecosystem in this area, we carried out surveys on ecological geographical groups of soil fauna from December, 2005 to December, 2007. The results of our research can provide a scientific basis for the government to carry out ecosystem reconstruction as well as ecological and economic sustainable development in Mahuangling watershed. By comparison of eco-geographical groups of soil animals in eucalyptus plantations with those of other soil animals under different land use patterns, we deeply discussed the significance of soil animal diversity, focusing on the role of eco-geographical groups of soil animals in balancing of soil ecosystem. In our research, a total of 2036 samples of soil fauna under 3 Phylums, 7 classes, 18 groups were tested, of which Acarina and Collembola were the dominant groups, while Hymenoptera and Homoptera were common groups, and the remaining 14 groups were the rare ones. The result indicates that soil animal groups in Mahuangling watershed were not rich in type and quantity, and the ecosystem there was fragile. Compared to the corresponding virgin bush land, the Jaccard coefficient of eco-geographical groups of soil animal in the watershed was only 0.375; group number and population of soil animal decreased by 53.33% and 62.74% respectively; community complexity index (Cj) decreased by 1.056; soil fauna density-group index (DG) declined by 4.620. Further study showed that: 1) Eco-geographical groups of soil animal changed significantly in eucalyptus artificial woodland there with the large amount of biodiversity loss in the soil fauna. 2) The loss of soil animal diversity in eucalyptus plantations had done serious harm to the ecological function of the soil fauna in soil ecosystems in the area, making the forest litters hold up, material circulation system disrupted, nutrition substances not added, fertility declined, and the soil ecosystem continually deteriorated.

  • Climate and Global Change
  • Climate and Global Change
    RAO Sheng, ZHANG Hui-yuan, JIN Tao-tao, DOU Hao-yang
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    The purpose of this paper is to study regional large scale temperature elevation phenomenon in the Pearl River Delta using MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spetroradiometer) land surface temperature data. The result shows that MODIS data can reflect the change of regional land surface thermal environment in the rapid urbanization process. Land surface temperature (LST) relates to land cover types and NDVI. Corresponding temperature of urban land use is the highest, while that of the woodland is the lowest. The higher the NDVI, the lower the LST is. This trend is similar to the air temperature change. In the large-scale continuous urbanization process, non-urban land around urban areas is impacted by urban land use, causing LST rising and then large area of the regional temperature rising, thus regional heat island forms. In this study, there are about 46% of the non-urban areas where regional heat island effect occurs, while the percentage is about 75% for urban areas where RHI effect happens. The space pattern of RHI is highly interrelated with space layout of urban land use. Large cities or city groups are often the center of RHI. The circumferences of these regions have evident RHI phenomena. Towns in the southwest and northeast of the research region are distributed separately, where the RHI phenomena are not so evident. Therefore, regional urban pattern has an important effect on the intensity and spatial form of RHI. The result is useful for urban planning. Obviously, the better pattern for the metropolitan areas is small towns with large area green belts, which can mitigate the RHI effect. The result of the study also indicates that the MODIS data have some merits for monitoring the RHI effect, which includes large area coverage, high resolution, and easy access to the data. However, the shortage for MODIS is that it is likely to be affected by the cloud. Only when the air temperature is derived from the land surface temperature with MODIS data, can the study on urban heat island and regional heat island make a sound progress.

