基于生态足迹的中国可持续食物消费模式

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.201902010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着人们饮食需求的不断多样化,可持续食物消费已成为一个全球关注的重要议题。为了探寻可持续的食物消费模式,重点分析了中国食物消费结构演变趋势及特征,运用生态足迹模型量化中国食物消费结构的环境压力动态变化;基于可持续食物消费的内涵,结合中国均衡膳食和环境的可持续性指标,构建食物生态承载级别衡量标准,并据此建立了符合中国食物消费习惯、满足营养摄入需求、环境压力小的可持续食物消费模式。结果显示：中国食物消费生态环境压力不断增大,1978-2013年中国食物消费人均生态足迹增长了154.49%,2008年出现生态赤字,2013年赤字值为0.0705 ghm²;食物生态承载级别持续恶化,2008年生态承载级别由“较高”下降到“中等”;可持续食物消费模式的构建使得人均生态足迹下降了12.92%,表明转变食物消费模式是解决食物消费生态环境压力这一矛盾问题的最有效途径。

关键词: 可持续食物消费模式, 生态承载级别, 生态足迹, 环境压力

Abstract:

With the continuous diversification of people's dietary demand, sustainable food consumption has become a global concern. In order to explore sustainable food consumption patterns, this study first analyzed the evolutionary trend and characteristics of Chinese food consumption structure. The environmental stress tendency of Chinese food consumption was assessed by using the ecological footprint model. A measurement standard for dietary ecological carrying level was introduced based on the connotation of sustainable food consumption, Chinese balanced diet and environmental sustainability indicators. Then the study established a sustainable food consumption pattern that conforms to Chinese food consumption habits, meets the nutritional intake demand, and reduces sufficiently the environmental stress. The results show that the dietary environmental stress continued to increase in China. Per capita ecological footprint of Chinese food consumption increased by 154.49% from 1978 to 2013. Ecological deficit appeared in 2008 and it was 0.0705 ghm² in 2013. Dietary ecological carrying level continued to deteriorate. Annual ecological carrying level dropped from "higher" to "medium" in 2008. The established sustainable food consumption pattern reduces per capita ecological footprint by 12.92%, which indicates that transforming food consumption pattern is the most effective way to solve the contradictory problem of dietary environmental stress.

Key words: sustainable food consumption pattern, ecological carrying level, ecological footprint, environmental stress

林永钦, 齐维孩, 祝琴. 基于生态足迹的中国可持续食物消费模式[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(2): 338-347.

LIN Yong-qin, QI Wei-hai, ZHU Qin. Chinese sustainable food consumption pattern based on ecological footprint model[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(2): 338-347.

图/表 8

表1

表2

表3

食物消费生态可承载的五级衡量表"

生态承载级别	高	较高	中等	较低	低
属性	理性生态可承载	非理性生态可承载	非理性可承载的超载	非理性较严重超载	非理性严重超载
判断准则	EF_B $≤$ RF 且EF_B $≤$ EC_B	RF $≤$ EF_CF $≤$ EC	EC $≤$ EF_CF $≤$ 1.1EC	B $≤$ EF_CF $≤$ 1.1B	1.25B $≤$ EF_CF
判断准则	EF_B $≤$ RF 且EF_B $≤$ EC_B	RF $≤$ EF_CF $≤$ EC	或EF_CF $≤$ B	B $≤$ EF_CF $≤$ 1.1B

表3

图1

表4

图2

表5

图3

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生态足迹账户	核算指标	土地利用类型
食物足迹	谷物类：小麦、大米、大麦、玉米、黑麦、燕麦、小米、高粱、其他谷物	耕地
	植物油类：大豆油、花生油、葵花油、菜子油、棉籽油、棕仁油、棕油、椰子油、芝麻油、米糠油、玉米胚芽油、橄榄油、其他油料作物油	耕地
	肉禽奶类：牛肉、羊肉、猪肉、禽肉、其他肉类、鸡蛋、牛奶	耕地、草地
	水果类：橘子、柠檬、柚子、柑橘、香蕉、枣子、葡萄、苹果、菠萝、其他水果	耕地、林地
	蔬菜类：蔬菜、西红柿、洋葱、辣椒、西班牙甜椒、大豆、蚕豆、豌豆、其他蔬菜、其他豆类、调味料	耕地
	水产品：淡水鱼、底层鱼类、海鱼、海洋鱼、甲壳类、头足类、软体类、水产动物、水产植物	水域
	薯类：土豆、木薯、红薯、根茎
	其他食物类：葡萄酒、啤酒、发酵饮料、含酒饮料、咖啡、可可豆、茶、甘蔗、食糖、蜂蜜、椰子、黑芝麻、橄榄、花生、瓜子、坚果、其他油料作物	耕地、草地
能源足迹	各核算指标折算碳排放量	林地

项目	数据来源
食物消费量	FAO统计数据库、《中国渔业统计年鉴》
全球平均产量	http://www.factfish.com/zh
均衡因子及产量因子	WWF发布《地球生命力报告 2008（Living Planet Report 2008）》
食物足迹系数	《中国主要农产品生产的生态足迹研究》（曹淑艳等^[20]）《城镇居民食物消费的生态足迹及生态文明程度评价》（曹淑艳等^[26]）《近30年来中国农村居民食物消费的生态足迹分析》（陈冬冬等^[30]）
综合碳折算系数	《居民食品消费碳排放测算及其因素分解研究》（安玉发等^[28]）

年份	谷物类	植物油	肉禽蛋奶类	水果类	蔬菜类	水产品类	薯类	其他类	合计
1978	0.1216	0.0127	0.0359	0.0023	0.0254	0.0093	0.0263	0.0111	0.2445
1983	0.1457	0.0205	0.0506	0.0030	0.0256	0.0096	0.0200	0.0160	0.2909
1988	0.1393	0.0245	0.0747	0.0047	0.0291	0.0157	0.0142	0.0228	0.3252
1993	0.1393	0.0300	0.1049	0.0077	0.0322	0.0246	0.0159	0.0232	0.3779
1998	0.1372	0.0329	0.1502	0.0123	0.0403	0.0380	0.0170	0.0294	0.4573
2003	0.1269	0.0375	0.1814	0.0166	0.0526	0.0440	0.0183	0.0296	0.5069
2008	0.1227	0.0400	0.2147	0.0220	0.0596	0.0516	0.0163	0.0393	0.5662
2013	0.1224	0.0387	0.2416	0.0301	0.0655	0.0604	0.0162	0.0471	0.6221

食物	谷物类	植物油类	肉蛋奶	水果类	蔬菜	水产品	薯类	其他类	人均生态足迹
上限	0.1003	0.0421	0.2062	0.0465	0.0439	0.0439	0.0115	0.0471	0.5417
下限	0.0611	0.0204	0.1156	0.0139	0.0271	0.0290	0.0080	0.0232	0.2984
					耕地	林地	草地	水域	合计
调整后土地类型人均生态足迹					0.3105	0.1076	0.0919	0.0260	0.5417
2013年土地类型人均生态足迹					0.3764	0.1283	0.0815	0.0359	0.6221
2013年人均生态承载力					0.1100	0.1515	0.2755	0.0146	0.5516