  • Climate and Global Change
    ZHANG Bo, KANG Shu-yuan, LIU Yan-yan, WANG Hai-jun, WANG Ya-min, DAI Sheng-pei
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    The meteorological data of 6 national stations covering the 49-year period from 1956 to 2004 were analyzed to understand the spatial-temporal characteristic about temperature variation in winter over Zhangye city, by employing the approach of linear trend analysis as well as Mann-Kendall rank analysis, wavelet analysis and spatial interpolation. It was observed that there was an obvious ascending tendency of winter air temperature from 1956 to 2004 at the α=0.1 significant level ( β=0.08) in this region, or a warming rate of 0.56℃/10a in winter. The result indicated that the winter temperature of this region increased by 2.8℃ in the last five decades. Besides, it was also found that the winter warming contributed 89% to that of the whole year. Compared with Northwest China and the whole country, the warming rate was similar to the former but higher than the latter. During the study period, there was a lowest average winter temperature point in 1967 and a highest one in 1987 with an abrupt change point in 1985, prior to the point was a cool stage and after it a warm stage emerged especially after 1987, which was similar to the winter temperature variation of Hexi Corridor. In the last half century, there was typical oscillation such as 6a and 22a in winter temperature variation, particularly, the 22a oscillation dominated. Spatial variation of winter temperature indicated that there was an obvious ascending tendency from southeast to northwest in the study area. By Mann-Kendall analysis it was found that six subregions showed a similar warming trend at the α=0.1 significance level, compared with the other five. Shandan station experienced the highest warming trend with β=0.21 and a warming rate 0.94℃/10a. Generally speaking, winter temperature warming mainly appeared in the last 20 years and the warming rate of the eastern part was higher than that of the western. Additionally, some problems to be solved in future were briefly analyzed.

  • Land Resource and Use
  • Land Resource and Use
    LIU Yu, LIU Yan-sui, WANG Jie-yong
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    Rural residential land consolidation is one of the most important parts in new countryside construction. In rural residential land consolidation, it is of great practical significance to develop a deep regionalization research into rural residential land arrangement. Taking the 136 counties of Hebei as research units, this thesis zones the rural residential land based on level screening method. First, according to the differences of natural conditions, regional economy strength and the desire to land consolidation, eight factors are selected to construct the evaluation index system in zoning the rural residential land consolidation. Then, entropy method and comprehensive evaluation model are employed to attain the weights and the assessment values respectively. Finally, five types, including prior consolidation area, key consolidation area, moderate consolidation area, ecological consolidation area and optimization leveling area, come into being based on the status of rural residential land per capita and the comprehensive assessment values. For prior consolidation area, the desire to land consolidation is the highest thanks to its favorable geographical location and advanced economy, and its suitable consolidation model is population concentration, industrial agglomeration, and scale land use. For key consolidation Ⅰarea and moderate consolidation area, agriculture is the first priority for consolidated land, while for key consolidation Ⅱ area and ecological consolidation area, ecological environment should receive special attention. As to the optimal consolidation area, countermeasures in controlling the trend of village hollowing are a matter of the utmost importance. The method employed in this paper will provide a scientific basis for land consolidation planning, the setting of land consolidation project and the implementation of land consolidation.

  • Land Resource and Use
    YANG Yong, REN Zhi-yuan
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    The Guanzhong region is one of the hot spots for socio-economic development in Northwest China. During the past decade, owing to the rapid economic development, dramatic speedup of industrialization and urbanization, together with sharp increase of population, the land use changed greatly, for example, built-up land greatly expanded and consequently the cultivated land was occupied and decreased. In this study, the authors have documented that the land use trends were restricted by natural ecological conditions and socio-economic features in the Guanzhong region. Based on the major results, the authors also proposed some suggestions for developing optimal regional land use policy. The county (or district) was considered as the basic unit in this analysis. According to the natural ecology and socio-economic conditions in the Guanzhong region, the basic land use tendency was investigated and an assessment system of land use regionalization was established, and the comprehensive regionalization of land use was studied. The spatial distribution pattern of the socio-economic comprehensive index and natural ecology comprehensive index was analyzed using a spatial data analysis method such as spatial association index. Results indicated that the natural ecology comprehensive value (0.6304) is the highest in the northern part of the Qinling Mountains. The ecological condition in the western part was better than that in the eastern part. The socio-economic activity was the most intensive in the Weihe plain, with the highest value being 0.8062. Considering the coupling between socio-economic importance comprehensive index and natural ecology comprehensive index, the pattern of land use in the Guanzhong region was divided into five types: preferential development area, feasible development area, moderate development area, preferential conservation area and gray area. Finally, the authors analyzed the characteristics of the main function regionalization and put forward the management policies and countermeasures.

  • Land Resource and Use
    WANG Han, HOU Yong-jian
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    With increasingly serious global ecological environmental problems, the natural changes of human living environment and the evolutions of environmental changes under human activities were given more and more attention. The research of Land Use/Land Change(LUCC), as one of the core topics about the study of global environmental changes, is also a multidisciplinary topic. Chinese Loess Plateau had the longest time and most complete paleo-climate record, simultaneously it is the residential land surface in the past and present. The regional environmental changes have become extremely strenuous since 10,000 years ago. The fact shows that human activities are the main cause of the environmental changes of the Loess Plateau. Which contributions did human activities make on the environmental changes in historical times? How to express these contributions? How to alleviate them? Focuses of these problems are our research directions. The research objective is the relationship between population change and land use, and environmental change. This thesis has made full use of historical geography, geomorphology, demography, selected classical areas of the Loess Plateau and analyzed important human and natural events from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period. Simultaneously the paper extracted historical information to study the quantitative expression of population data and land data. Finally this thesis searched for the relationship between land use and environmental changes. The forming process has been resumed according to historical materials and researched results. And the paper analyzed the influence of natural conditions, population pressure, war disasters and policies on landuse and soil erosion. Complex geomorphic conditions and unexpected precipitation were the restriction on reclamation land, the implementation of the policy was the leading function, and population pressure was the basic motive force. The reclamation land amount presented significant changes according to population in different periods. The environment began to deteriorate due to population increase and land-use intensity on Luochuan Tableland and surrounding area. In fact, the deterioration was a weakening of self-control of geographic environmental system, and it led to the aggregation of soil erosion, and presented the role of superposition in program development: the man-made erosion and natural erosion.

  • Geo-information Science
  • Geo-information Science
    CAO Yun-gang, ZHU Xiao-hua, DING Jing-jing
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    The function of fundamental spatial database is to avoid redundant collection of spatial datasets, to coordinate spatial data application, and to strengthen information resources management effectively and economically. Based on the geographic information system technology, database technology and spatial database engine technology, this paper put forward the technological framework to construct urban industrial layout fundamental spatial database. In this database, spatial database and industrial layout information database are logical disjunction but storage in the same relational database system. The data structure used in spatial data organization is Geodatabase model developed by ESRI. In the Geodatabase data model, feature dataset together with raster dataset are stored in the relational database system through spatial database engine. On the other hand, metadata database is established to benefit system management. Beyond this work, we also achieved a set of distributed database prototype system for the effective organization, management and applications of massive spatial data. This system is developed by Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 and Arc Engine 9.2 based on client/server structure with four modules, which are system management module, data warehousing module, query and analysis module and data management module. System management module provides the functions for user management, log management, database backup and recovery. Data warehousing module provides the functions for importing industrial information and spatial data into database, spatial data quality check, etc. Query and analysis module provides the functions for spatial query and attribute query, statistical analysis, while data management module provides the functions for data updating and sharing. With the aid of this system, data administrators can manage the industrial layout fundamental spatial database through network. Different departments and users can share their data effectively. Decision-makers for urban industrial layout can also achieve supporting information from the system.

  • Geo-information Science
    QI Xiao-peng, ZHOU Mai-geng, HU Yi-song, WANG Li-jun, GE Hui, ZHUANG Da-fang, YANG Gong-huan
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    This paper describes the spatial distribution of cancer mortality and explores the spatial hotspot of death cases in the study area, based on the 4 kinds of digestive tract cancer death surveillance data and the population data. According to it, the environment and public surveillance will be held in the next step. With basic layer Voronoi technique, global Moran's Index method and spatial hotspot exploration, the spatial autocorrelation index graph was drawn using automatic multi-dimension exploration, which describes the relationship between the Moran's I and the distance. The accurate parameter was identified under the spatial analysis technique and the distribution character of cancer mortality, which was used to observe the spatial cluster in this county with GIS. It had a remarkable positive autocorrelation in the 4300 meters in space. At the same time, three hotspots were confirmed as high value cluster, including 58 villages and a population of about 30,000 in each cluster. The crude death rate in the hotspots is significantly higher than that in other areas and the average level of the county. The spatial hotspot exploration and analysis, which imported the spatial weight matrix, made up for the deficiency of traditional statistical method in spatial information and spatial correlation. It offered the evidence for making the risk factor of high cancer incidence much clearer. And it is the necessary makeup for the traditional statistics.